Temperature and microbial growth
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THIS POWERPOINT COVERS ABOUTMINIMUM GROWTH TEMPERATURE,MAXIMUM GROWTH TEMPERATURE, PSYCHROPHILES MESOPHILES THERMOPHILES AND HYPERTHERMOPHILES.FINALLY IT HAS A DIAGRAM SHOWING DIFFERENT TEMPERATURE RANGES OF MICROORGANISMS
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Bacterial growth curve
Bacterial growth curve consists of four phases:
1. Lag phase where bacteria adjust to new environment and do not divide.
2. Exponential or log phase where bacteria divide rapidly and population increases exponentially.
3. Stationary phase where growth rate equals death rate resulting in constant population size.
4. Decline or death phase where population decreases as number of dying cells exceeds reproducing cells due to nutrient depletion and waste accumulation.
Factors affecting growth of bacteria
The physical factors affects the growth of microorganism.
1) Temperature
Temperature is the most important factor that influences the rate of enzyme catalysed reactions and rate of growth.
For every organisms there is an optimum temperature for growth and minimum temperature for inhibiting the growth.
Most extreme the microbes need liquid water to grow.(330C).
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Prokaryotes are grow at 100 degreeC.
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This document provides an overview of bacterial growth and nutrition. It discusses the basic requirements bacteria need to grow, including sources of energy, raw materials like carbon, and essential nutrients. It explains that bacteria can be autotrophs or heterotrophs, and describes the macronutrients and micronutrients needed for bacterial growth. The document also covers the different chemical forms nutrients must be in for bacteria to use them, the concept of fastidious versus copiotrophic bacteria, and how bacteria respond to nutritional deficiencies or other environmental stresses. Finally, it discusses culture media and the physical factors like oxygen, temperature, and pH that influence bacterial growth.
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This document discusses various microbiological techniques used to study microorganisms, including:
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2. 16S rRNA gene sequencing is described as the most widely used molecular technique for bacterial identification and phylogenetic analysis due to the conserved nature of the 16S rRNA gene.
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Bacterial growth curve
Bacterial growth follows four phases: lag, log (exponential), stationary, and decline. During lag phase, bacteria adapt to their environment and prepare for growth. The log phase is characterized by rapid, exponential cell division. As nutrients become depleted, growth slows and enters stationary phase where the cell population levels off. In decline phase, bacteria run out of nutrients and die off, though a small number of survivors may persist. Bacterial growth is influenced by numerous environmental factors like nutrient levels, temperature, pH, oxygen, and water availability. The optimal conditions allow bacteria to enter log phase and multiply at their highest rate.
Recommended
Bacterial growth curve
Bacterial growth curve consists of four phases:
1. Lag phase where bacteria adjust to new environment and do not divide.
2. Exponential or log phase where bacteria divide rapidly and population increases exponentially.
3. Stationary phase where growth rate equals death rate resulting in constant population size.
4. Decline or death phase where population decreases as number of dying cells exceeds reproducing cells due to nutrient depletion and waste accumulation.
Factors affecting growth of bacteria
The physical factors affects the growth of microorganism.
1) Temperature
Temperature is the most important factor that influences the rate of enzyme catalysed reactions and rate of growth.
For every organisms there is an optimum temperature for growth and minimum temperature for inhibiting the growth.
Most extreme the microbes need liquid water to grow.(330C).
some algae and fungi grow at 55-60 degreeC.
Prokaryotes are grow at 100 degreeC.
Based on temperature the microorganisms are classified into two 4.
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This document discusses various microbiological techniques used to study microorganisms, including:
1. Microscopic, cultural, physiological, immunological, and molecular methods. Specific techniques mentioned are Gram staining, growth media selection, enzyme activity assays, immunoassays, DNA fingerprinting, gene probes, microarrays, PCR, and metagenomics.
2. 16S rRNA gene sequencing is described as the most widely used molecular technique for bacterial identification and phylogenetic analysis due to the conserved nature of the 16S rRNA gene.
3. Metagenomics provides information on the collective genomes of microorganisms in an environmental sample to study microbial diversity and ecology.
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Bacterial growth curve
Bacterial growth follows four phases: lag, log (exponential), stationary, and decline. During lag phase, bacteria adapt to their environment and prepare for growth. The log phase is characterized by rapid, exponential cell division. As nutrients become depleted, growth slows and enters stationary phase where the cell population levels off. In decline phase, bacteria run out of nutrients and die off, though a small number of survivors may persist. Bacterial growth is influenced by numerous environmental factors like nutrient levels, temperature, pH, oxygen, and water availability. The optimal conditions allow bacteria to enter log phase and multiply at their highest rate.
Factors Affecting Microbial Growth
Factors affecting microbial growth include pH, moisture, nutrient content, oxygen, and light. pH is important as most bacteria grow best near neutral pH. Moisture is essential and bacteria require more moisture than yeasts or molds. The nutrient content must provide substances like water, carbon, nitrogen, and minerals for growth. Oxygen levels also impact microbial growth, with some microbes only growing aerobically and others anaerobically. Light is only essential for microbes involved in photosynthesis.
Factors affecting bacterial growth
Growth of bacteria is affected by many factors such as nutrition concentration and other environmental factors.
Some of the important factors affecting bacterial growth are:
Nutrition concentration
Temperature
Gaseous concentration
pH
Ions and salt concentration
Available water
Cultivation of viruses
Viruses can only be grown within living host cells. The document discusses three main methods for cultivating viruses: inoculation into animals, embryonated eggs, and tissue culture. It provides details on each method, including commonly used animal and egg types, inoculation sites, advantages and limitations. Tissue culture involves growing viruses in cultured cells, including primary cultures that can only grow briefly, diploid cell strains for limited passages, and continuous cell lines that can divide indefinitely.
Growth curves
This document discusses the growth curves of microorganisms like bacteria and how their numbers are represented using a logarithmic scale. It then describes the four phases of bacterial growth - lag, log (exponential), stationary, and death phase. The log phase is when bacteria grow and divide most rapidly. The document also differentiates between batch and continuous culture methods for food processing using bioreactors, noting that continuous culture maintains bacteria in the log phase for ongoing production.
Cultivation of bacteria
This document discusses the cultivation of bacteria in the laboratory. It describes the process of culturing bacteria, which involves allowing microbes to grow on artificial media to identify and observe them. Various types of culture media are discussed, including liquid, solid that can be liquefied, and solid that cannot be liquefied. Agar is commonly used as it melts at boiling temperature and solidifies when cooled, without affecting bacterial growth. General considerations for culturing bacteria, such as temperature, moisture, oxygen, pH, nutrients, and sterile conditions are also outlined.
Negative staining
Negative staining allows visualization of bacterial cell morphology without directly staining the cells. It works by using acidic stains like India ink or nigrosin that stain the background glass slide rather than the negatively charged bacterial cells. This occurs because the stain is negatively charged and repelled from the bacterial surface. Negative staining provides clear views of cell shape and arrangement against a dark background without requiring heat fixation, making it useful for delicate cells. It involves mixing a bacterial culture with the negative stain to form a thin smear on a slide for examination under a microscope.
Bacterial nutrition and growth
This document discusses various environmental factors that affect microbial growth, including temperature, pH, oxygen levels, osmotic pressure, and nutritional requirements. It classifies microorganisms based on their optimal and maximum temperature ranges, pH preferences, oxygen utilization, and responses to osmotic pressure and available nutrients. Various culture techniques are also described that allow isolation and study of microbes in different environmental conditions.
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This document discusses routes and sources of infection. It begins by classifying infections as acute, chronic, primary, secondary, etc. Infections can be endogenous from normal flora or exogenous from external sources. Sources of infection include humans (carriers, patients), animals, insects, soil, water and food. Modes of transmission include contact, inhalation, ingestion, inoculation, and vectors like insects. Types of infectious diseases are localized, generalized, bacteremia, septicemia and pyemia. Epidemiological terms like endemic, epidemic and pandemic are also defined. The stages of generalized infection are described as entry of pathogen, portal of entry, colonization, incubation period and increasing severity of
microbial nutrition and growth
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This document summarizes general characteristics of bacteria, including their typical sizes from 0.1 to 10 micrometers, and shapes such as coccus, bacillus, spirillum, and spirochete. It also describes various ways bacteria can be classified, including by shape, staining properties, oxygen requirements, pH tolerance, temperature tolerance, and osmotic pressure tolerance. Bacteria are widely distributed in environments like soil, air, water, and living bodies, and while some can cause diseases, others are harmless. The document provides examples for each classification method.
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This document discusses the physical factors that influence the growth of microorganisms, including temperature, pH, osmotic pressure, hydrostatic pressure, and radiation. It describes how each factor affects microbial growth and membranes. Temperature is the most important physical factor, as it can damage enzymes and membranes at extremes. Microbes are classified based on their optimal temperature ranges, such as psychrophiles, mesophiles, thermophiles, and hyperthermophiles. Optimal pH and osmotic pressure ranges also determine bacterial classifications like acidophiles, alkalophiles, halophiles, and osmotolerant microbes. Higher hydrostatic pressures and radiation can also impact microbial growth.
Flagella
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Cultivation of anaerobic bacteria.
This document discusses various methods for cultivating anaerobic bacteria, which require an oxygen-free environment. Special pre-reduced culture media can be prepared by boiling and adding reducing agents to drive off oxygen. Anaerobic chambers maintain oxygen-free atmospheres for culturing. Anaerobic jars use hydrogen gas and catalysts to displace oxygen. Anaerobic bags and pouches also provide oxygen-free conditions using chemical oxygen removers. Additional techniques like shake cultures and pyrogallic acid methods pair anaerobes with aerobic bacteria to facilitate growth without oxygen. The rolling tube method developed by Hungate enabled culturing previously uncultivable anaerobes.
Airborne diseases
Airborne disease can spread when people with certain infections cough, sneeze, or talk, spewing nasal and throat secretions into the air. Some viruses or bacteria take flight and hang in the air or land on other people or surfaces.
When you breathe in airborne pathogenic organisms, they take up residence inside you. You can also pick up germs when you touch a surface that harbors them, and then touch your own eyes, nose, or mouth.
Because these diseases travel in the air, they’re hard to control. Keep reading to learn more about the common types of airborne diseases and what you can do to protect yourself from catching them.
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Aseptic condittion .
General steps for preparation of culture media .
Selective media .
Enrichment media.
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Microbial pathogenicity
This document discusses various aspects of infectious diseases including definitions, classification, transmission, and pathogenic mechanisms. It defines infection as the lodgement and multiplication of an infectious agent in the body. Infections are classified as endogenous or exogenous depending on the source, and as acute, chronic, latent, or atypical depending on clinical manifestations. Microbes can be transmitted via contact, airborne droplets, ingestion, inoculation, transplacentally, or through iatrogenic means. Pathogenicity is determined by microbial adhesion, invasiveness, antiphagocytic factors, and toxins. Exotoxins are often heat-labile proteins that can be converted to toxoids.
Groups of microorganisms
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For effect of temperature on microbial growth exercise 28 w.pdf
For effect of temperature on microbial growth exercise 28, what results would you be looking for?
what are indicators?Effect of Physical and Chemical Environmental Factors on Microbial Growth
Bacteria and other miciobes hove limined control over theirmsemslemironments. Whereas many
eukaryotes have evoived woghisticated intemal control mechanisms, micobees ate alnot
completely dependent on externil factos to provide condations suinable for their eibtence
Ningrenironmenol changes can dramatically change a microorganisms ability to tranaport
materials a coss the membrone, perf fom complex entymatic rextions, and maintain critical
cytoplasmic pressure. One way to observe microbiat responses to emvironmenteal changes is to
art incilly macipulate an edemal factor and measure its effect on growh rite, thatis cell density atter
a given incubation time In this seties of laboratory eeercises you will eamine the effects of
temperature, pH, and osmotic pressure on growth eate. When appropriate you wil antempt 10
classily organians based on your results The Effect of Temperature on Microbial Growth Theory
Bacteria and Archaca have been divcovered living in above 80 C. Figure 2.41 illustrates typical
temperature habitats ranging from 10C to more than 110C. ranges and classifitations of Bacteria
and Archaca. The temperature range of any single specic, howeves, is a small portion of this
overall range. As such, each species is chancterized by a minimum, maximum, and optimum
temperature-collectively known as its cardinal temperatures (Fig. 2.40). Minimum and maximum
temperarures are, simply, the temperatures below and above which the organism will not survive.
Optimum temperature is the temperature at which an organism grows the fastest-its highest
growth rate. Organisms that only grow below 20C are called psychrophiles. These are common in
ocean, Arctic, and Antarctic habitats where the temperature remains permanently cold with little or
no fluctuation. Organisms adapted to cold habitats that fluctuate from about 0C 2.40 Typical
Growth Range of a Mesophile a The Trinimum? to above 30C are called psychrotropts. Bacteria
and "maxiticn' yesur peratures be, ond which no growtitakes pl: adapted to temperatures between
15C and 45C are known as mesophiles. Most bacterial residents in the human body, as well as
numeroos human pathogens, are mesophiles. Thermophiles are organisms adapted to
temperatures above 40C. Thermophiles that will not grow at temperarures below 40C are called
obligate thermophiles; those that will grow below 40C are known as facultative thermophiles.
Environments in which thermophilic Bacteria and Archaea are found include composting organic
material, soil surfaces subjected to direct sumlight, and silage. Bacteria and Archaca isolated from
ocean floor hydrothermal vents and other geothermal sites (Fig. 2.1) 2.41 Thermal Classifications
of aacteria = These are gened are called extreme thermophiles because they can survive cardinal
temperature g.
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Factors affecting microbial growth include pH, moisture, nutrient content, oxygen, and light. pH is important as most bacteria grow best near neutral pH. Moisture is essential and bacteria require more moisture than yeasts or molds. The nutrient content must provide substances like water, carbon, nitrogen, and minerals for growth. Oxygen levels also impact microbial growth, with some microbes only growing aerobically and others anaerobically. Light is only essential for microbes involved in photosynthesis.
Factors affecting bacterial growth
Growth of bacteria is affected by many factors such as nutrition concentration and other environmental factors.
Some of the important factors affecting bacterial growth are:
Nutrition concentration
Temperature
Gaseous concentration
pH
Ions and salt concentration
Available water
Cultivation of viruses
Viruses can only be grown within living host cells. The document discusses three main methods for cultivating viruses: inoculation into animals, embryonated eggs, and tissue culture. It provides details on each method, including commonly used animal and egg types, inoculation sites, advantages and limitations. Tissue culture involves growing viruses in cultured cells, including primary cultures that can only grow briefly, diploid cell strains for limited passages, and continuous cell lines that can divide indefinitely.
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This document discusses the growth curves of microorganisms like bacteria and how their numbers are represented using a logarithmic scale. It then describes the four phases of bacterial growth - lag, log (exponential), stationary, and death phase. The log phase is when bacteria grow and divide most rapidly. The document also differentiates between batch and continuous culture methods for food processing using bioreactors, noting that continuous culture maintains bacteria in the log phase for ongoing production.
Cultivation of bacteria
This document discusses the cultivation of bacteria in the laboratory. It describes the process of culturing bacteria, which involves allowing microbes to grow on artificial media to identify and observe them. Various types of culture media are discussed, including liquid, solid that can be liquefied, and solid that cannot be liquefied. Agar is commonly used as it melts at boiling temperature and solidifies when cooled, without affecting bacterial growth. General considerations for culturing bacteria, such as temperature, moisture, oxygen, pH, nutrients, and sterile conditions are also outlined.
Negative staining
Negative staining allows visualization of bacterial cell morphology without directly staining the cells. It works by using acidic stains like India ink or nigrosin that stain the background glass slide rather than the negatively charged bacterial cells. This occurs because the stain is negatively charged and repelled from the bacterial surface. Negative staining provides clear views of cell shape and arrangement against a dark background without requiring heat fixation, making it useful for delicate cells. It involves mixing a bacterial culture with the negative stain to form a thin smear on a slide for examination under a microscope.
Bacterial nutrition and growth
This document discusses various environmental factors that affect microbial growth, including temperature, pH, oxygen levels, osmotic pressure, and nutritional requirements. It classifies microorganisms based on their optimal and maximum temperature ranges, pH preferences, oxygen utilization, and responses to osmotic pressure and available nutrients. Various culture techniques are also described that allow isolation and study of microbes in different environmental conditions.
Route and source of infection
This document discusses routes and sources of infection. It begins by classifying infections as acute, chronic, primary, secondary, etc. Infections can be endogenous from normal flora or exogenous from external sources. Sources of infection include humans (carriers, patients), animals, insects, soil, water and food. Modes of transmission include contact, inhalation, ingestion, inoculation, and vectors like insects. Types of infectious diseases are localized, generalized, bacteremia, septicemia and pyemia. Epidemiological terms like endemic, epidemic and pandemic are also defined. The stages of generalized infection are described as entry of pathogen, portal of entry, colonization, incubation period and increasing severity of
microbial nutrition and growth
This document discusses microbial nutrition and growth. It explains that microbes require nutrients for energy, cellular activities, and constructing new cellular components. The main nutrients include carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and trace elements. It categorizes microbes based on their carbon and energy sources. It also describes the physical and chemical requirements for microbial growth, including temperature, pH, oxygen levels, and nutrients. It discusses culture media, methods for measuring growth, and techniques for obtaining pure cultures.
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This document summarizes general characteristics of bacteria, including their typical sizes from 0.1 to 10 micrometers, and shapes such as coccus, bacillus, spirillum, and spirochete. It also describes various ways bacteria can be classified, including by shape, staining properties, oxygen requirements, pH tolerance, temperature tolerance, and osmotic pressure tolerance. Bacteria are widely distributed in environments like soil, air, water, and living bodies, and while some can cause diseases, others are harmless. The document provides examples for each classification method.
Size, Shape and Arrangement of bacteria
this ppt describes about the various size ,shape and arrangement of bacteria with examples and pictures.
Factors affecting the growth of microbes
This document discusses the physical factors that influence the growth of microorganisms, including temperature, pH, osmotic pressure, hydrostatic pressure, and radiation. It describes how each factor affects microbial growth and membranes. Temperature is the most important physical factor, as it can damage enzymes and membranes at extremes. Microbes are classified based on their optimal temperature ranges, such as psychrophiles, mesophiles, thermophiles, and hyperthermophiles. Optimal pH and osmotic pressure ranges also determine bacterial classifications like acidophiles, alkalophiles, halophiles, and osmotolerant microbes. Higher hydrostatic pressures and radiation can also impact microbial growth.
Flagella
The bacterial flagellum has three main parts - the filament, basal body, and hook. The filament is the longest, rigid structure made of the protein flagellin. The basal body is embedded in the cell and contains protein rings. The hook connects the filament to the basal body. The basal body contains protein rings and a central rod that span the cell membranes. Rotation of the flagellum is driven by a motor composed of a rotor and stator. Proton motive force powers the motor and causes clockwise or counter-clockwise rotation for movement or tumbling.
Cultivation of anaerobic bacteria.
This document discusses various methods for cultivating anaerobic bacteria, which require an oxygen-free environment. Special pre-reduced culture media can be prepared by boiling and adding reducing agents to drive off oxygen. Anaerobic chambers maintain oxygen-free atmospheres for culturing. Anaerobic jars use hydrogen gas and catalysts to displace oxygen. Anaerobic bags and pouches also provide oxygen-free conditions using chemical oxygen removers. Additional techniques like shake cultures and pyrogallic acid methods pair anaerobes with aerobic bacteria to facilitate growth without oxygen. The rolling tube method developed by Hungate enabled culturing previously uncultivable anaerobes.
Airborne diseases
Airborne disease can spread when people with certain infections cough, sneeze, or talk, spewing nasal and throat secretions into the air. Some viruses or bacteria take flight and hang in the air or land on other people or surfaces.
When you breathe in airborne pathogenic organisms, they take up residence inside you. You can also pick up germs when you touch a surface that harbors them, and then touch your own eyes, nose, or mouth.
Because these diseases travel in the air, they’re hard to control. Keep reading to learn more about the common types of airborne diseases and what you can do to protect yourself from catching them.
Selective and enrichment media
What is culture media
Bacteria culture
Importance of culturing.
Culturing and medium.
History of culture media.
How many types of growth media .
Basic components of culture media.
Classification
Consistancy
Nutritional components
Functional use
Aseptic condittion .
General steps for preparation of culture media .
Selective media .
Enrichment media.
Storage of culture media.
Colony characteristics of bacteria
This document discusses various characteristics of bacterial colonies including size, margin, surface texture, elevation, optical features, and chromogenesis. It defines a colony as a visible mass of microorganisms originating from a single cell. Key characteristics mentioned are size (pinpoint to 10mm), margin (circular, irregular), surface texture (smooth, rough, mucoid, wrinkled), elevation (flat or convex), optical features (opaque, translucent, opalescent), and chromogenesis where some bacteria produce pigmented colonies through water-insoluble or soluble pigments. Examples of pigment-producing bacteria and their colony colors are provided.
Microbial flora-of-the-human-body
This document discusses normal flora and its relationship to the human body. It defines normal flora as microorganisms commonly found on and inside the human body. These microbes exist in either mutualistic, commensal, or opportunistic relationships with their human hosts. The document outlines several types of normal flora, including resident flora that always live on the body and transient flora that only remain for short periods. It also explains how normal flora can protect the body but also potentially cause disease.
Microbial pathogenicity
This document discusses various aspects of infectious diseases including definitions, classification, transmission, and pathogenic mechanisms. It defines infection as the lodgement and multiplication of an infectious agent in the body. Infections are classified as endogenous or exogenous depending on the source, and as acute, chronic, latent, or atypical depending on clinical manifestations. Microbes can be transmitted via contact, airborne droplets, ingestion, inoculation, transplacentally, or through iatrogenic means. Pathogenicity is determined by microbial adhesion, invasiveness, antiphagocytic factors, and toxins. Exotoxins are often heat-labile proteins that can be converted to toxoids.
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Groups of microorganisms
This document summarizes different ways to classify microorganisms based on their oxygen requirements, carbon sources, temperature preferences, pH tolerance, and pressure tolerance. It discusses obligate aerobes and anaerobes, facultative anaerobes, microaerophiles, and aerotolerant anaerobes based on their oxygen needs. It also describes photoautotrophs, chemoautotrophs, photoheterotrophs, and chemoheterotrophs based on their carbon sources. Microbes are further classified as psychrophiles, mesophiles, thermophiles, hyperthermophiles, acidophiles, neutrophiles, and alkalophiles based on their temperature and
For effect of temperature on microbial growth exercise 28 w.pdf
For effect of temperature on microbial growth exercise 28, what results would you be looking for?
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Bacteria and other miciobes hove limined control over theirmsemslemironments. Whereas many
eukaryotes have evoived woghisticated intemal control mechanisms, micobees ate alnot
completely dependent on externil factos to provide condations suinable for their eibtence
Ningrenironmenol changes can dramatically change a microorganisms ability to tranaport
materials a coss the membrone, perf fom complex entymatic rextions, and maintain critical
cytoplasmic pressure. One way to observe microbiat responses to emvironmenteal changes is to
art incilly macipulate an edemal factor and measure its effect on growh rite, thatis cell density atter
a given incubation time In this seties of laboratory eeercises you will eamine the effects of
temperature, pH, and osmotic pressure on growth eate. When appropriate you wil antempt 10
classily organians based on your results The Effect of Temperature on Microbial Growth Theory
Bacteria and Archaca have been divcovered living in above 80 C. Figure 2.41 illustrates typical
temperature habitats ranging from 10C to more than 110C. ranges and classifitations of Bacteria
and Archaca. The temperature range of any single specic, howeves, is a small portion of this
overall range. As such, each species is chancterized by a minimum, maximum, and optimum
temperature-collectively known as its cardinal temperatures (Fig. 2.40). Minimum and maximum
temperarures are, simply, the temperatures below and above which the organism will not survive.
Optimum temperature is the temperature at which an organism grows the fastest-its highest
growth rate. Organisms that only grow below 20C are called psychrophiles. These are common in
ocean, Arctic, and Antarctic habitats where the temperature remains permanently cold with little or
no fluctuation. Organisms adapted to cold habitats that fluctuate from about 0C 2.40 Typical
Growth Range of a Mesophile a The Trinimum? to above 30C are called psychrotropts. Bacteria
and "maxiticn' yesur peratures be, ond which no growtitakes pl: adapted to temperatures between
15C and 45C are known as mesophiles. Most bacterial residents in the human body, as well as
numeroos human pathogens, are mesophiles. Thermophiles are organisms adapted to
temperatures above 40C. Thermophiles that will not grow at temperarures below 40C are called
obligate thermophiles; those that will grow below 40C are known as facultative thermophiles.
Environments in which thermophilic Bacteria and Archaea are found include composting organic
material, soil surfaces subjected to direct sumlight, and silage. Bacteria and Archaca isolated from
ocean floor hydrothermal vents and other geothermal sites (Fig. 2.1) 2.41 Thermal Classifications
of aacteria = These are gened are called extreme thermophiles because they can survive cardinal
temperature g.
PHYSIOLOGY OF ORGANISMS LIVING IN EXTREME ENVIRONMENTS- THERMOPHILES
Thermophiles are organisms that can thrive in high temperatures between 60-80°C. They include bacteria and archaea found in hot springs, hydrothermal vents, and other hot environments. Thermophiles have adapted through mechanisms such as membrane lipids with ether linkages that increase melting temperatures, heat shock proteins that prevent unfolding at high heat, and higher GC nucleic acid content. Their adapted proteins and enzymes also allow catalytic activity at extreme temperatures. Thermophiles have applications in industries like baking, brewing, and paper production that utilize high heat.
12.predavanje-faktori okoline ekstrinzički temp
The document discusses various extrinsic environmental factors that affect the growth of microorganisms, with a focus on temperature. It describes how microorganisms can be classified based on their optimal temperature ranges for growth, including psychrophiles, mesophiles, and thermophiles. The effects of temperature on microbial physiology and metabolism are explored, as well as its implications for food storage and safety.
Food preservation or food preservation by high temperature
This document provides information on various methods of food preservation using high temperature, including pasteurization, sterilization, ultra-heat treatment, cooking, ohmic heating, and canning. It defines each method and provides examples. Pasteurization involves heating food to kill most harmful microorganisms. Sterilization uses temperatures above 100°C to destroy all microorganisms. Canning preserves food by heating it to an appropriate temperature for a prescribed time in an airtight container.
Physical Factors: Temperature,Physical Factors: pH of the Extracellular Envir...
The document describes an experiment to determine the pH requirements of microorganisms. It explains that microbial growth is influenced by environmental pH, with each species having an optimal pH range for growth, usually between pH 4-9 for bacteria. The experiment aims to observe the growth of different microbes at various pH levels to determine their pH classifications as acidophilic, neutralophilic, or alkalophilic.
Refrigeration and freezing of foods (control of microorganisms)
It is necessary to avoid the contamination of microorganisms in food products and the storage life of fresh perishable foods such as meats, fish, vegetables, and fruits can be extended by cooling or by reducing temperature.here are two important method to avoid the growth of microorganisms one is Refrigeration and other one is Freezing.
INSECT THERMO DYNAMICS
This document discusses thermoregulation in insects. It defines key terms like ectotherm, endotherm, and poikilotherm. While traditionally considered poikilothermic, some insects can maintain stable body temperatures through physiological and behavioral adaptations. Physiological adaptations include mechanisms for heat conservation during flight or evaporative cooling. Behavioral adaptations involve seeking optimal temperatures or clustering. Social insects also regulate hive/nest temperatures through fanning, water carrying, or clustering behaviors.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis lecture
1. Robert Koch isolated the tubercle bacillus, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, in 1882 from bovine tuberculosis lesions and proved its role in causing human tuberculosis by satisfying Koch's postulates.
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3. Granulomas develop as a result of the host immune response to contained mycobacterial infection and are characterized by the aggregation of macrophages and formation of epithelioid cells, giant cells, and caseous necrosis, representing the hallmark of tuberculosis infection.
Heat treatment. 30th dec.2011
Heat processing techniques like pasteurization and appertization are used to destroy microorganisms in food. [1] Pasteurization exposes food to heat for a shorter time at lower temperatures from 60-80°C to eliminate pathogens or extend shelf life. [2] Appertization subjects food to higher heat processing to achieve commercial sterility, making the food microbiologically stable at room temperature for a long shelf life. [3] Factors like heat penetration rate, microbial resistance as measured by D-value and Z-value, and food composition impact the effectiveness of heat treatments.
Nutrition,Energybalance&Temperature Regulation
The document discusses topics related to nutrition, energy balance, temperature regulation, and their interrelationships. It provides information on calories and energy balance, factors that influence metabolic rate, food as fuel, protein quality, fiber and its health benefits, temperature regulation through mechanisms like radiation, conduction, convection and evaporation, and thermoregulation controlled by the hypothalamus through behaviors, shivering, sweating and blood flow changes.
Nutrition,Energybalance&Temperature Regulation
The document discusses topics related to nutrition, energy balance, temperature regulation, and their interrelationships. It provides information on calories and energy balance, factors that influence metabolic rate, food as fuel, protein quality, fiber and its health benefits, temperature regulation through mechanisms like radiation, conduction, convection and evaporation, and thermoregulation controlled by the hypothalamus through behaviors, shivering, sweating and blood flow changes.
Nutrition,Energybalance&Temperature Regulation
The document discusses topics related to nutrition, energy balance, temperature regulation, and their interrelationships. It provides information on calories and energy balance, factors that influence metabolic rate, food as fuel, protein quality, fiber and its health benefits, temperature regulation through thermoregulation pathways like shivering and sweating, and fever as part of the immune response.
Sterilisation & disinfection
This document discusses various methods of disinfection and sterilization. It defines key terms like disinfection, sterilization, and sepsis. It describes different types of chemical agents that can be used for sterilization and disinfection like antiseptics, disinfectants, and their mechanisms of action. Physical methods of sterilization and disinfection are also outlined, including heat, filtration, radiation and other approaches. Specific sterilization techniques like autoclaving and hot air oven are explained in detail.
sterilization-220619091330-65ab6950.pdf
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STERILIZATION.pptx
This document provides information on various sterilization methods. It begins with an introduction to sterilization and its history. It then defines key terms and describes various physical and chemical sterilization methods such as heat, filtration, radiation, and chemicals. Specific techniques like autoclaving, pasteurization, and tyndallization are explained. Advantages, uses, and controls for different methods are also summarized.
B.sc. (micro) i em unit 4.2 sterilization
1. The document discusses various sterilization techniques including physical agents like heat, radiation and chemical agents.
2. Heat sterilization methods include dry heat using an oven or flame and moist heat using steam under pressure in an autoclave or at lower temperatures for pasteurization.
3. Radiation sterilization uses ionizing radiation like X-rays or gamma rays for cold sterilization of items that cannot withstand heat.
Temperature effects on animal physiology
Temperature effects on animal physiologyVijayanagara Sri Krishnadevaraya University, Ballari, Karnataka, INDIA
This document discusses temperature effects on animal physiology. It begins by noting that active animal life is limited to a narrow temperature range, typically between -5°C and 50°C. It then defines several terms related to temperature regulation, including homeotherms, poikilotherms, ectotherms, and endotherms. It explains that temperature has striking effects on physiological processes like oxygen consumption. It also discusses the limits of temperature tolerance for different organisms, mechanisms of heat transfer, and temperature regulation in humans and other animals.high temperature on microbes growth.pptx
Hydrothermal features are habitats for microscopic organisms called thermophiles: "thermo" for heat, "phile" for lover. So the heat lovers. So temperature is one of the most important factors that influences the growth and survival of microorganisms. If the temperature increases: they speed up the biochemical and enzymatic reactions. But at the low temp. enzymatic activities and microbial growth can continue more slowly.
As the temperature increases, molecules move faster, enzymes speed up metabolism and cells rapidly increase in size. But, above a certain value, all of these activities are proceeding at such high rates, enzymes start to denature, and the total effect is detrimental. Cellular growth ceases. But thermophilic microorganisms/heat lovers can tolerate and survive these high temperatures.
High temperature grown microbe types can be classified mainly into 02 categories. Prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
Thermophilic bacteria- Thermus aquaticus is one of the most advantageous species of bacteria that can tolerate high temperatures, isolated from Yellowstone national park hydrothermal vent. source of the Taq DNA polymerases, one of the major discoveries now its use for PCR. Technique. It is difficult to imagine life without PCR.
Here are some examples of cyanobacterial species also.
Archaea are the most extreme of all extremophiles. These single-celled organisms have no nucleus but have a unique, tough outer cell wall. This tough wall contains molecules and enzymes. And also they have many adaptations. Fig shown as the lSulfolobus is the genus most often isolated.
THERMOPHILIC FUNGI
Although they aren’t visible like mushrooms, several thermophilic fungi thrive in Yellowstone. Curvularia protuberata lives in the roots of hot springs panic grass. This association helps both survive higher temperatures than when alone. In addition, researchers have recently discovered a virus inside the fungus that is also essential to the grass’s ability to grow on the hot ground.
thermophilic algae
Tolerate & thriving at high temperatures ( 50- 70 C ) zygogonium is the most often isolated species.
Here are some examples of thermophilic protista belonging to the eukarya.
These are some habitats of thermophilic extremophiles.
Classified into 03 groups. Extreme thermophiles – mostly archaea but some bacteria too belong to this category. (Ex thermotoga./ bacteria)
Then, adaptations., Prokaryotes accept higher temperatures than eukaryotes.
Above 70° C - Only prokaryotes able to grow.
Above 100°C - Only archaea able to grow. Because they have many adaptations.
Extremophile Current Challenges and New Gate of Knowledge by Nanoparticles Pa...
Extremophiles are a unique organisms that have ability to exist in critical environmental conditionssuch as temperatures, pH, saline and pressures.They are characterized by high efficiencies in growth and enzymes product that led them to be a candidate in industrial productions as detergents, brewing, cosmetics, dairy products, bakery, textiles, and as degradation materials.. More information concerning the behavior of extremophiles is still required. Recently, several studies are conducted to detectdeep information about extremophiles using the advantages of nanoparticles. For instances, gold (Au) and silver (Ag) nanoparticles open a new gate of knowledge for researcher particularly for study different pathways of extremophiles. In this review we first concerns with extremophiles definition, history and applications then we reflects general idea about the environmental conditions taking in account the uses of nanoparticles.
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PHYSIOLOGY OF ORGANISMS LIVING IN EXTREME ENVIRONMENTS- THERMOPHILES
PHYSIOLOGY OF ORGANISMS LIVING IN EXTREME ENVIRONMENTS- THERMOPHILES
Food preservation or food preservation by high temperature
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Physical Factors: Temperature,Physical Factors: pH of the Extracellular Envir...
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CLASSIFICATION INCLUDES SODA LIME GLASS ,BORO SLICATE GLASS AND LEAD GLASS IN BREIF
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BENCH TERRACE DESIGN AND TYPES ARE ALSO COVERED IN PPT
Osmotic dehydration
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Bunds and their design
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ALSO COVERS ABOUT DETERMINATION OF ERODIBILITY .IN THIS IT COVERS ABOUT MAJOR 3 METHODS
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Blanching
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Peeling
PEELING AND ITS TYPES ARE BEEN COVERED IN THIS TOPIC
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This document discusses different agronomic measures for controlling water erosion, including contour cropping, strip cropping, and mulching. Contour cropping involves planting crops across slopes to protect topsoil and induce more infiltration, and is suitable for slopes between 2-10%. Strip cropping grows crops in narrow strips across land slopes to check surface runoff and force infiltration. Mulching covers soil with plant residues or plastic sheets to minimize rain splash, reduce evaporation, control weeds, and prevent sheet and rill erosion. Different types of mulching include synthetic, petroleum, conventional, stone, and organic mulching.
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Temperature and microbial growth
- 1. TEMPERATURE AND MICROBIAL GROWTH PRESENTATION BY UTKARSH JAIN
- 2. INTRODUCTION MICROBES : CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO RANGE OF TEMPERATURE THEY GROW. GROWTH RATE : HIGHEST AT OPTIMUM GROWTH TEMPERATURE. MINIMUM GROWTH TEMPERATURE : MINIMUM TEMPERATURE ORGANISM CAN SURVIVE & REPLICATE MAXIMUM GROWTH TEMPERATURE : MAXIMUM TEMPERATURE ORGANISM CAN SURVIVE & REPLICATE
- 3. PSCHROPHILLIC KNOWN AS PSCHROTOLERANT. PREFER COOLER ENVIRONMENT. TEMPERATURE RANGE : -20 TO 10 DEGREE CELCIUS. RESPONSIBLE FOR SPOILAGE OF REFRIGERATED FOODS. EXAMPLE : OSCILLATORIA ,ETC.
- 4. MESOPHILLIC ARE ADAPTED AT OPTIMUM TEMPERATURE. GROWTH TEMPERATURE RANGE : 20 TO 45 DEGREE CELCIUS EXAMPLE : LACTOBACILLUS , ETC.
- 5. THERMOPHILES GROWTH TEMPERATURE : 50 TO 80 DEGREE CELCIUS. DO NOT MULTIPLY AT ROOM TEMPERATURE. EXAMPLE : THERMUS AQUATICUS , ETC.
- 6. HYPERTHERMOPHILES GROW AT TEMPERTURE B/W 80 TO 110 DEGREE CELCIUS. EXAMPLE : PYROBOLUS , ETC.
- 7. GROWTH TEMPERAURES OF MICROORGANISM