The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Ricketts analysis /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Ricketts analysis /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Description :
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Natural head posture /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental ac...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Arch Form in orthodontics /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dent...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Model analysis in orthodontics /certified fixed orthodontic courses by India...Indian dental academy
Welcome to Indian Dental Academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy has a unique training program & curriculum that provides students with exceptional clinical skills and enabling them to return to their office with high level confidence and start treating patients
Model analysis 1 /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Description :
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Natural head posture /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental ac...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Arch Form in orthodontics /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dent...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Model analysis in orthodontics /certified fixed orthodontic courses by India...Indian dental academy
Welcome to Indian Dental Academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy has a unique training program & curriculum that provides students with exceptional clinical skills and enabling them to return to their office with high level confidence and start treating patients
Model analysis 1 /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Physiology of the stomatognathic system /certified fixed orthodontic courses ...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
In this slideshow, we covered most of neuromuscular disorders which might face you in medicine in general and in pediatrics in particular.
We hope if you find this slideshow helpful for your seeking of this subject.
Cheers,
Cephalometrics in orthodontics /certified fixed orthodontic courses by India...Indian dental academy
Welcome to Indian Dental Academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy has a unique training program & curriculum that provides students with exceptional clinical skills and enabling them to return to their office with high level confidence and start treating patients
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Cephalometrics in orthodontics/certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian ...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Physiology of stomatognathic system /certified fixed orthodontic courses by I...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Anatomy of stomatognathic system dental courses in hyderabad /certified fixed...Indian dental academy
Welcome to Indian Dental Academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy has a unique training program & curriculum that provides students with exceptional clinical skills and enabling them to return to their office with high level confidence and start treating patients
State of the art comprehensive training-Faculty of world wide repute &Very affordable.
Description :
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Cephalometrics (3) /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental acad...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Radiographic cephalometry /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dent...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
00919248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This seminar includes various cephelograms and various hard tissue analyses by diffreent authors followed by differences in various ethnicities and pediatric implications
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Types of cephalogram, uses of cephalogram, technical aspects, cephaometric- soft tissue, hard tissue & PA landmark, lines and panes in cephalometrics, Analysis- Downs, Steiner,Tweed. Wits appraisal, computerized cephalometric system, errors in cephalometry, cephalometric superimposition.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Extra oral radiography means that the source as well as film are placed outside the mouth & an exposure is made in order to obtain the images on a recording medium. Extra oral radiography provides wider anatomic coverage on a single film.
Opportunity for Dentists (BDS/MDS )to relocate to United kingdom -Register as a DENTAL HYGIENIST/ DENTAL THERAPIST without Board exams and after approval you can register in GDC as a DH/DT and start working as a DH/DT Immediately and get paid.
You can complete the whole process in 3-4 months.Salary range for DH/DT is around 2500-3500 Pounds per month.
Eligibility / requirements-
1. An International English Language Testing System (IELTS) certificate
at the appropriate level.(Within 2 yrs of application date )
2: A recent primary dental qualification that has been taught and examined in English..(Within 2 yrs of application date )
3: A recent pass in a language test for registration with a regulatory authority in a country where the first language is English.
If you are interested Please contact us for more details.
1ST, 2ND AND 3RD ORDER BENDS IN STANDARD EDGEWISE APPLIANCE SYSTEM /Fixed ort...Indian dental academy
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals
who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry,
Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
I –Aligners are made with FDA approved transparent thermoplastic materials using 3D scanning, 3D Printing and finally Trays with Pressure vacuum formers.
Dear Doctor,
Indian Dental Academy Now offers comprehensive online Orthodontics course.
Course includes:
1.whiteboard lecture presentations
2.Case Discussions
3.with hundreds of pictures.
4.Demo on Models
5.Demo on Patients
6. subtitles in your own language
12 months unlimited access and support @350 USD only.
For Demo please visit :www.idalectures.com/preview/
For more details visit: www.idalectures.com
Please contact us for any clarifications:
idalectures@gmail.com
indiandentalacademy@gmail.com
Thanks & Regards
Indian Dental Academy
--
Indian Dental Academy
Leader in continuing dental education
www.indiandentalacademy.com
skype:indiandentalacademy
+919248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Cytotoxicity of silicone materials used in maxillofacial prosthesis / dental ...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Diagnosis and treatment planning in completely endntulous arches/dental coursesIndian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Properties of Denture base materials /rotary endodontic coursesIndian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Use of modified tooth forms in complete denture occlusion / dental implant...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
2. INTRODUCTION
• A Scientific approach to the scrutiny of human
craniofacial patterns was first initiated by
anthropologists and anatomists who recorded
the various dimensions of ancient dry skulls.
• The measurement of the dry skull from
osteological landmarks, called CRANIOMETRY,
was then applied to living subjects as a tool for
‘longitudinal growth studies’
www.indiandentalacademy.com
3. • The measurement of the head of a living subject
from the bony landmarks located by palpation or
pressing through the supra-adjacent tissues is
called-CEPHALOMETRY.
• The discovery of X-rays by Roentgen in 1895
revolutionized the dental profession. A
radiographic head image could be measured in
two dimensions, thereby making possible the
accurate study of craniofacial growth and
development.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
4. • Roentegenographic cephalometry- The
measurement of head from the shadows of bony
and soft tissue landmarks on the radiographic
image.(Krogman & Sassouni,1957).
• Von loon was probably the first to introduce
cephalometrics to orthodontics.For analyzing
facial growth he made plaster casts of face in
which he inserted oriented casts of dentition.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
5. • Hellman used cephalometric techniques
and described their value beginning with
1920’s.
• A teleroentegenographic technique for
producing the lateral head film was
introduced by Paccini in 1922.He
identified the following landmarks on the
roentegenogram:
Gonion,Pogonion,Nasion and ANS.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
6. • In 1922 Paul Simon gave the idea of
diagnosing dental deformities by means of
planes and the angles.
• In 1931 Broadbant in USA and Hofrath in
Germany simultaneously presented a
standardized cephalometrics technique
using the high powered X-ray machine
and a head holder called a Cephalostat or
the Cephalometer.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
7. THE CEPHALOSTAT
• It is based on the same principles that described
by the Broadbent.
• The patients head is fixed by the two ear rods
that are inserted into the ear holes so that the
upper borders of the ear holes rest on the upper
border of the ear rods.
• .
www.indiandentalacademy.com
8. • The head which is centered in the cephalostat, is
oriented with the Frankfurt plane parallel to the floor &
the midsagittal plane vertical & parallel to the cassette
• The standardized Frankfurt plane is achieved by placing
the infraorbital pointer at the patients orbit and then
adjusting the head vertically until the infraorbital pointer
& the two ear rods are at the same levels.
• The upper part of the face is supported by the forehead
clamp, positioned at the nasion,to eliminate rotation
around the ear rods in the sagittal plane and for future
references in subsequent exposures.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
9. Shortcomings of the Frankfurt
horizontal plane
• Some individuals show a variation of their
FH plane to the true horizontal to an
extent of 10°.
• The landmarks to locate the Fh plane on a
cephalogram, orbitale & porion, are
difficult to locate accurately on the
radiographs.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
10. • An alternative to overcome this was to use a
functionally derived NHP.According to Morrees
& Kean, it was obtained by the patient standing
up & looking directly into the reflection of his/her
eyes in a mirror directly ahead in the middle of
the cephalostat.
• To record the NHP,the ear rods are not used for
locking the patient head into a fixed position but
serve to place the midsagittal plane at a fixed
distance from the film plane.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
11. X-Ray Source position
• It is positioned 5 feet(152.4cm) from the
subject’s midsagittal plane.
• The projection is taken when the teeth are
in centric occlusion &the lips in the repose,
unless other specifications have been
recommended ( e.g. with the mouth open
or with a specific interocclusal registration
used as orientation.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
12. Film position
• Magnification factors are affected by the
distance from the film cassette to the midsagittal
plane of the patient.
• To minimize variations in magnification from
patient to patient& to obtain consistent
measurements on the patient over time, a
distance of 15cm is often used.
• However, to place the film cassette as close to
the patient head as possible is also in practice.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
13. Development of Cephalometric
analysis
• Cephalometric analysis is carried out not
on the radiograph itself, but on a tracing or
digital model that emphasizes the
relationship of selected points.
• Tracing or the model is used to reduce the
amount of information to a manageable
level.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
14. Tracing of a Cephalogram
• Thorough familiarity with the gross
anatomy is required before the tracing.
• By convention the bilateral structures (eg,
the rami and inferior borders of the
mandible) are first traced independently.
An average is then drawn by visual
approximation, which is represented by a
broken line.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
15. Tracing supplies and equipments
• A lateral cephalogram
• Acetate matte tracing paper(.003 inches
thick, 8×10 inches)
• A sharp 3H drawing pencil or a very fine
tipped pen
• Masking tape
• A few sheets of cardboard (preferably
black) and a hollow cardboard tube.
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16. • A protractor and tooth symbol tracing
template for drawing the teeth. Also
templates for tracing the outlines of ear
rods.
• Dental casts trimmed to maximum
intercuspation of the teeth in occlusion.
• Viewbox (variable rheostat desirable but
not essential).
• Pencil sharpener and a eraser.
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17. General considerations for the
tracing
• Start by placing the cephalogram on the
viewbox with the patient’s image facing
towards the right.
• Tape the four corners of the radiograph to
the viewbox.
• Draw three crosses on the radiographs,
two within the cranium and one over the
area of the cervical vertebrae.
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18. • Place the matte acetate film over the
radiographand tape it securely.
• After firmly affixing the acetate film, trace
the three registration crosses.
• Print the pt name, record number, age in
years and months, the date on which the
cephalogram was taken and your name
on the bottom left corner of the acetate
film.
• Begin tracing using smooth continuous
pressure. www.indiandentalacademy.com
19. Stepwise tracing technique
• Tracing the soft tissue profile, external
cranium and the vertebrae,
• Tracing the cranial base, internal border of
the cranium, frontal sinus and the ear
rods,
• Maxilla and related structures including
the nasal bone and pterygomaxillary
fissure,
• The mandible.
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20. Cephalometric landmarks
A landmark is a point which serves as
a guide for measurement or construction
of planes. They are divided into two
types:
1. Anatomic: These represent actual
anatomic structure of the skull.
2. Constructed: These have been
constructed or obtained secondarily from
anatomic structures in the cephalogram.
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21. Requisites for a landmark
• Landmark should be easily seen on the
roentegenogram,be uniform in outline, and
easily reproducible.
• Lines and planes should have significant
relationship to the vectors of growth of
specific areas.
• Landmark should permit valid quantitative
measurement of lines and angles.
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22. • Measure points and the measurement
should have significant relation to the
information sought.
• Measurements should be amenable to
statistical analysis but should preferably
not require extensive specialized training
in statistical methods.
• Following is the list of most commonly
used Cephalometric landmarks.
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24. Lateral cephalograms
HARD TISSUE
LANDMARKS
• A-
point(pt.A,subspinale)
:The most posterior
midline point in the
concavity between
the ANS and the
Prosthion
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25. • Anterior nasal
spine(ANS):The
anteriortip of the sharp
bony process of the
maxilla at the lower
margin of the anterior
nasal opening.
• Articulare(Ar):A point at
the junction of the
posterior border of the
ramus and the inferior
border of the posterior
cranial base(occipital
bone).
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26. • B-
point(Pt.B,Supramentale
): The most posterior
midline point in the
concavity of the
mandible between
infradentale and
Pogonion
• Basion – The most
anterior inferior point on
the anterior margin of
Foramen magnum.
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27. • Bolton point(Bo): The
intersection of the outline
of the occipital condyle
and the Foramen
Magnum at the highest
point on the notch
posterior to the occipital
condyle.
• Condylion(Co): The most
superior point on the
head of mandibular
condyle.
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28. • Glabella(G): The most
prominent point of the
anterior contour of the
frontal bone.
• Gnathion(Gn): The
point taken between
the
anterior(Pogonion)
and inferior
point(Menton) on the
bony chin.
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29. • Gonion(Go): A point
on the curvature of
angle of the mandible
located by bisecting
the angle formed by
lines tangent to the
posterior ramus and
inferior border of the
mandible.
• Incision
inferius(Ii):The incisal
tip of the most labialy
placed mandibular
incisor
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30. • Incision superius(Is):The
incisal tip of the most
labialy placed maxillary
incisor.
• Infradentale(Id,Inferior
Prosthion): The most
superior anterior point on
mandibular alveolar
process between the
central incisors.
• Menton(Me): The most
inferior point of the
mandibular symphysis in
the midsagittal plane
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31. • Nasion(Na):
Intersection of the
frontonasal and
internasal sutures in
the midsagittal plane.
• Orbitale(O): The
lowest point on the
inferior orbital margin.
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32. • Pogonion(P,Pg,Pog): The
most anterior point on the
contour of bony chin in
the midsagittal plane.
• Porion(Po): The most
superior point of the
outline of the external
auditory meatus
(anatomic porion). When
the anatomic porion
cannot be readily
located,the superiormost
point of the image of the
ear rods (machine porion)
is used www.indiandentalacademy.com
33. • Posterior Nasal
Spine(PNS): The
most posterior point
on the bony hard
palate in the
midsagittal plane.
• Prosthion (Pr,
Superior Prosthion,
Supradentale): The
most inferior anterior
point on the maxillary
alveolar process
between the central
incisors.
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34. • Pterygomaxillary Fissure
(Ptm): A bilateral inverted
teardrop shaped
radiolucency whose
anterior border
represents the posterior
surface of maxillary
tuberosities.
• Ptm landmark is taken at
the most inferior point of
the fissure, where the
anterior and the posterior
outlines of the inverted
teardrop merge with each
other
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35. • Sella (S): The
geometric centre of
the pituitary fossa
(sella turcica),
determined by
inspection.
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36. Cephalometric planes
Are derived from at least 2 or 3
landmarks and are used for
measurements, separation of anatomic
divisions, definition of anatomic structures
of relating parts of the face to one
another.The various cephalometric planes
used are:
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37. • Frankfurt Horizontal
plane: This plane is
drawn from Po to Or.
The name is given in
the conference of
anthropology held at
Frankfurt in1985.
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38. • Sella-Nasion plane: It
represents the
anterior cranial base.
Can be accurately
located on the
radiographs. Cranial
base undergoes little
change after the age
of 6-7 years but the
N-point can drift either
forwards or vertically
giving rise to an error.
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39. • Basion-Nasion plane:
This plane is used in
the Rickett’s analysis.
• Palatal plane: plane
passing through the
ANS and the PNS.
• Occlusion plane: It is
the plane passing
through the cusp tips
of the upper and
lower first molars and
a point bisecting the
overbite. www.indiandentalacademy.com
40. • Mandibular plane:
Different definitions are
given in different analysis,
1. Downs analysis – it
extends from Go to Me.
2. Steiner’s anlysis – it
extends from Go to Gn.
3. Tweed took lower border
of the mandible as the
mandibular plane.
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42. Vertical planes
• Facial plane : It
extends from nasion
to pogonion.
• Y-axis : It is the line
joining sella to
gnathion.
• Ramal plane : It is
drawn tangent to the
posterior border of the
ramus and the
condyles.
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44. MEASUREMENT ANALYSIS
1. DOWN’S ANALYSIS
In this analysis FH plane is used as the
reference plane. It was based on the
study of 25 white subjects who had good
occlusion and proportional facial
skeleton. This analysis indicates whether
the dysplasia is in the facial skeleton or
in the dentition or both.
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51. Mean values of Down’s analysis
Skeletal Mean Value
1. Facial angle (N.Pog
-FHP)
87.8°
2. Angle of convexity
(N.A - A.Pog)
0°
3. A – B plane angle -4.6°
4. Mandibular plane
angle
(FHP – MP)
21.9°
5. Y axis (S.Gn-FHP) 59.4°
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52. Dentition to skeletal pattern
1. Cant of occlusal
plane
9.3°
2. Inter incisal angle 135.4°
3. Lower incisor to
occlusal plane
14.5°
4. Lower incisor to
mandibular plane
91.4°
5. Upper incisor to 2.7mmwww.indiandentalacademy.com
53. TWEED’ ANALYSIS
Tweed used three planes to establish a
diagnostic triangle, the three planes used
in this analysis are:
1. Frankfurt horizontal plane
2. Mandibular plane
3. Long axis of lower incisor
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55. The values of the angles according to
Tweed’s finding are as follows:
1. FMA- Frankfurt Mandibular plane angle
= 25°
2. FMIA- Frankfurt Mandibular incisor plane
angle = 65°
3. IMPA- Incisor Mandibular angle = 90°
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56. STEINER’S ANALYSIS
Developed by Cecil.C.Steiner in the 1950’s
can be considered the first of the modern
cephalometric analysis for two reasons:
1. It displayed measurements in a way that
emphasized not just the individual
measurements but their interrelationship into a
pattern.
2. Specific guide for use of cephalometric
measurements in treatment planning.
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60. The mean values for Steiner’s
analysis are as follows:
SNA 82°
SNB 80°
ANB 2°
SND 76°
Upper incisor to NA 22°
Upper incisor to NA 4mm
Lower incisor to NB 25°
Lower incisor to NB 4mm
interincisal angle 130°
MP to SN 32°
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61. Errors of the cephalometric
measurements
These are grossly divided into three
heads :
1. Radiographic projection errors
2. Errors within the measuring system
3. Errors in landmark identification.
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62. Application of cephalometrics
• For gross inspection
• To describe morphology and growth
• To diagnose anomalies
• To forecast future relationships
• To plan treatment
• To evaluate treament results
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63. Limitation of cephalometrics
• It gives two dimensional view of a three
dimensional object.
• It gives a static picture which does not
takes time into consideration.
• The reliability of cephalometrics is not
always accurate.
• Standardization of analytical procedures
are difficult.
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