The document provides a comprehensive overview of bricks, covering their composition, manufacturing process, and classification. It details the differences between bricks and stones, as well as the size, weight, and color variations of bricks. Additionally, it categorizes bricks into unburnt and burnt types, along with specific classes of burnt bricks based on their quality and characteristics.

1. BRICKS
TOPICSTO BE COVERED
• INTRODUCTION
• DIFFERENCE B/W BRICKS AND STONES
• SIZE,WEIGHT AND COLOUR OF BRICKS
• COMPOSITION
• MANUFACTURING
• CLASSIFICATION
PRESENTATION BY UTKARSH JAIN

2. BRICKS
• SMALL RECTANGULAR BLOCK,MADE OF FIRED OR SUNDRIED CLAY.
• USED IN BUILDING.
• BEING UNIFORM IN SIZE,THEY CAN BE ARRANGED PROPERLY.
• THEY REPLACE STONES BEING LIGHT INWEIGHT.

3. DIFFERENCE B/W BRICKS AND STONES
BRICKS STONES
MASONARY CONSTRUCTION : EASY
AND ECONOMICAL
DIFFIULT AND LESS ECONOMICAL
DO NOT NEED SKILLED LABOUR REQURE SKILLED LABOUR
LIGHTWEIGHT HEAVYWEIGHT
WORK :WEAKER STRONGER
JOINT NEED LESS MORTAR MORE MORTAR RQUIRED
MORE FIRE RESISTANT LESS FIRE RESISTANT
PLASTERING REQUIRED NOT REQUIRED
CONSTRUCTION:FASTER SLOWER

4. SIZE ,WEIGHT AND COLOUR OF BRICKS
SIZE
• MAY BE PREPARED INVARIOUS SIZES.
• TRADITIONAL BRICKS :THESE ARE NOT OF
STANDARD SIZE.
• RECOMMENDED SIZE:190 X 90 X 90 MM.
• WITH MORTAR :200 X 100 X 100 MM
WEIGHT
• RANGES FROM 3-3.5 KG

5. SIZE,WEIGHT AND COLOUR OF BRICKS
COLOUR
• IT DEPENDS ON FOLLOWING FACTORS
1. NATURE & CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF CLAY
2. NATURE OF SANDD USED DURING BURNING
3. STATE OF DRYNESS DURING BURNING
4. TEMPERATURE DURING BURNING
5. QUANTITY OF AIR DURING BURNING

6. COMPOSITION OF BRICKS
ALUMINA
• 20-30 % REQUIRED IN BRICKS.
• PROVIDES PLASTICITYTO CLAY.
• EXESS ALUMINA CAN LEAD BRICKSTO SHRINK ANDWARP DURING
BURNING.
SILICA
• 50-60 % REQUIRED IN BRICKS.
• PREVENTS SHRINKAGE ANDWARPING OF BRICKS.
• EXCESS SILICA DESTROYS COHESION B/W PARTICLES OF BRICKS AND
MAKES IT BRITTLE.

7. COMPOSITION OF BRICKS
LIME
• SMALL QUANTITY DESIREDTO PREVENT SHRINKAGE.
• EXCESS LIME CAUSES ITTO MELT AND SHAPE IS LOST DUETO
SPLITTING.
OXIDE OF IRON
• 5-6 % IS DESIRED.
• IMPARTS RED COLOURTO BRICKS.
• EXCESS AMOUNT MAKES BRICKS OF DARK BLUE OR BLACKISH COLOUR.

8. COMPOSITION OF BRICKS
MAGNESIA
• SMALL QUANTITY REQUIRED.
• DECREASES SHRINKAGE.
• PROVIDESYELLOWTINTTO BRICKS.
• EXCESS AMOUNT LEADSTO DECAY OF BRICKS.

9. HARMFUL INGRIDIENTS FOR BRICKS EARTH
• EXCESS OF LIME : RESULTS IN MELTING OF BRICKS.
• IRON PYRITES : PRESENCE LEADSTO CRYSTALLISATION AND
DISINTEGRATION OF BRICKS.
• ALKALIES : ACTS AS A FLUX DURING BURNING.
EXCESS AMOUNT LEADSTO MELTING OF CLAY & BRICKS LOSETHEIR
SHAPE.
• ORGANIC MATTER ANDVEGETATION : ASSISTS IN BURNING
IF NOT FULLY BURNT,IT RESULTS IN PORES
• PEBBLES : PRESENCE PRODUCES PORES IN BRICK .

10. MANUFACTURING OF BRICKS
• FOLLOWING OPERATIONS ARE INVOLVED
I. PREPARATION OF CLAY
II. MOULDING
III. DRYING
IV.BURNING

11. MANUFACTURING OF BRICKS
1.PREPRATION OF CLAY : INVOLVES FOLLOWING STEPS
• UNSOILING :TOP LAYER OF 20 CM DEPTH IS REMOVED
• DIGGING: BRICK EARTH IS DUG OUT AND IS SPREAD OVERTHE
GROUND.
• CLEANING : UNWANTED MATERIALS ARE REMOVED AND IS
CONVERTED INTO POWDERED FORM.
• WEATHERING: PROCESS OF SOFTENING DUG OUT CLAY BY ADDING
WATER
• BLENDING:INGRIDIENTSTO ADDED ARE SPREADED BY MAKING CLAY
LOOSE.
• TEMPERING: WATER IS ADDEDTO CLAY AND MIXED.

12. MANUFACTURING OF BRICKS
2. MOULDING : PROCESS OF PREPARING BRICK OF REQUIRED SHAPE AND
SIZE BYTEMPERED CLAY.
• IT IS DONE BYTWO METHODS
• HAND MOULDING AND MACHINE MOULDING
• HAND MOULDING : A LEVEL GROUND IS PREPARED AND ATHIN LAYER
OF SAND IS SPREAD OVER IT.
MOULD IS DIPPED INWATER AND PLACED FIRMLY ON
GROUND.
TEMPERED CLAY IS DROPPED INTO MOULD.
SURPLUS CLAY IS REMOVED BYWOODEN STOCK.
RAW BRICK IS LEFT ON GROUND AND MOULD IS LIFTED UP.
INTABLE MOULDING IT IS DONE IN ATABLE OF 2 X 1 M

14. MANUFACTURING OF BRICKS
• MACHINE MOULDING: LARGE AMOUNT OF BRICKS ARE
MANUFACTURED IN SHORTTIME
• PRODUCED BYTWO METHODS :PLASTIC CLAY METHOD & DRY CLAY
METHOD
• PLASTIC CLAY METHOD: MACHINE CONTAINS RECTANGULAR OPENING
OF SIZE EQUALTO BRICK.
PUGGED CLAY IS PLACE IN MACHINES .
IT ISTHEN CUT INTO STRIPS BYWIRES FIXED IN FRAMES.
BRICKS ARE CALLEDWIRE CUT BRICKS

16. MANUFACTURING OF BRICKS
• DRY CLAY METHOD : POWDERED CLAY ANDWATER ARE MIXEDTO
MAKE A STIFF PLASTIC PASTE.
ISTHEN PUT INTO MOULD BY MACHINE AND PRESSED .
THESE CAN BE DIRECTLY SEND FOR BURNING.
THESE BRICKS ARE BURNT CAREFULLY ASTHERE ARE
CHANCESTO CRACK.

17. MANUFACTURING OF BRICKS
3. DRYING : DONE BEFORE BURNINGTO PREVENT CRACKING.
• ARE LAID IN STACKS.
• STACK CONTAINS 8-10 STAIRS.
• BRICKS SHOULD BE ARRANGED IN SUCH AWAYTHATTHERE IS FREE
CIRCULATION OF AIR B/W BRICKS.
• DRYING PERIOD:3-10 DAYS.
• SPL CASE:ARTIFICIAL DRYING IS ADOPTED.

19. MANUFACTURING OF BRICKS
4. BURNING: DRIED BRICKS ARE BURNT IN CLAMPS OR KILNS.
• BRICKS GAIN HARDNESS INTHIS STAGE.
• TEMPERATURE FOR BURNING : 1100 DEGREE CELCIUS.
• OVER BURNING MAKES BRICK BRITTLE.
• UNDER BURNING MAKE IT ABSORB MOSITURE.

20. CLAMP BURNINGV/S KILN BURNING
• CLAMP BURNING • KILN BURNING
CAPACITY : B/W 20000-100000 AT ATIME AVERAGE 25000 PER DAY
FUEL COST : LOW HIGH
INITIAL COST : LOW HIGH DUETO PERMANENT STRUCTURES
BRICK QUALITY : 60 % ARE GOOD BRICKS AROUND 90% ARE GOOD BRICKS
FIRE REGULATION : NOT UNDER CONTROL UNDER CONTROL
SKILLED SUPERVISION : NOT REQUIRED NECESSARY
REQUIRES 2-6 MONTHS FOR BURNING AND
COOLING OF BRICK
BURNING ONE CHAMBER 24HRS AND 12 DAYS
FOR COOLING
SUITABLE FOR SMALL SCALE PRODUCTION LARGE SCALE PRODUCTION
HEATWASTAGE : HIGH LESS

21. CLASSIFICATION OF BRICKS
• CAN BE BROADLY DIVIDED INTO 2 CATEGORIES
UNBURNT BRICK
BURNT BRICK

22. CLASSIFICATION OF BRICKS
1. UNBURNT OR SUNDRIED BRICK.
• BRICKS DRIED UNDER SUN AFTER MOULDING.
• ALSO CALLED KUCHHA BRICKS.
• USED FORTEMPORARY CONSTRUCTION WORKS.
2. BURNT BRICKS.
• USED FOR PERMANENT CONSTRUCTION WORK.
• CLASSIFIED INTO FOURTYPES:
I.FIRST CLASS BRICKS. II. SECOND CLASS BRICKS III.THIRD CLASS BRICKS IV.
FOURTH CLASS BRICKS.

23. CLASSIFICATION OF BRICKS
1.FIRST CLASS BRICKS: ARE OF RED OR COPPER COLOUR.
• HAVE UNIFORM SHAPE AND SIZEWITH DEFINED EDGES.
• USED FOR CONSTRUCTION OF SUPERIOR WORKS
CHARACTERSTICS
• REASONABLY HARD.
• WELL DEFINED SHARP EDGESWITH UNIFORM COLOUR.
• DOES NOT ABSORBWATER MORETHAN 15 % OF DRY WEIGHT.
• ON BEING FRACTURED,SHOWS UNIFORM & COMPACT INTERIOR
STRUCTURE.
• MINIMUM CRUSHING STRENGTH 10.5 NEWTON/MM X MM

24. CLASSIFICATION OF BRICKS
USES.
• FOR LOAD BEARING WALLS.
• FOR BRICKWORK.
• FOR PAVEMENTS ,WALKWAYS AND FLOORING.

25. CLASSIFICATION OF BRICKS
2. SECOND CLASS BRICKS.
• MAY HAVE FINE HAIR CRACKS & MILD DISTORTION.
CHARACTERSITCS
• EITHERWELL BURNT OR SLIGHTLYOVER BURNT.
• EMIT RINGING SOUND WHEN STRUCK AGAINST EACH OTHER.
• HAVE CLEAN SURFACE WITH SOME IRREGULARITIES.
• MINIMUM CRUSHING STRENGTH 7N/MM X MM
• WATER ABSORBTION 22 %WHEN SOAKED FOR 24 HRS

26. CLASSIFICATION OF BRICKS
USES
• FOR MASONARY CONSTRUCTION WHERE FACES ARE PLASTERED.
• FOR LOAD BEARING WALL OF SINGLE STOREY.

27. CLASSIFICATION OF BRICKS
3.THIRD CLASS BRICKS.
• GROUND MOULDED BRICKS, BURNT IN CLAMPS.
CHARACTERSTICS
• SLIGHTLY UNBURNT.
• RELATIVELY SOFT AND LIGHT COLOURED.
• PRODUCE DULL SOUND.
• DOES NOT HAVE SHARP EDGES & CORNERS.
• WATER ABSORBTION B/W 20-25%WHEN SOAKED FOR 24 HRS.

28. CLASSIFICATION OF BRICKS
USES
• FOR CONSTRUCTION OFWALL OF LOW HEIGHT
• CONSTRUCTION OF BOUNDRYWALL
4. FOURTH CLASS OR KILN REJECTED BRICKS.
• OVER BURNT BRICKS
• VERY IRREGULAR SHAPE.
• POOR IN STRENGTH.

29. TEST ON BRICKS
• WATER ABSORBTIONTEST
• SOUNDNESSTEST
• HARDNESSTEST
• COMPRESSIVE STRENGTHTEST
• STRUCTURETEST
• PRESENCE OF SOLUBLE SALTS