This document discusses various methods for cultivating anaerobic bacteria, which require an oxygen-free environment. Special pre-reduced culture media can be prepared by boiling and adding reducing agents to drive off oxygen. Anaerobic chambers maintain oxygen-free atmospheres for culturing. Anaerobic jars use hydrogen gas and catalysts to displace oxygen. Anaerobic bags and pouches also provide oxygen-free conditions using chemical oxygen removers. Additional techniques like shake cultures and pyrogallic acid methods pair anaerobes with aerobic bacteria to facilitate growth without oxygen. The rolling tube method developed by Hungate enabled culturing previously uncultivable anaerobes.
Morphology, Classification, Cultivation and Reproduction of FungiKrutika Pardeshi
This presentation is Useful for B. Pharmacy SEM III Students to study the Topic Fungi According to PCI Syllabus.
It Consist of Morpholoy of Fungi, Cultivation , Reproduction and Classification of Fungi.
Biochemical tests are based on reactions that takes place in various living rganisms. In microbiology these are useful for identification of various microorganisms like identification and differentiation of various bacterial species. IMViC test is a group of test that are used to differentiate between Escheritia and Enterobacter species.
GROWTH OF BACTERIA CANNOT BE MEASURED DIRECTLY BY SEEING THEM AS THEY ARE MICROSCOPIC STRUCTURES THEREFORE WE HAVE TO USE SEVERAL METHODS WHICH ARE DESCRIBED IN THIS PRESENTATION
Morphology, Classification, Cultivation and Reproduction of FungiKrutika Pardeshi
This presentation is Useful for B. Pharmacy SEM III Students to study the Topic Fungi According to PCI Syllabus.
It Consist of Morpholoy of Fungi, Cultivation , Reproduction and Classification of Fungi.
Biochemical tests are based on reactions that takes place in various living rganisms. In microbiology these are useful for identification of various microorganisms like identification and differentiation of various bacterial species. IMViC test is a group of test that are used to differentiate between Escheritia and Enterobacter species.
GROWTH OF BACTERIA CANNOT BE MEASURED DIRECTLY BY SEEING THEM AS THEY ARE MICROSCOPIC STRUCTURES THEREFORE WE HAVE TO USE SEVERAL METHODS WHICH ARE DESCRIBED IN THIS PRESENTATION
Pure culture preservation of microbes are described in detain. Different short and long term preservation are explained in detail. Methods like Agar slant cultures (Sub culturing) & Refrigeration , Mineral Oil or Liquid Paraffin Method,Saline suspension storage, Drying in Vacuum, Storage at low temperatures (Cryopreservation) and Lyophilization (Freeze drying) are included.
The presentation talks about the differentiation of Enterobacteriaceae family with the help of IMViC.
In detail explanation of the tests performed.
IMViC Test prepared using Prezi follow the link for presentation.
https://prezi.com/view/vPonKnBSA2CI9UloisLL
Acid fast staining is differential staining technique which differentiate bacteria into two group- acid fast bacteria and non acid bacteria. It used to identify acid-fast organisms such as members of the genus Mycobacterium .
Direct methods of measurement of microbial growth includes various methods of enumeration of both viable and non viable cell also includes growth curve. Helpful for UG and PG programs of microbiology
Pure culture preservation of microbes are described in detain. Different short and long term preservation are explained in detail. Methods like Agar slant cultures (Sub culturing) & Refrigeration , Mineral Oil or Liquid Paraffin Method,Saline suspension storage, Drying in Vacuum, Storage at low temperatures (Cryopreservation) and Lyophilization (Freeze drying) are included.
The presentation talks about the differentiation of Enterobacteriaceae family with the help of IMViC.
In detail explanation of the tests performed.
IMViC Test prepared using Prezi follow the link for presentation.
https://prezi.com/view/vPonKnBSA2CI9UloisLL
Acid fast staining is differential staining technique which differentiate bacteria into two group- acid fast bacteria and non acid bacteria. It used to identify acid-fast organisms such as members of the genus Mycobacterium .
Direct methods of measurement of microbial growth includes various methods of enumeration of both viable and non viable cell also includes growth curve. Helpful for UG and PG programs of microbiology
fermentation, chemical process by which molecules such as glucose are broken down anaerobically. More broadly, fermentation is the foaming that occurs during the manufacture of wine and beer, a process at least 10,000 years old.
Bacterial Culture methods and method of anaerobiosisNCRIMS, Meerut
CULTURE METHODS FOR Medical students
Culture methods are done to:
Isolate bacteria in pure culture from the clinical specimens and their idintification by various methods.
Determination of antibiotic sensitivity.
Prepare antigens for serodiagnosis of infective diseases.
Maintain stock cultures.
Methods to isolate the Bacteria
Streak culture
Stroke
Stab
Pour plate
Liquid culture
Special methods for anaerobic cultures
ISOLATION OF ALGAE FROM SOIL & WATER
REVIEW AND MADE EASY FOR UNDERSTANDING
REGARDS,
SHRIHITH A
MSc Microbiology,
Department of Microbiology & Biotechnology,
Bangalore University
Biogas is an environmentally-friendly, renewable energy source. It's produced when organic matter, such as food or animal waste, is broken down by microorganisms in the absence of oxygen, in a process called anaerobic digestion.
Gene transfer technology pharmacology biotechnology basic methods
Natural, physical, chemical methods of gene transfer.
Along with advantages and limitations, and applications.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
2. Cultivation of Aerobic Bacteria: They require oxygen; atmospheric condition is
generally satisfactory for culture of aerobes or facultative anaerobes.
1. Forced aeration of cultures is achieved either by vigorously shaking the flask or
tube on a shaker.
2. By bubbling sterilized air into the medium.
3. Exposure of the medium to the atmosphere.
4. Dispensing the medium in shallow layers.
5. Providing aeration by constantly shaking the inoculated liquid cultures.
Cultivation of Anaerobic Bacteria: They require reduced O2 content of culture
medium and remove any oxygen already present inside the medium.
1. Special Anaerobic Culture Media (Pre-reduced Media)
2. Anaerobic Chambers
3. Anaerobic Jar ( Gas Pak system )
4. Anaerobic Bags or Pouches
5. Shake Culture Method
6. Pyrogallic Acid: NaOH Method
7. Rolling tubes technique:
3. Special Anaerobic Culture Media (Pre-reduced Media): It is the simplest
method.
• During preparation, the liquid culture medium is boiled by holding in boiling
water both for 10 minutes to drive off most of the dissolved oxygen.
• Liquid media soon become aerobic thus a reducing agent (e.g., cysteine 0.1%,
ascorbic acid 0.1%, sodium thioglycollate 0.1%), is added to further lower the
oxygen content.
• Oxygen-free N2 is bubbled through the medium to maintain anaerobic
condition. The medium is then dispensed into tubes, which are stoppered tightly
and sterilized by autoclaving. Such tubes can be stored for many months before
being used. During inoculation, the tubes are continuously flushed with oxygen
free CO2 by means of gas cannula, re-stoppered, and incubated.
• Cooked meat broth (CMB; original medium known as ‘Robertson’s bullock-
heart medium’) has a special place in anaerobic bacteriology, and thioglycollate
broth and its modifications are also very useful. CMB is suitable for growing
anaerobic bacteria in air and also for the preservation of their stock cultures.
• The inoculum of the bacterium is introduced deep in the medium in contact with
the meat. Meat particles are placed in 30 ml bottles to a depth of about 2.5 cm
and covered with about 15 ml broth.
5. • However, some other media which can be used for recovering anaerobes are
Brucella blood agar, Bacteroides bile aesculin agar, phenylethyl alcohol agar,
kanamycin blood agar, etc. Anaerobic bacteria have special nutritional
requirements for vitamin K, haemin and yeast extract, and all primary isolation
media for anaerobes should contain these three ingredients.
• Addition of a reducing agent that reacts with oxygen and reduces it to water e.g.,
Thioglycolate in thioglycolate broth. After thioglycolate reacts with oxygen
throughout the tube, oxygen can penetrate only near the top of the tube where the
medium contacts air.
• A redox indicator dye called resazurin is added to the medium because the dye
changes color in the presence of oxygen and thereby indicates the degree of
penetration of oxygen into the medium.
• Strict anaerobes, such as methanogenic bacteria can be killed by even a brief
exposure to O2. In these cases, a culture medium is first boiled to render it oxygen
free, and then a reducing agent such as H2S is added and the mixture is sealed
under an oxygen- free gas.
6. Anaerobic Chambers:
• This refers to a plastic anaerobic glove box.
• Glove parts and rubber gloves allow the operator to perform manipulation
within the chamber.
• Air lock with inner and outer doors. Media are placed within the air lock with
the inner door remaining sealed; air is removed by a vacuum pump connection
and replaced with N2 through the another pipe.
• The inner door is opened and the media are placed within the main chamber,
which contains an atmosphere of H2 + CO2 + N2.
• A circulator circulates the gas
atmosphere through pellets of
palladium catalyst, causing any
residual O2 in the media to be used
up by reaction with H2.
• After media have become
completely anaerobic they can be
inoculated and placed in an
incubator located within the
chamber.
7. Anaerobic Jar ( Gas Pak system ):
• It is the most reliable and widely used anaerobic jar is the Melntosh-Fildes’
anaerobic jar.
• It is a cylindrical vessel made of glass or metal with a metal lid, which is held
firmly in place by a clamp.
• The lid has two tubes with taps, one for gas inlet and the other for outlet.
• On its under surface it carries a gauze sachet carrying palladium pellets, which
act as a catalyst for the conversion of hydrogen and oxygen into water at room
temperature.
• Inoculated culture plates are placed inside the jar and the lid clamped tight. The
outlet tube is connected to a vacuum pump and the air inside is evacuated.
• The outlet tap is then closed and the gas inlet tube connected to a hydrogen
supply.
• Hydrogen is drawn in rapidly. As soon as this inrush of hydrogen gas has
ceased the inlet tube is also closed.
• After about 5 minutes inlet tube is further opened.
• There occurs again an immediate inrush of hydrogen since the catalyst creates a
reduced pressure within the jar due to the conversion of hydrogen and leftover
oxygen into water.
9. • If there is no inrush of hydrogen, it means the catalyst is inactive and must be
replaced. The jar is left connected to the hydrogen supply for about 5 minutes,
then the inlet tube is closed and the jar is placed in the incubator. Catalysis will
continue until all the oxygen in the jar has been used up.
• The gasPak is commercially available as a disposable envelope containing
chemicals, which generate hydrogen and carbon dioxide when water is added.
• After the inoculated plates are kept in the jar, the gasPak envelope with water
added, is placed inside and the lid screwed tight.
• Hydrogen and carbon dioxide are liberated and the presence of a cold catalyst in
the envelope permits the combination of hydrogen and oxygen to produce an
anaerobic environment.
• An indicator methylene blue is generally used. When it is placed in an
anaerobic environment, it is reduced from its coloured oxidized form to a
colourless reduced leuco-compound.
• Removal of the culture plates from the jar for microscopic examination is the
major disadvantage of any anaerobic jar system.
• This, of course, results in the exposure of the colonics to oxygen, which is
especially hazardous to the anaerobes during their first 48 hours of growth. For
this reason, a suitable oxygen-free holding system always should be used in
conjunction with anaerobic jars.
10. Anaerobic Bags or Pouches:
• Anaerobic bags or pouches make convenient containers when only a few
samples are to be incubated an-aerobically. They are available commercially.
Bags or pouches have an oxygen removal system consisting of a catalyst and
calcium carbonate to produce an anaerobic, CO2-rich atmosphere.
• One or two inoculated plates are placed into the bag and the oxygen removal
system is activated and the bag is sealed and incubated. Plates can be examined
for growth without removing the plates from bag, thus without exposing the
colonies to oxygen.
• But as with anaerobic jar, plates must be removed from the bags in order to work
with the colonies at the bench. These bags are also useful in transport of biopsy
specimen for anaerobic cultures.
11. Shake Culture Method:
Principle: The anaerobic organism does not require molecular oxygen for growth
and hence will grow within the agar medium and E. coli above the medium when
both are inoculated in the same medium.
Requirements:
• 24-48 hour thioglycollate broth culture of Clostridium sporogenes.
• Nutrient agar deep tubes.
• Inoculating loop.
• Bunsen flame.
• Glass marking pencil.
• Thioglycollate medium (pH 7.2): Bacto yeast extract: 5.0 g, Bacto-casitone:
15.0, NaCl: 2.5g, L-cystine: 0.25 g, Thioglycollic acid: 0.30 ml, Bacto agar: 0.75
g, Methylene blue: 0.002 g
Procedure: Melt nutrient agar deep tubes, cool to 45°C inoculate each tube with one
culture; shake gently by striking against fingers. Cool the tubes rapidly under
running tap water, wipe the surface and incubate at 37°C for 24-48 hours.
• Clostridium will grow in the deeper regions while E. coli will grow on the
surface.
12. Pyrogallic Acid: NaOH Method:
Principle: Pyrogallic acid and NaOH absorbs O2
from the tube and creates an anaerobic
atmosphere for the growth of the organism.
Procedure:
1. Streak inoculates both bacteria in nutrient agar
tubes separately and ignite the cotton plug after
replacing it passing over the Bunsen flame.
2. With the glass rod push the burning cotton plug
into the tube until it just touches the slant.
3. Place pyrogallic acid crystals to fill the space
above the cotton plug.
4. Add 2 ml of 4% NaOH on top and immediately
place the rubber stopper tightly to the tube.
5. Incubate the tubes in an inverted position at 37°C
for 24-48 hours.
Anaerobic Clostridium will grow whereas E.coli
will not since there was no free oxygen for the
growth of the latter.
13. Rolling tubes technique: In 1944 Robert. E. Hungate studied of cellulose-
degrading microorganisms in the bovine rumen, his revolutionary roll-tube
approach enabled the successful culture of Clostridium cellobioparus.
• The protocol used rubber-stopper tubes of boiled culture medium with cellulose
agar, through which anoxic gas was bubbled to remove any remaining oxygen.
• Firstly, passing this gas through a column of hot, reduced copper wire excluded
any oxygen from the gas itself, and the subsequent addition of a reducing agent
to the medium removed residual traces of oxygen.
• Rolling tubes under cold water produced a thin layer of solid agarose medium,
and for the first time, an-aerobiosis was maintained throughout manipulations
using a constant flow of anoxic gas.
• The method, now known as ‘the Hungate technique’, is still in use to this day.
14. References:
Culture Media for Cultivation of Anaerobic Bacteria_ 4 Types.mhtml
Cultivation of Aerobic and Anaerobic Bacteria - Learn Microbiology Online.mhtml
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