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Soil erosion
- 1. SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION ENGN. PRESENTATION BY UTKARSH JAIN
- 2. WHY SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION? • MOST IMP FOR AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION • IN INDIA • TOTAL LAND : 328 MILLION HECTARES • CRITICALLY DEGRADED : 68 MILLION HECTARES • SEVERELY ERODED : 107 MILLION HECTARES
- 3. • WATER :ABUNDANT THROUGHOUT EARTH • ONLY 3% FRESH WATER • LESS THAN 7/10 USABLE • SOIL CONSERVATION: CONTROL OF SOIL EROSION • OBJECTIVE:TO MAINTAIN AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY
- 4. SOIL EROSION • WHAT IS SOIL? • UPPERMOST DISINTEGRATED LAYER OF EARTH’S CRUST • SOIL EROSION :PROCESS OF DETATCHMENT,TRANSPORTATION AND DEPOSITION OF SOIL PARTICLES • CAUSES OF SOIL EROSION • DESTRUCTION OF PROTECTIVE COVER BY: • 1.HEAVY DEFORESTRATION • 2.OVERGRAZING OF VEGETATIVE COVER • 3.FOREST FIRES
- 5. CAUSES OF SOIL EROSION (CONTINUED) • IMPROPER USE OF LAND: • 1.KEEPING BARREN LAND. • 2.FAULTY METHODS OF IRRIGATION. • 3.INJUDICIOUS CROPPING PATTERNS
- 6. SOIL EROSION: TYPES • ACCORDING TO ORIGIN • 1.GEOLOGICAL EROSION • 2. ACCELERATED EROSION • GEOLOGICAL EROSION • UNDER NATURAL CLIMATIC COND.S:EQUILIBRIUM IS ACHIVED • WHERE?? • B/W CLIMATE AND VEGETATIVE COVER • HOWEVER CERTAIN AMOUNT OF EROSION TAKES PLACE UNDER NATURAL COVER. • THIS IS CALLED GEOLOGICAL EROSION • TAKES PLACE WITHOUT HUMAN INFULENCE. • A NATURAL EROSION. • LOSS OF SOIL =FORMATION OF SOIL
- 7. ACCELERATED EROSION • NATURAL BALANCE IS DISTURBED • B/W SOIL ,VEGETATIVE COVER AND CLIMATE. • EROSION TAKES PLACE FASTER THAN FORMATION PROCESS.
- 8. SOIL EROSION:TYPES • ACCORDING TO EROSION AGENTS • 1.WATER EROSION • 2.WIND EROSION • 3.GLACIAL EROSION • 4.GRAVITATIONAL EROSION • WATER EROSION • MOST COMMON AGENT • EROSES AND TRANSPORTS SOIL PARTICLES • WHERE:FROM HIGHER ALTITUDES TO LOW LYING AREAS
- 9. WIND EROSION • STRONG WINDS, LOOSEN SOIL PARTICLES • LEADS TO LIFTING AND TRANSPORTATION OF SOIL PARTICLES IN WIND DIRECTION GLACIAL EROSION • SOIL STICKS TO MOVING GLACIERS WHEN IT COMES IN CONTACT WITH IT • DEPOSITED ON MOVING CHUNKS OF SOIL
- 10. GRAVITATIONAL EROSION • MASS MOVEMENT OF SOIL DUE TO GRAVITAIONAL FORCE • EXAMPLE: LANDSLIDES, SLUMPS
- 12. FACTORS AFFECTING SOIL EROSION 1. CLIMATIC FACTORS: INFULENCED BY RAINFALL 2. TEMPERATURE:INFLUENCES TYPE AMOUNT OFF ORGANIC MATTER COLLECTED IN TOP SOIL LAYER ORG. MATTER REDUCES SOIL EROSION 3. TOPOGTAPHIC FACTORS:INCLUDE SLOPE LENGTH ,STEEPNESSAND ROUGHNESS 4. SOIL PROPERTIES: INCLUDES TEXTURE, STRUCTURE AND COHESION • TEXTURE :SIZE OF SOIL PARTICLES • CLAY AND SAND :LESS PRONE • SILT PARTICLES :MORE PRONE • COHESION :BINDING FORCE • STRUCTURE :REFERS TO DEGREE OF CLUMPING OF SOIL PARTICLES
- 13. 5. VEGETATION: GOOD VEGETATION COVER MAKES SOIL RESISTANT TO RUNOFF 6. BIOLOGICAL FACTORS : INCLUDES • FAULTY CULTIVATION PRACTICES • OVERGRAZING OF ANIMALS