CLASSIFICATION OF ROCKS: GEOLOGICAL:IGNEOUS,SEDIMENTRY,METAMORPHIC ROCKS PHYSICAL:STRATIFIED,UNSTRATIFIED,FOLIATED. CHEMICAL:SILICEOUS,CALCAREOUS,AGRILLACEOUS ROCKS. CHARACTERSTICS OF STONES AND USES OF STONES

1. • TOPICS TO BE COVERED
• CLASSIFICATION OF ROCKS
• QUALITIES OF STONES
• USES
PRESENTATION BY
UTKARSH JAIN

2.  IT IS CLASSIFIED BASED ON
1. GEOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION
2. PHYSICAL CLASSIFICATION
3. CHEMICAL CLASSIFICATION

3. THESE ARE OF 3 TYPES
1. IGNEOUS ROCK
2. SEDIMENTRY ROCK
3. METAMORPHIC ROCK

4. • FORMED BY COOLING OF MAGMA
• ARE OF 3 TYPES
1.PLUTONIC ROCK.
• FORMATION: AT CONSIDERABLE DEPTH.
• COOLING : SLOW .
• STRUCTURE : COARSELY GRAINED
• EXAMPLE: GRANITE

5. 2. HYPABYSSAL ROCK.
• FORMATION:AT RELATIVELY SHALLOW DEPTH.
• COOLING :QUICK.
• STRUCTURE : FINELY GRAINED.
• EXAMPLE : DOLERITE.

6. 3.VOLCANIC ROCK.
• FORMATION: AT EARTH’S SURFACE.
• COOLING : VERY RAPID.
• STRUCTURE: VERY FINELY GRAINED.
• EXAMPLE : BASALT.

7. • FORMED BY PRODUCT OF WEATHERING OF PRE EXISTING
ROCK.
• EXAMPLE: SAND STONE, LIMESTONE

8. • FORMATION: BY CHANGE IN CHARACTERSTICS OF PRE EXISTING
ROCKS.
• METAMORPHISM:CHANGE IN CHARACTER DUE TO HEAT &PRESSURE OF
IGNEOUS AND SEDIMENTRY ROCKS.
• TYPES
1. THERMAL METAMORPHISM: HEAT IS PREDOMINANT
2. CATACLASTIC METAMORPHISM:METAMORPHISM BOUGHT BY DIRECT
PRESSURE.
3. DYNAMO THERMAL METAMORPHISM: BOUGHT BY HEAT WITH
COMBINATION OF STRESS.
4. PLUTONIC METAMORPHISM:BOUGHT BY UNIFORM PRESSURE HEAT
• EXAMPLE : QUARTZILE,MARBLE

9. • CLASSIFIED INTO 3 TYPES
1. STRATIFIED
2. UNSTRATIFIED
3. FOLIATED

10. • POSSESSES PLANES OF STRATIFICATION OR CLEAVAGE
• CAN BE EASILY SPLIT INTO OR ALONG PLANES.
• EXAMPLE : SEDIMENTRY ROCKS

11. • DO NOT POSSESES PLANE OF STRATIFICATION.
• STRUCTURE:CRYSTALLINE GRANULAR OR COMPACT
GRANULAR
• EXAMPLE :IGNEOUS ROCKS

12. • HAVE TENDENCY TO SPLIT UP.
• SPLITS ONLY IN DEFINITE DIRECTION.
• EXAMPLE: METAMORPHIC ROCK

13. • THESE ARE OF THREE TYPES
1. SILICEOUS ROCK.
2. CALCAREOUS ROCK.
3. AGRILLACEOUS ROCK.

14. • SILICA PREDOMINATES.
• ARE HARD & DURABLE.
• NOT AFFECTED BY WEATHERING.
• EXAMPLE :GRANITE , QUARTZILE.

15. • CALCIUM CARBONATE PREDOMINATES.
• DURABILITY:DEPENDS ON CONSTITUENTS PRESENT IN
SURROUNDING ATMOSPHERE.
• EXAMPLE:LIMESTONE,MARBLE

16. • CLAY PREDOMINATES.
• ARE DENSE AND COMPACTED OR MAY BE SOFT
• HARD AND DURABLE BUT BRITTLE.
• EXAMPLE:SLATES, LATERITES.

17. 1.APPEARANCE.
• HAVE FINE,COMPACT STRUCTURE.
• LIGHT COLOURED STONES PERFFERED.
2. STRUCTURE.
• HAVE UNIFORM TEXTURE
• SHOULD BE FREE FROM CAVITIES,CRACKS AND PATCHES.

18. 3.STRENGTH.
• SHOULD BE STRONG AND DURABLE.
• COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH B/W 60-200 NEWTON/METRE
SQUARE
4.WEIGHT.
• INDICATES POROSITY &DENSITY.
• FOR DAMS ETC: HEAVY STONES.
• FOR DOMES ETC: LIGHT STONES.

19. 5.HARDNESS.
• IMP FOR FLOORS,PAVEMENTS ETC
6.TOUGHNESS.
• MESURE OF IMPACT THAT CAN BE WITHSATND
7.SEASONING
8.WEATHERING
• RESISTANCE OF WEAR AND TEAR DUE TO NATURAL
AGENCIES :HIGH

20. 9.SPECIFIC GRAVITY
• MUST LIE B/W 2.3-2.5
10.WORKABLITY.

21. 1.STRUCTURES.
• FOR FOUNDATIONS ,WALLS ETC.
2.FACE WORKS.
• TO GIVE APPEARANCE TO STRUCTURES.
3.PAVING STONES.
• TO COVER FLOORS OF BUILDINGS.
4.BASIC MATERIAL.
• STONES ARE DISINTEGRATED FOR CEMENTS,MOOROMS
ETC.
5 MISCELLANEOUS.
• BALLAST FOR RAILWAYS ETC.
• INERT MATERIAL IN CONCRETE MIX