PHYSIOLOGY OF ORGANISMS LIVING IN EXTREME ENVIRONMENTS- THERMOPHILES
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Thermophiles are organisms that can thrive in high temperatures between 60-80°C. They include bacteria and archaea found in hot springs, hydrothermal vents, and other hot environments. Thermophiles have adapted through mechanisms such as membrane lipids with ether linkages that increase melting temperatures, heat shock proteins that prevent unfolding at high heat, and higher GC nucleic acid content. Their adapted proteins and enzymes also allow catalytic activity at extreme temperatures. Thermophiles have applications in industries like baking, brewing, and paper production that utilize high heat.
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Thermophile
Thermophiles are microorganisms that thrive in relatively high temperatures between 45-80°C. They are classified based on their optimal growth temperatures into thermophiles, extreme thermophiles, and hyperthermophiles. Thermophiles have adapted enzymes and proteins that allow them to function at high temperatures. They are found in geothermally heated areas like hot springs and deep sea hydrothermal vents. Cyanobacteria are a common thermophile that can photosynthesize in hot spring waters up to 70°C. Thermophiles have applications in producing thermostable enzymes for uses like PCR and detergents.
Methanogens
Methanogens are a diverse group of archaea that can be found in various anoxic habitats. They are mostly anaerobic organisms that cannot function under aerobic conditions. Methanogens produce methane from substrates such as H2/CO2, acetate, formate, methanol and methylamines by a process called methanogenesis. They are found in habitats associated with decomposition of organic matter like bogs, anaerobic digestors, aquatic sediments, hydrothermal submarine vents and geothermal springs.
Halophile sfinal.pptx
Halophiles are microorganisms that require high salt concentrations to survive and grow. They are found in hypersaline environments around the world. There are three main types of halophiles based on their salt requirements: slightly halophilic microbes grow best at 2-5% salt, moderate halophiles at 5-20% salt, and extreme halophiles, like Halobacterium salinarum, require at least 9% salt with optimal growth at 12-23% salt. Halophiles have adapted mechanisms like accumulating compatible solutes to balance osmotic pressure and transporting sodium ions to maintain cellular integrity in hypersaline conditions. Some halophiles have industrial applications involving carotenoid pigments, fermentation
Extremopilic microorganisms
Extremophilic organisms are organisms that can survive exremities that are detrimental for other forms of life. Here is a presentation that discuss such microorganisms in detail
BAROPHILES .pptx
This document discusses barophiles, which are microorganisms that thrive under high hydrostatic pressure, such as in deep ocean environments or subsurface rocks. It classifies barophiles into three groups: barotolerant organisms that can survive higher pressures but grow best at normal atmospheric pressure, barophilic organisms that grow at pressures from 400-500 atm, and extreme barophiles that obligately grow at over 500 atm and do not grow at low pressures. Examples of barophiles found in the deepest parts of the ocean, such as the Mariana Trench, are provided. The document also explains how barophiles are able to regulate membrane fluidity and survive in high pressure environments.
Extremophiles
This document discusses various types of extremophiles and their adaptations to extreme environments. It describes acidophiles, alkaliphiles, thermophiles, psychrophiles and their ability to thrive in highly acidic, alkaline, hot, and cold conditions respectively. Acidophiles maintain a neutral pH inside their cells while alkaliphiles actively pump out hydroxide ions. Thermophiles have heat-stable membranes and proteins while psychrophiles can grow in temperatures as low as -15°C through various metabolic pathways. The document provides examples of extremophile organisms from all domains of life that have adapted to survive in these extreme conditions through specialized cellular mechanisms.
Halophiles (Introduction, Adaptations, Applications)
Introduction
Halophiles are organisms that thrive in high salt concentrations.
They are a type of extremophile organisms. The name comes from the Greek word for "salt-loving".
While most halophiles are classified into the Archaea domain, there are also bacterial halophiles and some eukaryota, such as the alga Dunaliella salina or fungus Wallemia ichthyophaga
Extremophiles
This document discusses life under extreme environmental conditions and focuses on extremophiles - organisms that thrive in extreme temperatures, acidity, salinity, or other stressful conditions. It provides examples of thermophiles that live in high temperatures, psychrophiles that thrive in cold temperatures, and halophiles that survive in highly saline environments. The key adaptations that allow extremophiles to survive their extreme habitats are also summarized, such as membrane modifications, stress proteins, and organic solutes that regulate osmotic balance.
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Thermophile
Thermophiles are microorganisms that thrive in relatively high temperatures between 45-80°C. They are classified based on their optimal growth temperatures into thermophiles, extreme thermophiles, and hyperthermophiles. Thermophiles have adapted enzymes and proteins that allow them to function at high temperatures. They are found in geothermally heated areas like hot springs and deep sea hydrothermal vents. Cyanobacteria are a common thermophile that can photosynthesize in hot spring waters up to 70°C. Thermophiles have applications in producing thermostable enzymes for uses like PCR and detergents.
Methanogens
Methanogens are a diverse group of archaea that can be found in various anoxic habitats. They are mostly anaerobic organisms that cannot function under aerobic conditions. Methanogens produce methane from substrates such as H2/CO2, acetate, formate, methanol and methylamines by a process called methanogenesis. They are found in habitats associated with decomposition of organic matter like bogs, anaerobic digestors, aquatic sediments, hydrothermal submarine vents and geothermal springs.
Halophile sfinal.pptx
Halophiles are microorganisms that require high salt concentrations to survive and grow. They are found in hypersaline environments around the world. There are three main types of halophiles based on their salt requirements: slightly halophilic microbes grow best at 2-5% salt, moderate halophiles at 5-20% salt, and extreme halophiles, like Halobacterium salinarum, require at least 9% salt with optimal growth at 12-23% salt. Halophiles have adapted mechanisms like accumulating compatible solutes to balance osmotic pressure and transporting sodium ions to maintain cellular integrity in hypersaline conditions. Some halophiles have industrial applications involving carotenoid pigments, fermentation
Extremopilic microorganisms
Extremophilic organisms are organisms that can survive exremities that are detrimental for other forms of life. Here is a presentation that discuss such microorganisms in detail
BAROPHILES .pptx
This document discusses barophiles, which are microorganisms that thrive under high hydrostatic pressure, such as in deep ocean environments or subsurface rocks. It classifies barophiles into three groups: barotolerant organisms that can survive higher pressures but grow best at normal atmospheric pressure, barophilic organisms that grow at pressures from 400-500 atm, and extreme barophiles that obligately grow at over 500 atm and do not grow at low pressures. Examples of barophiles found in the deepest parts of the ocean, such as the Mariana Trench, are provided. The document also explains how barophiles are able to regulate membrane fluidity and survive in high pressure environments.
Extremophiles
This document discusses various types of extremophiles and their adaptations to extreme environments. It describes acidophiles, alkaliphiles, thermophiles, psychrophiles and their ability to thrive in highly acidic, alkaline, hot, and cold conditions respectively. Acidophiles maintain a neutral pH inside their cells while alkaliphiles actively pump out hydroxide ions. Thermophiles have heat-stable membranes and proteins while psychrophiles can grow in temperatures as low as -15°C through various metabolic pathways. The document provides examples of extremophile organisms from all domains of life that have adapted to survive in these extreme conditions through specialized cellular mechanisms.
Halophiles (Introduction, Adaptations, Applications)
Introduction
Halophiles are organisms that thrive in high salt concentrations.
They are a type of extremophile organisms. The name comes from the Greek word for "salt-loving".
While most halophiles are classified into the Archaea domain, there are also bacterial halophiles and some eukaryota, such as the alga Dunaliella salina or fungus Wallemia ichthyophaga
Extremophiles
This document discusses life under extreme environmental conditions and focuses on extremophiles - organisms that thrive in extreme temperatures, acidity, salinity, or other stressful conditions. It provides examples of thermophiles that live in high temperatures, psychrophiles that thrive in cold temperatures, and halophiles that survive in highly saline environments. The key adaptations that allow extremophiles to survive their extreme habitats are also summarized, such as membrane modifications, stress proteins, and organic solutes that regulate osmotic balance.
EXTREMOPHILES
This document defines and provides examples of different types of extremophiles - organisms that thrive in extreme environments. It discusses thermophiles, which grow best at high temperatures, mesophiles that prefer moderate temperatures, halophiles that require high salt concentrations, and psychrophiles capable of growth in cold temperatures. Each type is classified and key examples are provided, such as thermophiles including Thermus aquaticus and hyperthermophiles above 80°C. The document also outlines how these extremophiles are able to survive through unique enzymes and membrane adaptations.
Psychrophile
Psychrophiles are cold-loving microorganisms that can survive and grow in extremely cold environments like polar regions and glaciers. They have adapted mechanisms like maintaining membrane fluidity through unsaturated fatty acids and proteins that preserve RNA structures at cold temperatures. Psychrophiles possess enzymes that remain active at low temperatures through higher alpha-helix content and compounds like trehalose that prevent protein denaturation. Their adaptations allow psychrophiles and their cold-active enzymes to have applications in various industries like detergents, food processing, and bioremediation.
Halophiles their systemm and applications
Halophiles are organisms that thrive in high salt concentrations.
They are a type of extremophile organisms. The name comes from the Greek word for "salt-loving".
While most halophiles are classified into the Archaea domain, there are also bacterial halophiles and some eukaryota, such as the alga Dunaliella salina or fungus Wallemia ichthyophaga
Habitats like soda lakes,
Thalassohaline,
Athalassohaline,
Dead Sea,
Carbonate springs,
Salt lakes,
Alkaline soils and many others favors the existence of halophiles.
Archeabacteria presentation
The archaebacteria
group members
Rameen nadeem
Syeda iqra hussain
Hina zamir
Mahnoor khan
Maleeha inayat
Background
Biologists have long organized living things into large groups called kingdoms.
There are six of them:
Archaebacteria
Eubacteria
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
Some recent findings…
In 1996, scientists decided to split Monera into two groups of bacteria:
Archaebacteria and Eubacteria
Because these two groups of bacteria were different in many ways scientists created a new level of classification called a DOMAIN.
Now we have 3 domains
Bacteria
Archaea
Eukarya
Kingdom Archaebacteria
Any of a large group of primitive bacteria having unusual cell walls, membrane lipids, ribosomes, and RNA sequences, and having the ability to produce methane and to live in anaerobic, extremely hot, salty, or acidic conditions
The Domain Archaea
“ancient” bacteria
Some of the first archaebacteria were discovered in Yellowstone National Park’s hot springs
Prokaryotes are structurally simple, but biochemically complex
Basic Facts
They live in extreme environments (like hot springs or salty lakes) and normal environments (like soil and ocean water).
All are unicellular (each individual is only one cell).
No peptidoglycan in their cell wall.
Some have a flagella that aids in their locomotion.
Most don’t need oxygen to survive
They can produce ATP (energy) from sunlight
They can survive enormous temperature extremes
They can survive under rocks and in ocean floor vents deep below the ocean’s surface
They can tolerate huge pressure differences
STRUCTURE
Size
Archaea are slightly less than 1 micron long.
A micron is 1/1,000 of a millimeter.
In order to see their cellular features, scientists use powerful electron microscopes.
Shape
Shapes can be spherical or ball shaped and are called coccus.
Others are rod shaped, long and thin, and labeled bacillus.
Variations of cells have been discovered in square and triangular shapes.
STRUCTURE
Locomotion
Some archaea have flagella, hair-like structures that assist in movement.
There can be one or many attached to the cell's outer membrane. Protein networks can also be found on the cell membrane, which allow cells to attach themselves in groups.
Cell Features
Within the cell membrane, the archaea cell contains cytoplasm and DNA, which are in single-looped forms called plasmids.
Most archaeal cells also have a semi-rigid cell wall that helps it to maintain its shape and chemical balance.
This protects the cytoplasm, which is the semi-liquid gel that fills the cell and enables the various parts to function.
STRUCTURE
Phospholipids
The molecules that make up cell membranes are called phospholipids, which act as building blocks for the cell.
In archaea, these molecules are made of glycerol-ether lipids.
Ether Bonding
The ether bonding makes it possible for archaea to survive in environments that are extremely acidic or al
Halophiles
Halophiles are salt-loving microorganisms that thrive in saline environments. They include archaea, bacteria, and eukaryotes found in places like salt lakes and salt marshes. The plasma membrane of halophiles like Halobacterium salinarum contain the light-absorbing pigment bacteriorhodopsin, which functions as a light-driven proton pump by using the energy from absorbed photons to move protons across the membrane. This creates a proton gradient that is used to generate chemical energy via ATP synthesis. Bacteriorhodopsin and related proteins from extremophilic microbes have applications in areas like biotechnology and medicine due to their stability and ability to function under extreme conditions.
Extremophiles
The document discusses different types of extremophiles, which are microorganisms that thrive in extreme environmental conditions. It describes thermophiles, which live at high temperatures; halophiles, which require high salt concentrations; methanogens, which live in anaerobic conditions; psychrophiles, which tolerate cold temperatures; barophiles, which thrive under high pressure; xerophiles, which withstand low water availability; and acidophiles, which survive in highly acidic environments. Each type is discussed in terms of its optimal living conditions and some examples of microorganisms that fall into each category.
Chemolithotrophy
This document discusses chemolithotrophs, which are organisms that obtain energy from oxidizing inorganic or organic compounds. It notes that chemolithotrophs, also called chemolithoautotrophs, were first studied by Sergei Winogradsky in sulfur bacteria. Chemolithotrophs face challenges due to the lower energy availability from oxidizing inorganic compounds compared to organics, and solutions include oxidizing more substrate and using reverse electron flow. The document categorizes chemolithotrophs as aerobic, using oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor, or anaerobic, using other compounds besides oxygen.
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This document discusses sulfur-oxidizing bacteria and their chemolithotrophic metabolism. It provides details on various sulfur-oxidizing bacteria such as Beggiatoa, Thiobacillus, Sulfolobus, and Thiomicrospira. It explains that these bacteria are able to use reduced inorganic sulfur compounds like hydrogen sulfide as electron donors to generate energy through electron transport phosphorylation. The oxidation of these compounds produces sulfuric acid. It also notes that while most sulfur oxidation is aerobic, some bacteria can perform this process anaerobically using nitrate as the terminal electron acceptor.
Methanogens by kk sahu
General introduction.
History of methanogens
Ecology and habitat of methanogens.
Morphology of methanogens.
Diversity found in methanogens.
Characterstics of some model methanogens.
Metabolism of methanogens:
Methanogenesis
Cofactors and coenzymes of methanogenesis
Different pathways used during methanogenesis
Energy conservation.
Pros and cons of methanogens.
Application
References.
Methanogenesis
Methanogenesis is the biological production of methane through two pathways. It is carried out by methanogenic archaea under strictly anaerobic conditions. These archaea use one-carbon compounds like carbon dioxide, methanol, or methylamines as substrates. They reduce these substrates using coenzymes like coenzyme M, coenzyme F420, methanofuran, and tetrahydromethanopterin to produce methane as the end product through a series of reduction steps. Methanogenesis provides an important source of energy for the methanogenic archaea in environments like wetlands, digestive systems, and anaerobic digesters.
Extremophiles
The document discusses extremophiles, which are microbes that thrive in extreme conditions of temperature, pH, salinity, and other environmental factors. It provides examples of different types of extremophiles like thermophiles, methanogens, alkaliphiles, acidophiles, halophiles, and barophiles. These microbes have been found in very harsh environments on Earth and have important applications in biotechnology and industry. The document highlights the diversity of extremophiles and their ability to survive in some of the most extreme conditions on our planet.
Group translocation
This is my first presentation here in this platform.
Hope this will be helpful for students and others to understand.
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Microbial growth refers to the growth of a microbial population through cell division, not the growth of individual cells. Environmental factors like temperature, pH, nutrients, and oxygen levels influence the growth rate. Bacteria divide through binary fission and the population increases exponentially over time. A bacterial growth curve shows four phases: lag phase, logarithmic growth phase, stationary phase, and death phase. Microbes require water, carbon sources, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, minerals, and optimal pH and temperature to grow. Their oxygen requirements classify them as aerobic, anaerobic, or facultative. Batch, continuous, synchronous, and diauxic growth describe different patterns of microbial population growth over time. Physical and chemical antimicrobial agents
Preservation of microbes
The document discusses various methods for preserving microorganisms. Short term methods include periodic transfer to fresh medium, storage in saline suspension, and refrigeration. Long term methods involve storage under mineral oil, lyophilization (freeze drying), cryopreservation in liquid nitrogen, and storage in sterile soil or silica gel. Lyophilization works by freezing and then reducing moisture content through sublimation and desorption. It allows storage at room temperature for many years but can damage some microbes. Cryopreservation in liquid nitrogen at -196°C also enables long term storage of over 10-30 years without genetic change.
Bacterial growth : Diauxic growth,Synchronous growth and continuous growth
It contain bacterial growth,growth rate and how do it grow?
and,I include Types of continuous growth and their advantages,disadvantages.
Extreme halophilic archea
Extremophiles. Extremly Halophilic Archea are included in this category. Halophiles means salt loving.
Types of microbial culture cultures)
The document discusses axenic and synchronous cultures. It defines axenic culture as a pure culture containing only a single type of microorganism, free from contamination. Methods to achieve axenic cultures include isolation, antibiotic treatments, and checking for contamination over time. Synchronous cultures are composed of populations of microorganisms that are at the same stage of their life cycle, allowing study of cellular processes during division. Techniques like temperature shocks, starvation, and filtration are used to generate synchronous cultures from asynchronous populations where cell cycles are random.
Archaea Bacteria (Methanogens, Halophiles, Thermophiles)
This presentation is made for the students of B.Sc. Microbiology and Biotechnology. The presentation includes the details about archaea and the characteristics of archaea bacteria
Microbial diversity in extreme environments
ppt about extremophiles,which provide sound knowledge thermophile, barophiles,organic solvent tolerant,etc.
Types of Bacteria
The document categorizes bacteria based on various parameters such as domain, temperature tolerance, oxygen requirements, pH tolerance, and salt tolerance. It discusses the three main domains of bacteria - Archaea, Eubacteria, which include most bacteria, and provides examples of extremophilic archaea that thrive in harsh environments. The document also describes different types of bacteria based on their nutritional requirements, including autotrophs that produce their own food and heterotrophs that consume organic matter.
Extremophile Current Challenges and New Gate of Knowledge by Nanoparticles Pa...
Extremophiles are a unique organisms that have ability to exist in critical environmental conditionssuch as temperatures, pH, saline and pressures.They are characterized by high efficiencies in growth and enzymes product that led them to be a candidate in industrial productions as detergents, brewing, cosmetics, dairy products, bakery, textiles, and as degradation materials.. More information concerning the behavior of extremophiles is still required. Recently, several studies are conducted to detectdeep information about extremophiles using the advantages of nanoparticles. For instances, gold (Au) and silver (Ag) nanoparticles open a new gate of knowledge for researcher particularly for study different pathways of extremophiles. In this review we first concerns with extremophiles definition, history and applications then we reflects general idea about the environmental conditions taking in account the uses of nanoparticles.
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EXTREMOPHILES
This document defines and provides examples of different types of extremophiles - organisms that thrive in extreme environments. It discusses thermophiles, which grow best at high temperatures, mesophiles that prefer moderate temperatures, halophiles that require high salt concentrations, and psychrophiles capable of growth in cold temperatures. Each type is classified and key examples are provided, such as thermophiles including Thermus aquaticus and hyperthermophiles above 80°C. The document also outlines how these extremophiles are able to survive through unique enzymes and membrane adaptations.
Psychrophile
Psychrophiles are cold-loving microorganisms that can survive and grow in extremely cold environments like polar regions and glaciers. They have adapted mechanisms like maintaining membrane fluidity through unsaturated fatty acids and proteins that preserve RNA structures at cold temperatures. Psychrophiles possess enzymes that remain active at low temperatures through higher alpha-helix content and compounds like trehalose that prevent protein denaturation. Their adaptations allow psychrophiles and their cold-active enzymes to have applications in various industries like detergents, food processing, and bioremediation.
Halophiles their systemm and applications
Halophiles are organisms that thrive in high salt concentrations.
They are a type of extremophile organisms. The name comes from the Greek word for "salt-loving".
While most halophiles are classified into the Archaea domain, there are also bacterial halophiles and some eukaryota, such as the alga Dunaliella salina or fungus Wallemia ichthyophaga
Habitats like soda lakes,
Thalassohaline,
Athalassohaline,
Dead Sea,
Carbonate springs,
Salt lakes,
Alkaline soils and many others favors the existence of halophiles.
Archeabacteria presentation
The archaebacteria
group members
Rameen nadeem
Syeda iqra hussain
Hina zamir
Mahnoor khan
Maleeha inayat
Background
Biologists have long organized living things into large groups called kingdoms.
There are six of them:
Archaebacteria
Eubacteria
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
Some recent findings…
In 1996, scientists decided to split Monera into two groups of bacteria:
Archaebacteria and Eubacteria
Because these two groups of bacteria were different in many ways scientists created a new level of classification called a DOMAIN.
Now we have 3 domains
Bacteria
Archaea
Eukarya
Kingdom Archaebacteria
Any of a large group of primitive bacteria having unusual cell walls, membrane lipids, ribosomes, and RNA sequences, and having the ability to produce methane and to live in anaerobic, extremely hot, salty, or acidic conditions
The Domain Archaea
“ancient” bacteria
Some of the first archaebacteria were discovered in Yellowstone National Park’s hot springs
Prokaryotes are structurally simple, but biochemically complex
Basic Facts
They live in extreme environments (like hot springs or salty lakes) and normal environments (like soil and ocean water).
All are unicellular (each individual is only one cell).
No peptidoglycan in their cell wall.
Some have a flagella that aids in their locomotion.
Most don’t need oxygen to survive
They can produce ATP (energy) from sunlight
They can survive enormous temperature extremes
They can survive under rocks and in ocean floor vents deep below the ocean’s surface
They can tolerate huge pressure differences
STRUCTURE
Size
Archaea are slightly less than 1 micron long.
A micron is 1/1,000 of a millimeter.
In order to see their cellular features, scientists use powerful electron microscopes.
Shape
Shapes can be spherical or ball shaped and are called coccus.
Others are rod shaped, long and thin, and labeled bacillus.
Variations of cells have been discovered in square and triangular shapes.
STRUCTURE
Locomotion
Some archaea have flagella, hair-like structures that assist in movement.
There can be one or many attached to the cell's outer membrane. Protein networks can also be found on the cell membrane, which allow cells to attach themselves in groups.
Cell Features
Within the cell membrane, the archaea cell contains cytoplasm and DNA, which are in single-looped forms called plasmids.
Most archaeal cells also have a semi-rigid cell wall that helps it to maintain its shape and chemical balance.
This protects the cytoplasm, which is the semi-liquid gel that fills the cell and enables the various parts to function.
STRUCTURE
Phospholipids
The molecules that make up cell membranes are called phospholipids, which act as building blocks for the cell.
In archaea, these molecules are made of glycerol-ether lipids.
Ether Bonding
The ether bonding makes it possible for archaea to survive in environments that are extremely acidic or al
Halophiles
Halophiles are salt-loving microorganisms that thrive in saline environments. They include archaea, bacteria, and eukaryotes found in places like salt lakes and salt marshes. The plasma membrane of halophiles like Halobacterium salinarum contain the light-absorbing pigment bacteriorhodopsin, which functions as a light-driven proton pump by using the energy from absorbed photons to move protons across the membrane. This creates a proton gradient that is used to generate chemical energy via ATP synthesis. Bacteriorhodopsin and related proteins from extremophilic microbes have applications in areas like biotechnology and medicine due to their stability and ability to function under extreme conditions.
Extremophiles
The document discusses different types of extremophiles, which are microorganisms that thrive in extreme environmental conditions. It describes thermophiles, which live at high temperatures; halophiles, which require high salt concentrations; methanogens, which live in anaerobic conditions; psychrophiles, which tolerate cold temperatures; barophiles, which thrive under high pressure; xerophiles, which withstand low water availability; and acidophiles, which survive in highly acidic environments. Each type is discussed in terms of its optimal living conditions and some examples of microorganisms that fall into each category.
Chemolithotrophy
This document discusses chemolithotrophs, which are organisms that obtain energy from oxidizing inorganic or organic compounds. It notes that chemolithotrophs, also called chemolithoautotrophs, were first studied by Sergei Winogradsky in sulfur bacteria. Chemolithotrophs face challenges due to the lower energy availability from oxidizing inorganic compounds compared to organics, and solutions include oxidizing more substrate and using reverse electron flow. The document categorizes chemolithotrophs as aerobic, using oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor, or anaerobic, using other compounds besides oxygen.
Chemolithotrophy sulfur oxidation metabolism
This document discusses sulfur-oxidizing bacteria and their chemolithotrophic metabolism. It provides details on various sulfur-oxidizing bacteria such as Beggiatoa, Thiobacillus, Sulfolobus, and Thiomicrospira. It explains that these bacteria are able to use reduced inorganic sulfur compounds like hydrogen sulfide as electron donors to generate energy through electron transport phosphorylation. The oxidation of these compounds produces sulfuric acid. It also notes that while most sulfur oxidation is aerobic, some bacteria can perform this process anaerobically using nitrate as the terminal electron acceptor.
Methanogens by kk sahu
General introduction.
History of methanogens
Ecology and habitat of methanogens.
Morphology of methanogens.
Diversity found in methanogens.
Characterstics of some model methanogens.
Metabolism of methanogens:
Methanogenesis
Cofactors and coenzymes of methanogenesis
Different pathways used during methanogenesis
Energy conservation.
Pros and cons of methanogens.
Application
References.
Methanogenesis
Methanogenesis is the biological production of methane through two pathways. It is carried out by methanogenic archaea under strictly anaerobic conditions. These archaea use one-carbon compounds like carbon dioxide, methanol, or methylamines as substrates. They reduce these substrates using coenzymes like coenzyme M, coenzyme F420, methanofuran, and tetrahydromethanopterin to produce methane as the end product through a series of reduction steps. Methanogenesis provides an important source of energy for the methanogenic archaea in environments like wetlands, digestive systems, and anaerobic digesters.
Extremophiles
The document discusses extremophiles, which are microbes that thrive in extreme conditions of temperature, pH, salinity, and other environmental factors. It provides examples of different types of extremophiles like thermophiles, methanogens, alkaliphiles, acidophiles, halophiles, and barophiles. These microbes have been found in very harsh environments on Earth and have important applications in biotechnology and industry. The document highlights the diversity of extremophiles and their ability to survive in some of the most extreme conditions on our planet.
Group translocation
This is my first presentation here in this platform.
Hope this will be helpful for students and others to understand.
B.Sc Micro II Microbial physiology Unit 1 Bacterial Photosynthesis
Several bacteria like cynobacteria and other purple-sulfer bacteria have capacity to generate energy by photosynthesis without chlorophyll.
Microbial growth
Microbial growth refers to the growth of a microbial population through cell division, not the growth of individual cells. Environmental factors like temperature, pH, nutrients, and oxygen levels influence the growth rate. Bacteria divide through binary fission and the population increases exponentially over time. A bacterial growth curve shows four phases: lag phase, logarithmic growth phase, stationary phase, and death phase. Microbes require water, carbon sources, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, minerals, and optimal pH and temperature to grow. Their oxygen requirements classify them as aerobic, anaerobic, or facultative. Batch, continuous, synchronous, and diauxic growth describe different patterns of microbial population growth over time. Physical and chemical antimicrobial agents
Preservation of microbes
The document discusses various methods for preserving microorganisms. Short term methods include periodic transfer to fresh medium, storage in saline suspension, and refrigeration. Long term methods involve storage under mineral oil, lyophilization (freeze drying), cryopreservation in liquid nitrogen, and storage in sterile soil or silica gel. Lyophilization works by freezing and then reducing moisture content through sublimation and desorption. It allows storage at room temperature for many years but can damage some microbes. Cryopreservation in liquid nitrogen at -196°C also enables long term storage of over 10-30 years without genetic change.
Bacterial growth : Diauxic growth,Synchronous growth and continuous growth
It contain bacterial growth,growth rate and how do it grow?
and,I include Types of continuous growth and their advantages,disadvantages.
Extreme halophilic archea
Extremophiles. Extremly Halophilic Archea are included in this category. Halophiles means salt loving.
Types of microbial culture cultures)
The document discusses axenic and synchronous cultures. It defines axenic culture as a pure culture containing only a single type of microorganism, free from contamination. Methods to achieve axenic cultures include isolation, antibiotic treatments, and checking for contamination over time. Synchronous cultures are composed of populations of microorganisms that are at the same stage of their life cycle, allowing study of cellular processes during division. Techniques like temperature shocks, starvation, and filtration are used to generate synchronous cultures from asynchronous populations where cell cycles are random.
Archaea Bacteria (Methanogens, Halophiles, Thermophiles)
This presentation is made for the students of B.Sc. Microbiology and Biotechnology. The presentation includes the details about archaea and the characteristics of archaea bacteria
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B.Sc Micro II Microbial physiology Unit 1 Bacterial Photosynthesis
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Similar to PHYSIOLOGY OF ORGANISMS LIVING IN EXTREME ENVIRONMENTS- THERMOPHILES
Types of Bacteria
The document categorizes bacteria based on various parameters such as domain, temperature tolerance, oxygen requirements, pH tolerance, and salt tolerance. It discusses the three main domains of bacteria - Archaea, Eubacteria, which include most bacteria, and provides examples of extremophilic archaea that thrive in harsh environments. The document also describes different types of bacteria based on their nutritional requirements, including autotrophs that produce their own food and heterotrophs that consume organic matter.
Extremophile Current Challenges and New Gate of Knowledge by Nanoparticles Pa...
Extremophiles are a unique organisms that have ability to exist in critical environmental conditionssuch as temperatures, pH, saline and pressures.They are characterized by high efficiencies in growth and enzymes product that led them to be a candidate in industrial productions as detergents, brewing, cosmetics, dairy products, bakery, textiles, and as degradation materials.. More information concerning the behavior of extremophiles is still required. Recently, several studies are conducted to detectdeep information about extremophiles using the advantages of nanoparticles. For instances, gold (Au) and silver (Ag) nanoparticles open a new gate of knowledge for researcher particularly for study different pathways of extremophiles. In this review we first concerns with extremophiles definition, history and applications then we reflects general idea about the environmental conditions taking in account the uses of nanoparticles.
EXTREMOPHILES AND THEIR SIGNIFICANCE.pptx
Extremophiles are organisms that thrive in extreme environmental conditions such as high temperatures, high salt concentrations, low or high pH, and radiation. They include bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes found in hot springs, deep sea hydrothermal vents, salt lakes, and deserts. Extremophiles have adapted mechanisms to withstand these conditions such as membrane modifications, molecular chaperones, and DNA repair enzymes. They have applications in biotechnology including DNA polymerases for PCR, biofuel production, biomining, production of industrial enzymes and pigments.
Types of Bacteria
This document summarizes different ways that bacteria can be categorized, including by domain, temperature and pH preferences, nutrient requirements, shape, oxygen needs, and more. It discusses the two main domains of bacteria - Archaea and Eubacteria. Archaea are found in extreme environments and have unique cell wall composition. Eubacteria are more complex and diverse. Bacteria can also be classified as autotrophs or heterotrophs based on their carbon source, and as oligotrophs, copiotrophs or others based on nutrient tolerance levels. Their optimal temperature ranges include psychrophilic, mesophilic, and thermophilic. Shape categories include cocci, bacilli, and spirals. Oxygen
Archaebacteria
The word Archae came from the Greek word Arkhaion, which means “Ancient”.
Archae is also the Latin name for Prokaryotic Cells. Archaea that growing the hot water of the Hot Spring in Yellowstone National Park produce a bright yellow color.
Archaebacteria are known to be the oldest living organisms on earth. They belong to the kingdom Monera and are classified as bacteria because they resemble bacteria when observed under a microscope. Apart from this, they are completely distinct from prokaryotes. However, they share slightly common characteristics with the eukaryotes.
Extrimophils
Extremophiles are organisms that thrive in physically and chemically extreme conditions that are detrimental to most life on Earth, such as high temperatures, pressures, or pH levels. They produce enzymes called extremozymes that remain active under extreme conditions. Extremophiles are mainly single-celled organisms from the Archaea domain and are classified based on the extreme conditions they can tolerate, such as high heat (thermophiles and hyperthermophiles), low temperatures (psychrophiles), high salt concentrations (halophiles), or acidity/alkalinity (acidiphiles and alkaliphiles). The enzymes and biomolecules extremophiles produce can be useful for industrial applications.
Extremophiles klh kgugfddyh iiutgb jhvvhi
Extremophiles are microorganisms that thrive in extreme environments such as high temperatures, acidic or alkaline conditions, and high salt concentrations. They have unique enzymes that allow them to survive in these harsh conditions. These enzymes, called extremozymes, have potential applications in industries like food production and manufacturing that require enzymes to function under extreme conditions. For example, thermophilic bacteria provide heat-resistant enzymes for processes like PCR that use high temperatures. Extremophiles may also help scientists understand how life could exist in other extreme environments like those found on other planets.
Extremophiles .ppt
Extremophiles are microorganisms that thrive in extreme environments such as high temperatures, acidic or alkaline conditions, and high salt concentrations. They have unique enzymes that allow them to survive in these harsh conditions. These enzymes, called extremozymes, have potential applications in industries like food production and manufacturing that require enzymes to function under extreme conditions. For example, thermophilic bacteria provide heat-resistant enzymes for processes like PCR that use high temperatures. Extremophiles may also help scientists understand how life could exist in extreme environments on other planets.
Bacterial diversity presentation1
Thermophilic bacteria such as Aquifex and Thermotoga are found in geothermally heated environments like hot springs and deep sea hydrothermal vents. Aquifex are microaerophilic bacteria that can grow in oxygen concentrations as low as 7.5 ppm and have optimal growth temperatures of around 95°C. They fix carbon through the reverse TCA cycle. Thermotoga maritima is a hyperthermophilic, anaerobic bacterium that can metabolize a variety of carbohydrates and polymers at temperatures up to 90°C. These thermophilic bacteria contain enzymes that allow them to thrive in extreme temperatures and have applications in biotechnology.
Groups of microorganisms
This document summarizes different ways to classify microorganisms based on their oxygen requirements, carbon sources, temperature preferences, pH tolerance, and pressure tolerance. It discusses obligate aerobes and anaerobes, facultative anaerobes, microaerophiles, and aerotolerant anaerobes based on their oxygen needs. It also describes photoautotrophs, chemoautotrophs, photoheterotrophs, and chemoheterotrophs based on their carbon sources. Microbes are further classified as psychrophiles, mesophiles, thermophiles, hyperthermophiles, acidophiles, neutrophiles, and alkalophiles based on their temperature and
classification_heena bio for engineering pptx
This document discusses various ways of classifying organisms:
1. By cellular structure and mode of nutrition - including Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia.
2. By nutritional mode - autotrophs that produce their own food (photoautotrophs and chemoautotrophs) vs heterotrophs that depend on others for food (holozoic, saprophytic, symbiotic).
3. By temperature requirements - including psychrophiles, mesophiles, thermophiles.
4. By salt tolerance - halophiles, halotolerant, non-halophiles. Classification helps understand the diversity of life and relationships between organisms.
GROUPS of bacteria importance in food microbiology
This document discusses various groups of bacteria that are important in food microbiology, dividing them according to their characteristics and uses. It covers lactic acid bacteria, acetic acid bacteria, propionic acid bacteria, thermophilic and thermoduric bacteria, psychrotrophic and psychrophilic bacteria, halophilic bacteria, osmophilic bacteria, gas-forming bacteria, and coliform and fecal coliform groups. Each group is defined by traits such as optimal temperatures, ability to survive heat treatments, salt tolerance, sugar tolerance, and products of fermentation. Many are used in food industries like dairy, vinegar production, or can contribute to food spoilage.
Microbes of Extreme Environment Microbial Interaction.pptx
This document discusses various types of microbes that thrive in extreme environments and their adaptations. It begins by defining microbes and describing the five main types: bacteria, viruses, fungi, algae, and protozoa. It then discusses different types of extreme environments characterized by high/low temperature, pH, salinity, pressure, radiation and low water activity. Organisms that survive in these conditions are called extremophiles. Several examples of extremophiles are provided for different extreme conditions including thermophiles, hyperthermophiles, psychrophiles, acidophiles, alkaliphiles, halophiles and xerophiles. Key adaptations that allow extremophiles to survive harsh conditions are also summarized.
extremophyles
Extremophiles are organisms that thrive in extreme environments that were previously thought to be unable to sustain life, such as high heat, acidity, pressure, and cold. This document discusses several types of extremophiles:
Acidophiles thrive in highly acidic environments below pH 5. Alkaliphiles thrive in alkaline environments above pH 9. Thermophiles thrive in hot environments between 45-122°C. Psychrophiles thrive in cold environments between -20°C to 10°C. These organisms have adapted mechanisms to survive in their extreme habitats.
Controlling microbial growth in vitro
Factors that affect microbial growth. Encouraging the growth of microorganisms in vitro (events outside the body). Types of culture. Culture Media.
Adaptation of microorganism in environment- microbial ecology
The document discusses how microorganisms adapt to various environments. It notes that microbes can adapt to changing conditions within and between hosts through various strategies. These include producing proteins and enzymes to adapt to different temperatures, pH levels, salt concentrations, and other environmental factors. The document also describes several types of extremophiles that have adapted to survive in extreme environments through strategies like accumulating salts to balance osmotic pressure.
Physical conditions for cultivation of bacteria
This document discusses the physical conditions required for bacterial growth, including temperature, gases, pH, and osmotic pressure. It explains that bacteria have optimal and maximum/minimum temperatures for growth and are classified as psychrophiles, mesophiles, or thermophiles based on these temperatures. The document also outlines the gas requirements of aerobic, anaerobic, facultative, and microaerophilic bacteria and describes the typical pH ranges for acidophilic, neutrophilic, and basophilic bacteria. Finally, it briefly discusses the osmotic pressure and other environmental factors that can influence bacterial cultivation.
Existence and survival of microbes in changing environmental condition
its contents include Introduction, Types of changing, environmental condition, Temperature, Salt concentration, Pressure and Radiation (i.e the harsh conditions in which microbes can survive)
physiology of microorganisms
This document discusses the physiology of microorganisms, including their growth, metabolism, and cultivation. It explains that bacteria multiply through binary fission, which allows populations to double within a set generation time. Growth occurs in distinct phases on a curve and is influenced by temperature, pH, oxygen levels, and other environmental factors. Metabolism involves both catabolism, through processes like respiration and fermentation, and anabolism to build cell structures. Microbes can be cultivated using culture media tailored to their physical and nutritional requirements.
Factors affecting the growth of microbes
This document discusses the physical factors that influence the growth of microorganisms, including temperature, pH, osmotic pressure, hydrostatic pressure, and radiation. It describes how each factor affects microbial growth and membranes. Temperature is the most important physical factor, as it can damage enzymes and membranes at extremes. Microbes are classified based on their optimal temperature ranges, such as psychrophiles, mesophiles, thermophiles, and hyperthermophiles. Optimal pH and osmotic pressure ranges also determine bacterial classifications like acidophiles, alkalophiles, halophiles, and osmotolerant microbes. Higher hydrostatic pressures and radiation can also impact microbial growth.
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Gelatin hydrolysis test
The gelatin hydrolysis test detects microorganisms that produce the enzyme gelatinase, which liquefies gelatin. Gelatin is derived from collagen and solidifies at temperatures below 25°C. The test uses a nutrient gelatin medium that is inoculated with the microbe. If the microbe produces gelatinase, the enzyme will hydrolyze the gelatin into polypeptides and amino acids, liquefying the medium. A positive result is indicated by liquefaction of the inoculated tube after refrigeration. A negative result shows no liquefaction. The test helps identify microbes like Bacillus subtilis that can produce extracellular proteolytic enzymes.
History of microbiology
Robert Hooke first observed cells under a microscope in the 1600s and coined the term "cell". Anton van Leeuwenhoek was the first to observe bacteria and protozoa in the 1670s using single-lens microscopes. Louis Pasteur's experiments in the 1800s definitively disproved the theory of spontaneous generation and established that microorganisms are present everywhere and can contaminate previously sterile environments. Robert Koch developed methods to isolate and grow bacteria in pure culture in the late 1800s, establishing the germ theory of disease and identifying the specific bacteria that cause anthrax, cholera, and tuberculosis.
Homeostasis- Microbial ecology
This document discusses homeostasis in bacteria. It begins by defining homeostasis as self-regulating processes that allow living organisms to maintain internal stability. It then describes several key homeostatic processes in bacteria, including iron homeostasis, metal homeostasis excluding iron, pH homeostasis, and membrane lipid homeostasis. Iron homeostasis involves specialized proteins that help bacteria absorb and store iron at optimal levels. Bacteria also regulate levels of other metals and can tolerate a wide range of pH through homeostatic mechanisms. Finally, the document presents diagrams depicting microbial interactions that maintain community homeostasis and how sugar consumption can disrupt this balance.
Microbiological examination of urine sample
The document discusses urine culture testing to diagnose urinary tract infections. It describes how urine samples are collected and tested, including microscopy and culturing of urine to identify bacteria. A positive urine culture finding of ≥105 CFU/ml indicates a urinary tract infection. Urine cultures are also used to screen pregnant women for asymptomatic bacteriuria and to diagnose some sexually transmitted diseases or mycobacterial infections of the urinary tract.
Collection and transport of clinical samples
The proper collection and transport of clinical specimens is critical for disease diagnosis. Specimens should be obtained before antimicrobial therapy to avoid killing pathogens. Fastidious bacteria like N. meningitidis and S. pneumoniae require quick examination. Samples must be labeled with patient information and transported in sealed, leak-proof containers at the appropriate temperature and medium depending on the test requested. The quality of specimens impacts the ability to isolate pathogens, so proper collection, preservation and transport are necessary for optimal microbiological diagnosis.
Ecological succession
Ecological succession describes changes in species composition and abundance over time within a community. Microbial succession can be categorized as endogenous or exogenous based on the source of carbon. Endogenous succession relies on carbon internally within the substrate, while exogenous succession relies on continuous external carbon inputs. During endogenous succession, microbial community structure and carbon substrates available are interlinked and change together over time. In contrast, during exogenous succession, carbon substrate characteristics remain relatively fixed while community dynamics are driven by other factors. Patterns in microbial succession can be difficult to define given changes occur over a wide range of time scales and disturbances can alter succession sequences.
Microbial ecology and Hierarchy
- Ecology is the study of how living things interact with each other and their environment. The ecological hierarchy ranges from the level of individual organisms to populations, communities, ecosystems, biomes, and the biosphere.
- Microbial ecology studies how microorganisms interact with each other and their environment. Microorganisms play important roles in ecosystems through processes like primary production, decomposition, nutrient cycling, and symbiotic relationships.
- Microorganisms can form different types of associations with other organisms, including parasitism, mutualism, commensalism, and predation. Examples include nitrogen-fixing bacteria that mutually benefit plants, gut bacteria that aid human digestion, and pathogenic bacteria that harm hosts.
Aspergillosis- infograph
Aspergillosis is caused by inhalation of fungal spores from the mold Aspergillus, which can cause several types of infections depending on a person's immune status. It develops in individuals with lung abnormalities or impaired immunity. There are several types including allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, aspergilloma, and invasive aspergillosis. Diagnosis involves culture, microscopy, and imaging of specimens from sputum, blood, or lung biopsy. Treatment depends on the type but may include antifungal drugs like amphotericin B or itraconazole.
Virus- characteristics and viral infections infograph
Viruses are infectious agents that can infect animals, plants, and microorganisms. They require a living host cell to replicate and have either DNA or RNA in a protein capsid. Some viruses have an envelope surrounding the capsid. Viruses cause many human and animal diseases with a wide range of symptoms from mild to severe or fatal. Transmission can occur through direct contact, droplets, sexual contact, contaminated food/water, or vectors. Treatment focuses on managing symptoms while some infections may use antiviral drugs. Diagnosis is based on symptoms, presence of similar cases, and tests like blood tests, cultures, ELISA, and PCR. Control involves handwashing, hygiene, vaccination, and preventing bites.
Importance of virus in food microbiology
Viruses are important foodborne pathogens that can cause outbreaks. The viruses most frequently involved in foodborne infections are Norovirus and Hepatitis A virus, but others like Rotavirus, Enterovirus, Coronaviruses, Parvovirus and Adenovirus can also be transmitted by food. Many Enteroviruses cause gastroenteritis in humans while others may cause conditions like poliomyelitis or infectious hepatitis. Control measures like proper sanitation, personal cleanliness, thorough cooking of foods, disinfection of water, and preventing contact with flies are important to prevent viral foodborne illness.
Importance of virus in food microbiology
Viruses are important foodborne pathogens that can cause outbreaks. The viruses most frequently involved in foodborne infections are Norovirus and Hepatitis A virus, but others like Rotavirus, Enterovirus, Coronaviruses, Parvovirus and Adenovirus can also be transmitted by food. Viruses that cause foodborne illness result in symptoms like diarrhea, fever, vomiting, abdominal pain, headache, and paralysis. Control measures like proper sanitation, cooking, disinfection, and fly prevention are important to prevent viral foodborne illness.
Bacteriophages
Bacteriophages are viruses that infect and replicate only in bacterial cells. They consist of genetic material encased in a protein shell and use Brownian motion to reach their bacterial hosts. Bacteriophages are very host specific, usually infecting a single bacterial species or strain. They use one of two replication strategies: lytic, where the host cell is lysed releasing new bacteriophages, or lysogenic, where the phage genome integrates into the bacterial chromosome and is replicated without killing the host cell.
History of virology
Virology is the study of viruses, which were not well understood until the late 1800s. Early discoveries included Lady Montagu observing inoculation against smallpox in Turkey in the 18th century and Edward Jenner developing the smallpox vaccine using cowpox virus in 1798. In the late 19th century, the development of bacterial filters allowed viruses to be isolated and shown to be smaller than bacteria, causing diseases even when bacteria were removed. By the early 20th century, it was established that viruses could cause diseases in plants, animals, and humans and were distinct from bacteria.
Food microbiology- mold reproduction-spores
Molds reproduce both sexually and asexually. Asexual reproduction occurs through spores, including conidiospores, arthrospores, and sporangiospores. Sexual reproduction results in oospores in aseptate molds, zygospores in zygomycetes, ascospores in ascomycetes formed in sacs called asci, and basidiospores in basidiomycetes formed on club-shaped basidia. Spores spread by air and germinate under favorable conditions to form new mold growth.
Food microbiology - mold: morphological, cultural, physiological characteristics
Molds are multicellular, filamentous fungi that appear fuzzy or cottony when they grow on foods. While molds can spoil foods and make them inedible, some molds are used to manufacture foods like cheeses and breads. Molds consist of branching filaments called hyphae that make up the mycelium. Hyphae can be either vegetative for nutrition or fertile for reproduction. Molds require less moisture than bacteria or yeast but still need free oxygen and a pH between 2-8.5 to grow. Different molds have varying temperature and moisture requirements for optimal growth.
Plague infograph
Rat fleas transmit the Yersinia pestis bacteria between infected rodents and humans, causing zoonotic plague. The bacteria can cause three main types of plague - bubonic, pneumonic, and septicemic. Bubonic plague occurs when the bacteria enters through a flea bite and infects lymph nodes, causing swelling. Pneumonic plague develops when the infection spreads to the lungs via droplets. Septicemic plague happens when the infection enters the bloodstream from bubonic or pneumonic plague. Diagnosis involves examining blood, sputum, or infected lymph nodes under a microscope to look for the bacteria.
Food microbiology- cultural, morphological and physiological characters of yeast
This document provides information on the morphological, reproductive, cultural, and physiological characteristics of yeasts relevant to food microbiology. Yeasts can vary in size, shape, and cell wall structure when viewed microscopically. They reproduce asexually by budding or fission and sexually through the formation of ascospores. Culturally, yeast colonies tend to be white, cream-colored or pink and may appear moist, slimy, or dry. Physiologically, yeasts generally grow best under aerobic conditions between 25-30°C, with an optimum pH around 4-4.5, utilizing sugars as an energy source. Characteristics can differ between yeast species and strains.
Food Microbiology- Industrial importance of Yeast
This document summarizes several important genera of yeasts used in food microbiology. It outlines the industrial uses of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, including its use in bread, beer, wine, and alcohol production. It also describes other yeast genera including Schizosaccharomyces, Zygosaccharomyces, Pichia, Debaryomyces, Torulopsis, Candida, Trichosporon, Rhodotorula, and Brettanomyces and their roles in food fermentation and spoilage. False or wild yeasts from some of these genera can cause issues in breweries or spoil foods like milk, fruit juices, meats and sauerkraut.
Food microbiology- yeast morphology and classification
Yeasts are unicellular fungi that can be useful or harmful in food. They reproduce by budding or fission and are involved in fermenting various foods like bread, beer, and cheese. Yeast can cause spoilage of foods if undesirable strains grow. Yeasts are classified based on whether they produce sexually or asexually, and other characteristics like spore production, cell appearance, reproduction methods, mycelium production, and physiological traits. Their identification and classification is important for differentiating species and strains.
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- 1. PHYSIOLOGY OF ORGANISMS LIVING IN EXTREME ENVIRONMENTS- THERMOPHILES Ms Saajida Sultaana Mahusook
- 2. Extremophiles are organisms that can survive in extreme environmental conditions. Extremophiles include members of all three domains of life, i.e., bacteria, archaea, and eukarya. Although the molecular strategies employed for survival in such environments are still not fully clarified, it is known that these organisms have adapted biomolecules and peculiar biochemical pathways to adapt in extreme environments. They possess enzymes and proteins which remain catalytically active under extremes of temperature, salinity, pH, and solvent conditions.
- 3. Thermophiles are organisms that can thrive in wide range of temperatures. THERMOPHILES Hyperthermophile Growth >80°C Thermus aquaticus, Sulfolobus acidocaldarius Thermophile Growth 60-80°C Bacillus subtilis, Aspergillus fumigatus Mesophile Growth 15-60°C Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli Psychrophile Growth below 15°C or lower Pseudomonas antarctica, Psychrobacter aquaticus
- 4. Habitat: Hydrothermal vents, Hot springs, Compost, self heating hay stacks etc
- 5. Adaptation mechanism of Thermophiles Membrane lipids have ether linkage- more branched, more saturated and are of high molecular weight. These characters increase melting temperature of membrane lipids. Heat shock proteins- has more hydrophobic interiors which prevents unfolding or denaturation at higher temperatures High GC content than AT content in nucleic acid structure. Reverse DNA gyrase enzyme- catalyzes positive supercoiling of closed circular that helps to resist degradation more than negatively supercoiled DNA.
- 6. DNA association with DNA binding histone like protein. Salts like potassium and magnesium are found at higher levels in thermophilic archaea- protect double- stranded DNA from phosphodiester bond degradation. Thick pseudo-crystalline proteinaceous surface layer (S-layer) surrounding cell. Chemotrophic mode of nutrition- Can live without sunlight or organic carbon as food- instead survive on sulfur, hydrogen, iron sulfide and other materials that other organisms cannot metabolize.
- 7. Application Baking, brewing, detergents, Paper bleaching industries.
- 8. Reference: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC418 7170/ https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/afcb/e822c6154b99 5b5e625f53284f18125e4ca0.pdf https://www.slideshare.net/jyotimatolia/extremophil es-59367883
- 9. Thank You