This document discusses cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) and its applications in dental practice. CBCT provides sub-millimeter resolution images of the maxillofacial skeleton in a fraction of the time and radiation dose of conventional CT. It allows reconstruction of 3D volumetric data into multiplanar reformatted images. Specific applications discussed include implant planning, pathology assessment, temporomandibular joint imaging, and orthodontics. Advanced display modes like curved planar reformation and volume rendering provide familiar views useful for clinical evaluation and measurement.
Hey Guys, this presentation is all that a BDS graduate needs to know. A very basic yet important facts about CBCT.
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Regards
Battisi - Dr. Jasmine Singh
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Hey Guys, this presentation is all that a BDS graduate needs to know. A very basic yet important facts about CBCT.
Stay Safe
Regards
Battisi - Dr. Jasmine Singh
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
A very precise and intimate description on radiographic considerations in dental implants, since the advent of the first radiographic modality in 1905, the dental health care professionals have been striving to achieve clarity & excellence in the development & usage of dental radiographic imaging modalities.
I hope this presentation will make this wonderful topic more understandable and easier to digest in the minds of young and experienced dental health care professionals.
by Dr Ishaan Adhaulia
is a diagnostic imaging modality that provide high quality ,CBCT uses systems that are ideal in capturing images of hard tissues especially in the maxillofacial region
A 4 part seminar on 3D cbct technology for seminar presentations. with added technical details and considerations with differences between a CT technology.
Also it features the technical parameters ,uses and how it is considered useful in each departments of medicine and dentistry.
Cone beam computed tomography.DR. ANUBHUTI Dental Institute RIMS Anubhuti Singh
Cone beam computed tomography
Carm CT
Cone beam volume CT
Flat panel CT
Extra-oral imaging system specifically designed for three dimensional imaging of the oral and maxillofacial structures
ALARA Principle
Principal of cbct- Field of view
voxel
Obstructive sleep apnea /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian denta...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
A very precise and intimate description on radiographic considerations in dental implants, since the advent of the first radiographic modality in 1905, the dental health care professionals have been striving to achieve clarity & excellence in the development & usage of dental radiographic imaging modalities.
I hope this presentation will make this wonderful topic more understandable and easier to digest in the minds of young and experienced dental health care professionals.
by Dr Ishaan Adhaulia
is a diagnostic imaging modality that provide high quality ,CBCT uses systems that are ideal in capturing images of hard tissues especially in the maxillofacial region
A 4 part seminar on 3D cbct technology for seminar presentations. with added technical details and considerations with differences between a CT technology.
Also it features the technical parameters ,uses and how it is considered useful in each departments of medicine and dentistry.
Cone beam computed tomography.DR. ANUBHUTI Dental Institute RIMS Anubhuti Singh
Cone beam computed tomography
Carm CT
Cone beam volume CT
Flat panel CT
Extra-oral imaging system specifically designed for three dimensional imaging of the oral and maxillofacial structures
ALARA Principle
Principal of cbct- Field of view
voxel
Obstructive sleep apnea /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian denta...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
This is a presentation describing in brief regarding the physics behind MRI and it's application from dental point of view. It contains few videos as well.
Temporomandibular joint imaging 2 /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Ind...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
principles, applications, advantages, disadvantages, guidelines, uses of cone beam computed tomography in the field of orthodontics and dentistry in general
EVOLUTION AND DIGITAL EVALUATION USING CONE BEAM COMPUTERIZED TOMOGRAPHY, AND ITS USES IN CLINICAL ORTHODONTICS . PROTOTYPING MODALS, ITS APPLICATIONS IN VARIOUS FIELDS
Computed tomography (CT scan) is a medical imaging procedure that uses computer-processed X-rays to produce tomographic images or 'slices' of specific areas of the body. These cross-sectional images are used for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes in various medical disciplines.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
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5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
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The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
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The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
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These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
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Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
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June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
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ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
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Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
2. 76 JCDA • www.cda-adc.ca/jcda • February 2006, Vol. 72, No. 1 •
––– Scarfe –––
In fan-beam scanners, an x-ray source and solid-state
detector are mounted on a rotating gantry (Fig. 1a). Data
are acquired using a narrow fan-shaped x-ray beam trans-
mitted through the patient. The patient is imaged slice-by-
slice, usually in the axial plane, and interpretation of the
images is achieved by stacking the slices to obtain multiple
2D representations. The linear array of detector elements
used in conventional helical fan-beam CT scanners is actu-
ally a multi-detector array. This configuration allows multi-
detector CT (MDCT) scanners to acquire up to 64 slices
simultaneously, considerably reducing the scanning time
compared with single-slice systems and allowing generation
of 3D images at substantially lower doses of radiation than
single detector fan-beam CT arrays.3
Cone-Beam CT Technology
CBCT scanners are based on volumetric tomography,
using a 2D extended digital array providing an area
detector. This is combined with a 3D x-ray beam (Fig. 1b).
The cone-beam technique involves a single 360° scan in
which the x-ray source and a reciprocating area detector
synchronously move around the patient’s head, which is sta-
bilized with a head holder. At certain degree intervals, single
projection images, known as “basis” images, are acquired.
These are similar to lateral cephalometric radiographic
images, each slightly offset from one another. This series of
basis projection images is referred to as the projection data.
Software programs incorporating sophisticated algorithms
including back-filtered projection are applied to these
image data to generate a 3D volumetric data set, which can
be used to provide primary reconstruction images in 3
orthogonal planes (axial, sagittal and coronal).
Although the CBCT principle has been in use for almost
2 decades, only recently — with the development of inex-
pensive x-ray tubes, high-quality detector systems and pow-
erful personal computers — have affordable systems
become commercially available. Beginning with the
NewTom QR DVT 9000 (Quantitative Radiology s.r.l.,
Verona, Italy)4 introduced in April 2001, other systems
include CB MercuRay (Hitachi Medical Corp., Kashiwa-shi,
Chiba-ken, Japan), 3D Accuitomo – XYZ Slice View
Tomograph (J. Morita Mfg Corp., Kyoto, Japan) and i-CAT
(Xoran Technologies, Ann Arbor, Mich., and Imaging
Sciences International, Hatfield, PA).
These units can be categorized according to their x-ray
detection system.5,6 Most CBCT units for maxillofacial
applications use an image intensifier tube (IIT)–charge-
coupled device. Recently a system employing a flat panel
imager (FPI) was released (i-CAT).7,8 The FPI consists of a
cesium iodide scintillator applied to a thin film transistor
made of amorphous silicon. Images produced with an IIT
generally result in more noise than images from an FPI and
also need to be preprocessed to reduce geometric distor-
tions inherent in the detector configuration.5,6
Advantages of CBCT
CBCT is well suited for imaging the craniofacial area. It
provides clear images of highly contrasted structures and is
extremely useful for evaluating bone.8,9 Although limita-
tions currently exist in the use of this technology for soft-
tissue imaging, efforts are being directed toward the
development of techniques and software algorithms to
improve signal-to-noise ratio and increase contrast.
The use of CBCT technology in clinical practice pro-
vides a number of potential advantages for maxillofacial
imaging compared with conventional CT:
• X-ray beam limitation: Reducing the size of the irradi-
ated area by collimation of the primary x-ray beam to the
area of interest minimizes the radiation dose. Most CBCT
units can be adjusted to scan small regions for specific
diagnostic tasks. Others are capable of scanning the entire
craniofacial complex when necessary.
• Image accuracy: The volumetric data set comprises a 3D
block of smaller cuboid structures, known as voxels, each
representing a specific degree of x-ray absorption. The size
of these voxels determines the resolution of the image. In
conventional CT, the voxels are anisotropic — rectangular
cubes where the longest dimension of the voxel is the axial
slice thickness and is determined by slice pitch, a function of
gantry motion. Although CT voxel surfaces can be as small
as 0.625 mm square, their depth is usually in the order of
1–2 mm. All CBCT units provide voxel resolutions that
are isotropic — equal in all 3 dimensions. This produces
sub-millimetre resolution (often exceeding the highest
grade multi-slice CT) ranging from 0.4 mm to as low as
0.125 mm (Accuitomo).
• Rapid scan time: Because CBCT acquires all basis
images in a single rotation, scan time is rapid (10–70 sec-
onds) and comparable with that of medical spiral MDCT
systems. Although faster scanning time usually means fewer
basis images from which to reconstruct the volumetric data
set, motion artifacts due to subject movement are reduced.
• Dose reduction: Published reports indicate that the
effective dose of radiation (average range 36.9–50.3
microsievert [µSv])10–14 is significantly reduced by up to
98% compared with “conventional” fan-beam CT systems
(average range for mandible 1,320–3,324 µSv; average range
for maxilla 1,031–1,420 µSv).10,11,15–17 This reduces the
effective patient dose to approximately that of a film-based
periapical survey of the dentition (13–100 µSv)18–20 or
4–15 times that of a single panoramic radiograph
(2.9–11 µSv).14,17–20
• Display modes unique to maxillofacial imaging: Access
and interaction with medical CT data are not possible
as workstations are required. Although such data can be
“converted” and imported into proprietary programs for
use on personal computers (e.g., Sim/Plant, Materialise,
Leuven, Belgium), this process is expensive and requires an
3. JCDA • www.cda-adc.ca/jcda • February 2006, Vol. 72, No. 1 • 77
intermediary stage that can extend the diagnostic phase.
Reconstruction of CBCT data is performed natively by a
personal computer. In addition, software can be made avail-
able to the user, not just the radiologist, either via direct
purchase or innovative “per use” licence from various ven-
dors (e.g., Imaging Sciences International). This provides
the clinician with the opportunity to use chair-side image
display, real-time analysis and MPR modes that are task
specific. Because the CBCT volumetric data set is isotropic,
the entire volume can be reoriented so that the patient’s
anatomic features are realigned. In addition, cursor-driven
measurement algorithms allow the clinician to do real-time
dimensional assessment.
• Reduced image artifact: With manufacturers’ artifact
suppression algorithms and increasing number of
projections, our clinical experience has shown that CBCT
images can result in a low level of metal artifact, particularly
in secondary reconstructions designed for viewing the teeth
and jaws (Fig. 2).10
Application of CBCT Imaging to Clinical Dental
Practice
Unlike conventional CT scanners, which are large and
expensive to purchase and maintain, CBCT is suited for use
in clinical dental practice where cost and dose considera-
tions are important, space is often at a premium and scan-
ning requirements are limited to the head.
All CBCT units initially provide correlated axial, coronal
and sagittal perpendicular MPR images (Fig. 3). Basic
enhancements include zoom or magnification and visual
adjustments to narrow the range of displayed grey-scales
––– Cone-Beam Computed Tomography –––
Figure 1: X-ray beam projection scheme comparing a single
detector array fan-beam CT (a) and cone-beam CT (b) geometry.
Figure 2: Relative image artifact reduction with CBCT (a) axial (top) and
cross-sectional images (lower) of the mandibular arch with implants
compared with conventional CT (b) axial (top) and cross-sectional
(lower) images of maxillary arch with implants.
Figure 3: Representative standard CBCT monitor display (i-CAT)
showing axial (a), coronal (b) and sagittal (c) thin-section slices.
Figure 4: Bilateral linear oblique multiplanar reformation through lateral
and medial poles of the mandibular condyle on the axial image (a)
providing corrected coronal, limited field-of-view, thin-slice temporo-
mandibular views (b) demonstrating right condylar hyperplasia.
4. 78 JCDA • www.cda-adc.ca/jcda • February 2006, Vol. 72, No. 1 •
(window) and contrast level within this window, the capa-
bility to add annotation and cursor-driven measurement.
The value of CBCT imaging in implant planning,21–23 sur-
gical assessment of pathology, TMJ assessment24–26 and pre-
and postoperative assessment of craniofacial fractures has
been reported.8,9,12 In orthodontics, CBCT imaging is useful
in the assessment of growth and development8,27–29 and
such imaging is becoming commonplace in certain regions,
especially on the west coast of the United States.
Perhaps the greatest practical advantage of CBCT in
maxillofacial imaging is the ability it provides to interact
with the data and generate images replicating those com-
monly used in clinical practice. All proprietary software is
capable of various real-time advanced image display tech-
niques, easily derived from the volumetric data set. These
techniques and their specific clinical applications include:
• Oblique planar reformation: This technique creates
nonaxial 2D images by transecting a set or “stack” of axial
images. This mode is particularly useful for evaluating spe-
cific structures (e.g., TMJ, impacted third molars) as certain
features may not be readily apparent on perpendicular
MPR images (Fig. 4).
• Curved planar reformation: This is a type of MPR
accomplished by aligning the long axis of the imaging plane
with a specific anatomic structure. This mode is useful in
displaying the dental arch, providing familiar panorama-
like thin-slice images (Fig. 5a). Images are undistorted so
that measurements and angulations made from them have
minimal error.
• Serial transplanar reformation: This technique pro-
duces a series of stacked sequential cross-sectional images
––– Scarfe –––
Figure 5: Narrow (5.3 mm) (a) and wide (25.6 mm) (b) slice simulated
panoramic images providing anatomically accurate measurements.
Figure 6: Reformatted panoramic image (a) providing reference
for multiple narrow trans-axial thin cross-sectional slices (b) of
radiolucent bony pathology in the left mandible, demonstrating
bucco-lingual expansion and location of the inferior alveolar canal.
Figure 7: “Ray sum” simulated lateral cephalometric projection. Figure 8: Right lateral maximum intensity projection (a) and
shaded surface rendering of patient. (Courtesy: Arun Singh,
Imaging Sciences International)
5. JCDA • www.cda-adc.ca/jcda • February 2006, Vol. 72, No. 1 • 79
orthogonal to the oblique or curved planar reformation.
Images are usually thin slices (e.g., 1 mm thick) of known
separation (e.g., 1 mm apart). Resultant images are useful in
the assessment of specific morphologic features such as
alveolar bone height and width for implant site assessment,
the inferior alveolar canal in relation to impacted
mandibular molars, condylar surface and shape in the
symptomatic TMJ or evaluation of pathological conditions
affecting the jaws (Fig. 6).
• Multiplanar volume reformations: Any multiplanar
image can be “thickened” by increasing the number of adja-
cent voxels included in the slice. This creates an image that
represents a specific volume of the patient. The simplest
technique is adding the absorption values of adjacent
voxels, to produce a “ray sum” image. This mode can be
used to generate simulated panoramic images by increasing
the slice thickness of curved planar reformatted images
along the dental arch to 25–30 mm, comparable to the in-
focus image layer of panoramic radiographs (Fig. 5b).
Alternatively, plain projection images such as lateral
cephalometric images (Fig. 7) can be created from full
thickness (130–150 mm) perpendicular MPR images. In
this case, such images can be exported and analyzed using
third-party proprietary cephalometric software. Unlike
conventional radiographs, these ray sum images are without
magnification and are undistorted.
Another thickening technique is maximum intensity
projection (MIP). MIP images are achieved by displaying
only the highest voxel value within a particular thickness.
This mode produces a “pseudo” 3D structure and is partic-
ularly useful in representing the surface morphology of the
maxillofacial region (Fig. 8a). More complicated shaded
surface displays and volume rendering algorithms can be
applied to the entire thickness of the volumetric data set to
provide 3D reconstruction and presentation of data that
can be interactively enhanced (Fig. 8b).
Discussion
There is little doubt that cone-beam technology will
become an important tool in dental and maxillofacial
imaging over the next decade or 2. Clinical applications of
CBCT are rapidly being applied to dental practice. However,
although CBCT allows images to be displayed in a variety of
formats, the interpretation of the volumetric data set, par-
ticularly when it comprises large areas, involves more than
the generation of 3D representations or application of clin-
ical protocols providing specific images. Interpretation
demands an understanding of the spatial relations of bony
anatomic elements and extended pathologic knowledge of
various maxillofacial structures. Currently, any dental
practitioner can purchase and operate a CBCT unit.
There is mounting concern among oral and maxillofacial
radiologists, based on issues of quality and patient safety,
that interpretation of extended field of view diagnostic
imaging studies using CBCT should not be performed by
dentists with inadequate training and experience. The
AAOMR has indicated that, to use CT in implant imaging,
the interpreting practitioner should either be a board-
certified oral and maxillofacial radiologist or a dentist with
adequate training and experience.2 Perhaps, as has occurred
in medical imaging where the use and costs of imaging
have increased at double-digit rates, third-party payers
and federal policymakers will also become involved in set-
ting standards for providers who bill the government
for obtaining and interpreting diagnostic images.30 Non-
radiologist dentists should not be excluded from
performing CBCT imaging provided they have appropriate
and documented training and experience. Given that a
single CBCT scan uses ionizing radiation at levels exceeding
any current dental imaging protocol series, it is timely to
recommend the development of rigorous training standards
in maxillofacial CBCT imaging in the interests of our
patients who deserve to have imaging performed by
competent clinicians.
Conclusions
The development and rapid commercialization of
CBCT technology dedicated to imaging the maxillofacial
region will undoubtedly increase dental practitioner access
to 3D radiographic assessments in clinical dental practice.
CBCT imaging provides clinicians with sub-millimetre
spatial resolution images of high diagnostic quality with
relatively short scanning times (10–70 seconds) and a
reported radiation dose equivalent to that needed for 4 to
15 panoramic radiographs. C
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––– Cone-Beam Computed Tomography –––
Dr. Scarfe is an associate professor in the division of radiology
and imaging sciences, department of surgical/hospital dentistry,
University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville,
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Dr. Farman is a professor in the division of radiology and
imaging sciences, department of surgical/hospital dentistry,
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Dr. Sukovic is co-founder, president and CEO of Xoran
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Correspondence to: Dr. William C. Scarfe, Department of Surgical/Hospital
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Dr. Farman was a consultant on the National Institutes of Health Small
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––– Scarfe –––