This document discusses orthodontic record taking and photography. It notes that the basic records include study models, radiographs, and clinical photographs. While models and radiographs were traditionally emphasized, there is now more focus on clinical photographs for purposes like treatment planning, patient education, and documentation. It reviews techniques for extraoral and intraoral photography, including types of views, positioning, lighting, cameras, and accessories like retractors and mirrors. Proper technique aims to produce reproducible, diagnostic photos with good exposure and depth of field.
Clinical Digital Photography in OrthodonticsMustafa Haddad
Clinical Digital Photography in Orthodontics
Clinical Digital Photography in Orthodontics
Clinical Digital Photography in Orthodontics
Clinical Digital Photography in Orthodontics
Clinical Digital Photography in Orthodontics
Clinical Digital Photography in Orthodontics
Clinical Digital Photography in Orthodontics
Clinical Digital Photography in Orthodontics
Clinical Digital Photography in Orthodontics
Clinical Digital Photography in Orthodontics
Clinical Digital Photography in Orthodontics
Clinical Digital Photography in Orthodontics
Presented By Dr. MUSTAFA HADDAD
MSD , MCU 1st Year , 1st Semester
Presented By Dr. MUSTAFA HADDAD
MSD , MCU 1st Year , 1st Semester
Presented By Dr. MUSTAFA HADDAD
MSD , MCU 1st Year , 1st Semester
Presented By Dr. MUSTAFA HADDAD
MSD , MCU 1st Year , 1st Semester
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
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1ST, 2ND AND 3RD ORDER BENDS IN STANDARD EDGEWISE APPLIANCE SYSTEM /Fixed ort...Indian dental academy
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals
who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry,
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Clinical Digital Photography in OrthodonticsMustafa Haddad
Clinical Digital Photography in Orthodontics
Clinical Digital Photography in Orthodontics
Clinical Digital Photography in Orthodontics
Clinical Digital Photography in Orthodontics
Clinical Digital Photography in Orthodontics
Clinical Digital Photography in Orthodontics
Clinical Digital Photography in Orthodontics
Clinical Digital Photography in Orthodontics
Clinical Digital Photography in Orthodontics
Clinical Digital Photography in Orthodontics
Clinical Digital Photography in Orthodontics
Clinical Digital Photography in Orthodontics
Presented By Dr. MUSTAFA HADDAD
MSD , MCU 1st Year , 1st Semester
Presented By Dr. MUSTAFA HADDAD
MSD , MCU 1st Year , 1st Semester
Presented By Dr. MUSTAFA HADDAD
MSD , MCU 1st Year , 1st Semester
Presented By Dr. MUSTAFA HADDAD
MSD , MCU 1st Year , 1st Semester
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
1ST, 2ND AND 3RD ORDER BENDS IN STANDARD EDGEWISE APPLIANCE SYSTEM /Fixed ort...Indian dental academy
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals
who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry,
Periodontics and General Dentistry.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Smile analysis from the orthodontic perspective.
Major determinants of smile esthetics are discussed based on the discussions of the Proffit and Graber
Molar uprighting /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
principles, applications, advantages, disadvantages, guidelines, uses of cone beam computed tomography in the field of orthodontics and dentistry in general
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Smile analysis from the orthodontic perspective.
Major determinants of smile esthetics are discussed based on the discussions of the Proffit and Graber
Molar uprighting /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
principles, applications, advantages, disadvantages, guidelines, uses of cone beam computed tomography in the field of orthodontics and dentistry in general
dental photography
Lecture number 2
Operative dentistry
Egypt Cairo University
Palestine Gaza
Al Azhar University
Dr. Inas Alim
Uploaded by Dr. Lama El Banna
https://www.linkedin.com/in/lama-k-el-banna/
This presentation will provide you with basic knowledge to take clinical photographs in dentistry, with any digital camera like point and shoot or a DSLR camera..
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Clinical photography 01 /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Clinical photography/certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental aca...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
this slide briefs the correct positioning and some error in OPG and lateral cephalometric imaging. It also briefs the importance of correct positioning from the perspective of the maxillofacial surgeon.
Scleral lens is a large rigid contact lens with a diameter range of 15mm to 25mm. Its resting point is beyond the
corneal borders, and are believed to be among the best vision correction options for irregular corneas. Wearing scleral lens also can postpone or even prevent surgical intervention as well as decrease the risk of corneal scarring.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
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Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
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Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
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micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
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Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
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Photography in Orthodontics
1. Supervision: Prof. Dr. Maher Abd El-Salam Fouda
Prepared by: Kholod El-Bady
Mohammed Abdel-Salam
“Faculty of dentistry-Mansoura university”
2. The basic Orthodontic Record-taking is comprised of three main
types of records:
1. Study models
properly-trimmed
dental stone-cast
moulds.
2. Radiographs
Panoramic view
Lateral Cephalometric view.
3. Clinical photographs
3. The emphasis has long been on taking the first two (study models and X-rays), while the
third (clinical photographs) was often seen as a luxury; an unnecessary waste of the
clinician’s time, by many orthodontists!
Times have certainly changed. Now, there is more and more emphasis on dental
photography for the following reasons:
• Treatment planning
• Patient education
• Marketing
• Exchange of information with dental technician
• Consultation among colleagues
• Research and publication
• Teaching purposes
• Medico-legal issues
4. The main problems are
Inaccessibility
of oral
structures
Framing the
image
Lighting
within the
mouth
Achieving
reproducible
conditions
5. Why Go DIGITAL?
Ability to repeat/delete unsuitable images on the spot, no need to wait till film is developed.
Digital camera setups are cost-effective; no more buying film, no more developing costs.
No more worries about where to store all the slides and “physical” photographs.
The ability to enhance, or “post-process” your images.
7. Exposure triangle
• Exposure relates to whether the image is
too light (overexposed) or too dark
(underexposed).
• If a tooth is overexposed then you will
lose highlight details and the teeth will
look ‘washed-out’ or all white.
8.
9.
10. • Aperture is a measure of how open or closed the lens’ iris is, and represented by f-number.
• The f-number is the ratio of the system's focal length to the diameter of the entrance pupil
• A wider aperture (or lower f-number) means more light will be let in by the lens, simply
because the opening is larger, and vice versa.
Aperture
11.
12. Depth of Field
It is the distance in front and behind a focused-on object (which lies in focal plane) that
appears to be in focus.
In general, approximately 50% of the depth of field is in front of the focal plane and 50%
behind the focal plane.
Depth of field is a
byproduct of
aperture, and
working distance.
19. Shutter Speed
• Shutter speed is a measure of how long the shutter remains open and thus, how long the
sensor is exposed to light.
• Faster shutter speeds give the sensor less time to collect light and thus, result in a lower
exposure, and vice versa.
• It is measured in fractions of second,
(1/500s is faster than 1/200s).
20. • The reason we might want to use a faster shutter speed is to stop motion (photographing a
child can`t stay still long), or avoid camera shake effect (if not using a tripod), allowing
us to maintain sharpness.
Motion blur or camera shake error
21. • As a general rule, denominator of shutter speed under any circumstances must not be
less than your chosen focal length (technical tip, to overcome camera shake)- here the subject is
static but we have blurry image due to camera shake and extremely slow shutter speed.
22. • Regarding exposure, Aperture size and shutter speed are package deal.
• Faster shutter speed demands increasing aperture size (note the decreased depth of field) to achieve
the same light exposure.
24. ISO• ISO measures the sensitivity of the
image sensor to light.
• The lower the number the less
sensitive your camera is to light
and the finer the grain.
• In dental photography, we usually
don`t increase ISO number more
than 100-200.
29. The Point Flash frequently produce
distracting shadows, which may obstruct
important details. These are often
irreparable using image editing software,
and will detract from the final quality of
the image.
30. Sometime they can produce fairly good light distribution when used in special manner and
direction by rotating the camera so that light passes with little obstructive structures.
31. In contrast, the Ring Flash eliminates such shadows by allowing a more even and
thorough distribution of light during extra and intra-oral photographs
33. In fact, the images have good exposure and are free of shadows, but a careful examination
of the images shows that they are flat, there is no three-dimensionality.
To overcome this, Twin flashes were manufactured, where the light does not come
directly on the subject, but laterally, creating small light shadows that make the subject
more three-dimensional, highlighting details that direct light flattens.
34.
35.
36.
37. 2 in 1 option
Metz-15-MS-1 flash
Innovative wireless flash which is similar to a ring flash, but with only two light sources ,
that can be set to be 0 / 10 /20 degree.
38. Digital photography and documentation techniques in Dentistry and Dental Technology
Autori: Carlo Alberto Piacquadio
https://www.zerodonto.com/en/2013/02/digital-photography-documentation-dentistry/
Style italiano-flash levels
proyectoshm.com
39. HowMany Photographs Do We Need?
Different clinicians take different numbers of
clinical photographs, depending on with
whom who you are communicating and which
information you want to gain from these
photos.
Generally, full orthodontic record file should
include a minimum of NINE photographs;
FOUR extra-oral, and FIVE intraoral
photographs.
40. • A stable position for the photographer is important, since the
camera is hand-held
• and not placed on a tripod.
• The right hand is held against the upper part of the body, with
the left hand supporting the front of the lens.
• The eye is not pressed directly against the eyecup, but
slightly in back of it.
41. Extraoral photos
Portrait and profile photography
It is recommended that a specific area be set aside for this purpose (Dental Studio).
Patient and camera positions can be marked on the floor in order to ensure reproducible results.
42. Portraits with different perspectives using lenses with different focal
lengths: 28mm (a), 55 mm (b), 105 mm (c) and 200mm (d). The
most natural appearance results from using a 105-mm lens.
Working distance - Focal length correlation
43. Background:
• The background must allow a full
assessment without distractive
objects and must be non-reflective.
• Many recommendation are about
blue or black (patient hair !!)
opaque backgrounds.
• You may choose to orient the camera
vertically to capture the patient’s
head without excessive background
showing (minimal cropping).
44. Lighting:
Ring flashes should not be used at
all, as they result in a completely
flat reproduction of the face, and
because of their low power and
resulting large apertures, they
achieve images with too shallow a
depth of field. (MASTERING DIGITAL DENTAL
PHOTOGRAPHY-WOLFGANG BENGEL)
However, we can still achieve fairly
good results by direct flash with
certain tricks and positions
45. • Regardless of whether constant light sources (studio lights) or flashguns are used, the light
source should be bright enough to allow apertures of between f/8-11 (isolate patient head)
• In order not to light the portrait too harshly, the light source should be made larger, either
by using a diffuser (soft box) or indirect flash by using a styrofoam sheet or a reflector.
Intraoral !
46.
47. • In general, it is sufficient to light the face with one light source. The side away from the
light can be filled in using a reflector.
• Some digital SLRs offer a wireless flash function. The main flash is triggered by an
infrared device positioned on the camera or by the camera flash itself.
48.
49. What`s inside the soft-box ?
• The flash light reflected from the inner silver walls, passes through the internal partition to
the first scattering screen, and then through the front screen for diffusion of light. Due to
The fact that the pulse of light passes through two scattering screens, light becomes soft.
• Light scattering reduces the contrast of shadows and light spots.
50. Standard Extraoral Views
• To ensure reproducible images, the accurate positioning is achieved by using basic reference
points which are the tragion, orbitals.
• These have corresponding points on the skin. The upper part of the tragus corresponds to the
tragion and the orbital points are the width of the eyelid below an eye which is relaxed and
looking straight ahead.The main reference lines are the "Frankfurt horizontal" (tragion-
orbital) and the orbital plane.
• Eyeglasses should be removed to avoid reflections. If the hair covers the ear it should be
pulled back.
51. Frontal Rest View
• The clinician’s positioning is at the same eye level. Shorter patients can stand on a special
stand and Taller ones can have a seat.
• The orbital plane horizontal in relation to the mid-horizontal grid line.
• The mid-sagittal plane of the face should pass through the mid-vertical grid line.
52. • The patient should hold their teeth and jaw in a relaxed (Rest) position, with the lips in contact (if
possible), and should look directly at the camera lens and not resting head back on the wall.
• The upper edge of the photograph should be just above the top of the head and the lower frame line
around the larynx.
• Light should come diagonally from the front, leaving the patient's shadow out of view of the
camera.
• Focus on the patient's eyes.
53. Frontal Smile View
• Same frontal rest view guidelines.
• A patient who is smiling for a photograph tends not to elevate the lip as extensively as a
laughing patient.
• Pay attention to those who tilt their heads as a reflex during smiling
54. • The frankfort plane is horizontal and parallel
to the horizontal grid line.
• The patient should look straight ahead in a
relaxed manner, keeping his or her jaw closed
in a typical manner and the lips also relaxed.
• When photographing children, a third person
can be helpful by asking the child to look at
him.
Lateral view
55. • The image should be framed so that the upper edge of the photograph is just above the part
in the hair and the lower around the throat.
• Showing the back of the head is not necessary, till the ear is enough.
• It is recommended that the head be turned slightly (3 to 5 degrees) toward the camera.
56. • Lighting for lateral views should always come from the point of the nose. This has the
advantage of clearly showing the mandibular margin and keeping the patient's shadow out
of the picture.
• Focus on the patient's eye.
57. Additional Smile views (profile and oblique)
The profile smile image allows one to see the angulations of the maxillary incisors and also
occlusal plane orientation, an important aesthetic factor that patients see clearly and
orthodontists tend to miss because the inclination noted on cephalometric radiographs may
not represent what one sees on direct examination.
58. Oblique rest facial views
• The sagittal plane of the patient and the optical axis of the
camera are positioned 45 degrees to each other.
• From the Profile photo position, the patient is asked to turn
their heads slightly to their right (about 3/4 of the way), while
keeping their body still in the “Profile Shot” position i.e.
Facing forward.
• This view can be useful for examination of :
midface deformities, the prominence of the gonial angle, and
the length and definition of the border of the mandible, focus
on lip fullness and vermilion display.
• For a patient with obvious facial asymmetry, oblique views of
both sides are recommended.
59. • Difficulties can arise in reproducing the head
position of the patient for this shot.
• It is recommended that the patient turn his or
her head away from the camera until the
contour of the eye farthest away from the
camera appears to touch the lateral visible
contour of the orbita .
• Another recommendation is to turn the head
away until the tip of the nose is aligned to the
cheek.
60. Additional AP view with spatula/AP view mouth open
• For documentation of an uneven bite/canting
of occlusal plane, facial views can be taken
with the same settings as described earlier. A
wooden spatula held by the teeth.
• Optionally, the same facial view is taken with
the mouth wide open. Irregularities of the
temporomandibular joints can be shown.
61. Additional Submental view (Worm's-eye View)
• The head is tilted back about 45 degrees. To obtain a
reproducible inclination of the head the base of the nasal alar
should be aligned at 90 degrees to the camera lens axis
• Such a view may be taken to document mandibular
asymmetry.
63. • Round (Small-medium-large)>> frontal / occlusal shots
• V-shape (Narrow-wide)>> buccal shots
The size depends not only on the size of the oral cavity, but also the tone of the lips.
Retractors
69. • Retractors made of wire are also in use, The
disadvantage here is that 1st the center of the lips is
not held and that the 2nd highly polished metal can
cause reflections which spoil the image and can
lead to incorrect exposures when using TTL flash,
because the flash sensor can be "fooled" by the
strong reflections.
• Making the surface more matte (blasted with
aluminum oxide) can reduce the amount of
reflections.
70. • Smaller one-piece orthodontic bonding retractors are generally NOT a good choice for
orthodontic purposes, especially for buccal and occlusal shots, as their retraction potential is
very limited, and it can often prove to be a “painful experience” for the patient.
• The direction of pull of the retractors is always sideways and slightly forward, away from
the gingival tissues, this maximizes the field of view and minimizes patient discomfort.
• Wetting the retractors just before insertion eases the process of positioning them properly
with minimum patient discomfort
71. Mirrors
• Front-silvered mirrors seem to offer the best image
quality and light distribution.
• Glass or rear-coated silvered mirrors produce ghost
image resulting in “Haziness” or a “Double- Image”, this
often makes the image appear to have camera shake
72. • Metal mirrors are less expensive, robust, easily sterilized in an autoclave, BUT scratched
easily and produce a slightly darker image compared to glass mirrors,
• Moreover, metal mirrors with the bend in the middle make your camera’s TTL setting is get
fooled by the reflection off the bend in the mirror and reduces exposure which produces a
very dark image. (try to change camera angle )
73. • It is preferred to use “long-handled” mirrors as they allow
better control.
75. • The image should be framed so that only the mirror image of the teeth is captured, NO
visible fingers,, mirror edges or non reflected structures.
• Slightly warming the mirror in warm water prior to insertion helps prevent “Fogging” of
the mirrors.
• The patient is instructed to breathe in through the mouth and out through the nose.
• Air syringes or aspirators should also be used to remove disturbing saliva bubbles.
76. • The height of the chair should be adjusted so that the patient's head
is somewhat lower than the head of the photographer.
• The photographer's leg should be supported by the outside edge of
the patient's chair in order to find a secure, comfortable position
77. Frontal view
• The photo should be taken 90° to the facial mid-line
using the upper frenal attachment as a guide.
• The dental mid-lines are not as reliable for this purpose
as they can be shifted.
• The center of the image is the facial midline at teeth
level (centrals contact point if not malposed)
• The edges of the photograph are in the vestibulum oris.
• Do not focus on the front of the dentition. For correct
depth of field, the point of focus should be around the
canines.
78.
79. • The dental chair is raised to elbow-level of the clinician.
• Use the larger set of retractors, to avoid the center of the upper and lower lip from showing
in the photograph.
• Patient’s lips pulled sideways and away from the teeth and gingivae, This opens the
buccal corridor and the cheeks no longer lie against the buccal surfaces of the molars.
• The occlusal plane is parallel to the horizontal borders of the frame and at the middle.
80. • The teeth should be together in maximum intercuspation, although a complimentary image
with the teeth slightly apart may help in recording the appearance of incisal edges and teeth
leveling.
• Air-dry the teeth to minimize the appearance of saliva and to better capture the gingival
appearance.
• Lighting is provided by ring flash, dual flash system, or point flash located in the 12:00
o'clock position.
81. Lateral views
• The patient is asked to turn their head slightly so that the side to be captured is facing the
clinician.
• For direct photo:
The clinician holds the near retractor (v-shaped type) and stretches it to the extent that
the last present molar is visible if possible, while the assistant maintains hold of the far
retractor (round type), without undue stretching.
The shot is taken 90° to the canine premolar area for best visualization of the buccal
segment relationship.
A useful tip would be for the clinician to fully stretch the near retractor just before
taking the shot to minimize any discomfort for the patient, and achieve maximum
visibility
82.
83. • For mirror photo:
A single cheek retractor is held loosely for the contralateral side and a buccal mirror is
used to both retract the tissue and visualize the teeth on the side being photographed.
A sufficiently wide lateral mirror is inserted on the side to be photographed until the
posterior border lies distally of the last tooth in the vestibule. It is turned to the outside
as far as the cheeks and lips will allow.
84. Care should be taken that the edge of the mirror does not rest on the gingiva firmly since
this can be very painful.
To prevent part of the final tooth near the end of the mirror being photographed directly
along with the mirror image, the mirror should be moved outward slightly.
The mirror is turned so that the occlusal plane runs across the middle.
85. The camera is positioned as perpendicular as possible to the mirror image .
The center of the photograph and focus point are around the canine or first premolar. the
side edges of the photograph are the labial surface of central incisor of the targeted side,
and the last possibly viewed molar.
Lighting is provided by a ring flash or dual flash or point flash is used, it is positioned on
the side of the mirror (9:00 and 3:00 o'clock), to avoid shadow of retracted lip.
86. The teeth should be together in maximum intercuspation,
although a complimentary image with the teeth slightly apart
may help in curve of spee evaluation.
87. Occlusal mandibular view
• The small size round retractors are inserted into a Reverse “V” shape (Position 4 & 8) to
retract the lower lip.
• The retractors which have been shortened on one side may be used to give more room for
mirror.
• The patient is be asked to “lift his chin up” slightly, raise the tongue to the palate, and
breathe through the nose.
88. • The palatal mirror is inserted with the broader end toward distal.
• The mirror rests on the gingiva of the last molars. It is turned upwards with the mouth wide
open until it touches the incisal edges of the upper incisors.
• The camera is positioned perpendicular to the mirror image of the occlusal plane of the
dental arch (45 degree to the mirror itself).
89. • The center of the image is at the intersection of the sagittal plane with the line crossing the
second premolars
• Focus is on the second premolar.
• Lighting is provided by ring flash, dual flash system, or point flash located in the 12:00
o'clock position.
90.
91.
92. • The small size round retractors are inserted into a Reverse
“V” shape (Position 2 & 10 ) to retract the lower lip.
• The retractors which have been shortened on one side
may be used to give room for mirror.
• The patient is instructed to lower their head slightly.
• Use the mid-palatal raphe as a guide to get the shot
leveled.
• If point flash is used, it is turned to the 6:00 o'clock
position or you shift to be behind the patient and flash in
12:00 position.
Occlusal maxillary view
96. Segmental Lateral
view of the front
teeth
• Amount of overbite
• Reproduction ratio is 1:1
Overjet view
(direct or indirect)
97. Reproducible conditions - Making a series of photographs
If the aim is to show a course of treatment, all photographs should be taken under the same
conditions including:
• Position of the image center and framing.
• Magnification ratio.
• Direction and distance of camera.
It is recommended to note the key data
used in photographing groups of teeth
on the patient's card.
98. Helpful Tips
Ensure that the teeth are clean of plaque, lipstick and any other debris and suction
excessive saliva.
The direction of pull of the retractors is always sideways and slightly forward, away from
the gingival tissues. This maximizes the field of view and minimizes patient discomfort.
Wetting the retractors just before insertion eases the process of positioning them properly
with minimum patient discomfort.
When taking occlusal “Mirror” shots, slightly warming the mirror in warm water prior to
insertion helps prevent “Fogging” of the mirrors which would prevent a clear image
99. In certain cases, profuse salivary flow and “frothing” can affect the quality of the image
being taken, thus a saliva ejector can be used to eliminate saliva prior to taking each
photograph.
During occlusal “mirror” shots, instruct the patient “open your biggest big” just prior to
pressing the camera button. This helps in obtaining the maximum mouth opening at the
right moment, and minimizes the patient’s fatigue during the procedure.
It is recommended that all photographic records be taken before impression taking, to
eliminate the possibility of impression material being stuck between the teeth or the face
during photographic record-taking.
101. Focal Length
The focal length of your lens essentially determines how ‘zoomed in’ your photos are; the
higher the number, the more zoomed your lens will be.
It’s the distance between the point of convergence in your lens to the sensor or film in your
camera, measured in millimeters.
102.
103. If the place the rays cross is close to the
imaging sensor. This would make an object
appear small in the photograph
If the place the rays cross is further away
from the imaging sensor. This would make
the object appear much bigger
104. The smaller the focal length,
the wider the field of view.
(wide angle lens)
The higher the number, the
more narrow or “zoomed in”
your angle of view will be.
(narrow angle lens)
105. Wide-angle lens
o Takes in more of the
scene than what is
perceived by the human
eye.
o Range from 14mm to
45mm.
Normal lens
o A focal length that
corresponds to the human
eye, 50mm, also known as
the NIFTY FIFTY.
o Where the focal length varies
from 45mm to 85mm.
Telephoto lens (narrow
angle lens)
o A longer focal-length lens
than normal.
o Allows one to get close up.
o Focal lengths are 85mm to
2000mm.
106.
107. Zoom lens:
Zoom refers to the lens being able to change the focal length.
Focal lengths are 16-35mm, 24-85mm, 70-200mm, 150-500mm.
Prime lens:
This is a fixed focal length lens.
Available focal lengths are 8mm, 24mm, 35mm, 50mm, 85mm, 105mm, 200mm, 500mm.
108. Macro lens
Macro photography is the art of taking photos of things very close up, allowing you to see
details in the photo that your eyes would never be able to see.
109. Why macro lens ?
1) 1:1 Magnification ratio
2) Longer working distance
3) Better image quality and sharpness
4) Wider aperture (more light-narrow depth of field/isolation)
110. Why macro lens ?
1:1 Magnification ratio:
The magnification ratio tells you how the image projected on the camera’s sensor compares
with the subject’s actual size, so a lens with a 1:2 ratio can project an image on its sensor up
to half the size of the subject while a lens with a 5:1 ratio can project an image five times the
size of the subject.
111. Why macro lens ?
1:1 Magnification ratio:
• A magnification ratio of 1:1 means that when the camera is positioned at the closest
focusing distance, the image formed on the sensor will be the same size as the subject.
• For this reason, a 1:1 ratio is also called "life size" or "standard".
• A lens isn't considered to be "true macro" unless it can achieve at least 1:1 magnification.
• Here is an example from 22mm width camera sensor at different working distances.
https://www.dpreview.com/articles/6519974919/macro-photography-understanding-magnification
112. Why macro lens ?
Longer working distance:
• Macro camera lenses normally have a fixed
focal length (i.E. They are "prime" lenses).
• Macro lenses come in a wide variety of focal
lengths (50mm, 100mm, and 180mm).
• Your focal length determines your working
distance from the subject.
• The longer your focal length, the further you
will be from what you are trying to shoot.
113. Why macro lens ?
Longer working distance:
The 18-55mm lens (that often comes with a purchase of a camera body kit) should NOT BE USED.
While this lens is ok for hobby photography, it is not appropriate for dental photography.
The smallest image that can be captured using this lens is a full mouth set at 55 mm. The short
working distance results in barrel distortion for both the facial and the intra oral views, and
also your shadow may get in the way of the shot.
114.
115.
116. Better image quality and sharpness
• Macro lenses use a "floating" optical element which constantly adjusts the lens's internal
geometry to give pin-sharp focusing, better contrast, and consistently high picture quality.
• Some lenses also include a vibration reduction (VR) system. This can be particularly
useful when shooting at slow shutter speeds or without a tripod.
Why macro lens ?
117. Wider aperture:
• Macro lenses normally have much wider apertures than normal lenses, giving excellent low-
light performance.
• The flip-side to this is that depth of field is very narrow, particularly for lenses with a long
focal length. Such a property is beneficial regarding isolation purposes(texture, shade, …etc.)
Why macro lens ?
118.
119. Quick-fix alternative
CLOSE-UP LENSES
A close-up lens (sometimes referred to as close-up filter or a macro filter) mounts
onto the front of your lens using the filter thread.
They act like a magnifying glass, simply enlarging the image before it
hits the sensor.
121. Focusing
• The technical definition of ‘focus’ is “the point where light rays
originating from a point on the object converge”.
• Imagine, for example, that you are taking a photograph of this dot: • .
In order to be sharply in focus, the light rays from that dot need to hit
as few pixels on your digital sensor as possible.
122. Ideally, you want the point of convergence to be exactly on your imaging chip— when
that happens, your photo is in perfect focus.
123. Number of AF Points
• Having a lot of AF points is particularly useful if you like to take lots of action shots of
things that rarely sit still!
• But in dental field, you'll probably be happy with a bare minimum of AF points, as you
can easily adjust your subjects or your position.
124. What Is Manual AF Selection?
• Autofocus points are what the camera uses to focus on a subject. You'll probably first
notice them when you press the shutter halfway. Many cameras will emit a "beep," and
some of the AF points will light up (often in a red or green color) in the viewfinder or on
the display screen.
• Manual AF selection often means that you can just select a single AF point, which will
give you a precise area on which to focus.
125. Focusing is best carried out by setting the camera to manual focusing rather than
automatic focusing and then moving the camera backwards and forwards to bring the
object into focus.
The reason for this approach is to ensure
reproducibility of images taken on different
occasions. You may need to make minor
changes to the focusing to give an ideal
coverage for the standard view.
126. 1. Set Iso number to 100.
2. Set shutter speed according to focal length
and patient/operator stability
(not less than 1/80, 1/200 is common preference)
3. Determine point of focus (according to type of view).
4. Determine aperture according to: desired depth of field (f22 intraoral
shots, f8-11 extraoral shots).
5. Determine Flash output power according to aperture .
(e.g: 1/4 for f 29 – 1/32 for f 18)
6. Determine working distance and focal length according to: magnification,
light conditions, focusing distance.
128. Resolution
• A camera’s resolution is calculated by the number of megapixels (millions of pixels)
its digital image sensor is capable of capturing.
• A pixel is the smallest element in an image. Pixels are grouped together to create the
illusion of an image.
• The more is the number of pixels, the more details can be captured, and the more
sharper the image.
• The number of megapixels a camera is capable of capturing can be used to roughly
determine the largest high-quality print that the camera is ultimately capable of
producing.
Illustration of how the same image might appear at different pixel resolutions
129. • An image’s resolution is determined by the image’s pixel count-information- (pixels rows
X pixel columns)..expressed in MP, or Pixels per inch-pixel density- (ppi) which is the
number of pixels in each inch of the image.
• A display’s resolution is expressed in pixels per inch (ppi).
• A printer’s maximum resolution is expressed in dots per inch (dpi)—the number of dots it
can place within a square inch of paper.
• Dots per inch (dpi) relates only to printers, and varies from printer to printer. Generally,
there are 2.5 to 3 dots of ink per pixel. For example, a 600-dpi printer only requires a 150-
to 300-ppi image for best quality printing.
131. Print Size:
• The more resolution, the larger the potential print size.
• Printing from digital images is
accomplished by squeezing a certain
number of Pixels Per Inch (PPI). A high
quality print with good details usually
involves printing at around 300 PPI, so
the size of the potential print is calculated
by taking image width and height and
dividing them by the PPI number.
132. • For example, a 12.1 MP resolution image
from the Nikon D700 has image dimensions
of 4,256 x 2,832. If you wanted to create a
high quality print with lots of details at 300
PPI, the print size would be limited to
approximately 14.2″ x 9.4″ print (4,256 / 300
= 14.2 and 2,832 / 300 = 9.4). Larger prints
would be possible, but they would require
you to drop the PPI to a lower number
133.
134. • The fact is that megapixels are NOT everything. Despite
point and shoot cameras now coming with up to 10
megapixels their quality level is not necessarily as good as
a DSLR with only 8 or so.
• The main reason for this is that the image sensor
used in point and shoot digital cameras is
generally much smaller than the image sensor
used in a DSLR (the difference is often as much
as 25 times). This means that the pixels on a
point and shoot camera have to be much smaller
and collect fewer photons, so needs more ISO
number>> Noisy image
135. Camera Resolution: What does it Affect?
Print size
Cropping and Resizing
Display size
136. Cropping and Resizing:
• The higher the resolution, the more room there is to potentially crop and resize images.
• Photoshop allows more control on resolution.
https://helpx.adobe.com/photoshop/kb/advanced-cropping-resizing-resampling-photoshop.html
137. Camera Resolution: What does it Affect?
Print size
Cropping and Resizing
Display size
138. Display size:
• Monitors, TVs, Projectors, Phones, and other devices have seen big increases in resolution
and the increased space on those devices naturally led to the need to show higher resolution
images with more details.
• Images are of a fixed pixel size when they appear on your monitor. Your screen resolution
determines how large the image appears onscreen.
• A 100 x 100-pixel image uses about one-sixth
of the screen at 640 x 480, but it takes up only
about one-tenth of the screen at 1024 x 768.
Therefore, the image looks smaller at 1024 x
768 pixels than at 640 x 480 pixels.
So, we may have to zoom in the image and hence
lose some of its dtails
139. But, If you will be taking pictures that are intended for on low resolution screen viewing
only, you can set your camera to a low resolution setting like 2 or 3 megapixels for saving
storage space purposes.
Taking your pictures at a higher quality setting like 14 megapixels will not make the image
look better on a 72 PPI computer screen.
140. How to control file size and resolution?
• The Large setting will give you the maximum flexibility
and potentially the highest quality, but the images take up
more space on your memory card (and computer) and will
take a little longer to save and download.
• RAW offers the best image quality, but it's less convenient
because the files require post-processing to use them. JPG
is far more convenient because of its wide compatibility,
but it doesn't offer the same quality benefits.
141.
142. DSLR Camera
Digital Single-lens Reflex Camera
DIGITAL imaging sensor (no more
traditional films)
SINGLE LENS REFLEX DESIGN, the
viewfinder of a DSLR presents an image
that will not differ substantially from what
is captured by the camera's sensor.
(avoid parallax error of traditional types)
143. A simplified illustration of the parallax of an object against a distant background due to
a perspective shift. When viewed from "Viewpoint A", the object appears to be in front of the
blue square. When the viewpoint is changed to "Viewpoint B", the object appears to have
moved in front of the red square.
144. DSLRStrengths
• Image Quality.. Large sensor
• Adaptability.. Multiple lenses
• Speed.. Focusing and shutter
• Optical Viewfinder
• Manual Controls
• Wide depth of field
• Quality Optics of lenses
DSLRweekness
• Price
• Size and weight
• Maintenance.. Change lenses,clean sensor
• Noise
• Complexity
145. Point and Shoot Camera
The minimum and most important requirement is that the camera must satisfy the possibility
of using the aperture priority mode, which is normally indicated with the letter “A”,
and the flash must be as close and centralized as possible to the lens.