Formation of typhoon is the known natural calamities specially in the places located near the equator. The term typhoon is used only in the northwestern part of the Pacific Ocean. Other part of the Pacific Ocean the equivalent term is hurricane. During typhoon we expect:
Lot of rain; and
strong winds that move in a certain direction around an area. The word TYPHOON comes from the word “Tai Feng” means “great or big wind”.
Hurricane comes from the word “Huracan” which means “Storm”.
Formation of typhoon is the known natural calamities specially in the places located near the equator. The term typhoon is used only in the northwestern part of the Pacific Ocean. Other part of the Pacific Ocean the equivalent term is hurricane. During typhoon we expect:
Lot of rain; and
strong winds that move in a certain direction around an area. The word TYPHOON comes from the word “Tai Feng” means “great or big wind”.
Hurricane comes from the word “Huracan” which means “Storm”.
GEOGRAPHY IGCSE: TROPICAL STORMS. It contains: hurricanes, how hurricanes form, preparation and prediction, effects of tropical storms, case study hurricane Katrina 2005, impacts, responses, glossary.
GEOGRAPHY IGCSE: TROPICAL STORMS. It contains: hurricanes, how hurricanes form, preparation and prediction, effects of tropical storms, case study hurricane Katrina 2005, impacts, responses, glossary.
(Yes, a parody of dumb ways to die). Key geography notes I made for a homework task - covering key volcanic hazards as part of tectonics, including examples and case studies.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
2. The earth as a scotch egg
The crust of
our earth is
very shallow
like the
breadcrumb
layer of the
scotch egg. It
is what we live
on.
The mantle is like the
meaty bit of our scotch
egg. It is the largest section
and is made of liquid rock
called magma. It is
underneath the crust and
behaves a bit like jam
The outer core is what lies
beneath the mantle. This is
the white of our egg. This is
also liquid rock but moves
very slowly because it is
under so much pressure.
The inner core
of the earth is
solid because
of the
pressure. It is
also hotter
than the
surface of the
sun
3. Cross Section of the Earth Crust – very thin like the
breadcrumbs of our scotch egg.
6-70km thick
Mantle – very high
temps. Looks
like jam!
Between 5000
and 1300oC
Outer Core –
Liquid made
mostly of iron
Inner Core –
Solid made
of iron. Up to
5500oC
4. Distribution of Earthquakes and Volcanoes
Distributed on the plate boundaries
Mostly on the coasts or in the ocean
Around the edge of the pacific and through the
middle of the Atlantic
With the exception of Hawaii which is on a
hotspot
5. Convection
Currents
Mantle
Crust
Why the plates move
• Magma from the earths core is super heated and rises towards the crust
• As it rises and travels away from the core it begins to cool
• When it reaches the crust it is forced sideways and because it is not colder, sinks back
down again towards the core.
• Where is spreads out you will find divergent boundaries and where is sinks
downwards it full down crust from a convergent boundary.
6. Oceanic and Continental Crust
Continental Crust:
• 25 -100km thick
• Less dense
• Bigger crystals
• More easily eroded
• Youngest
Oceanic Crust:
• 5 -10km thick
• More dense
• Tiny crystals
• Very hard rock
• Very old rock
8. The plates moving apart in this way is
known as sea floor spreading.
It is the reason for Iceland's existence and
the reason why volcanoes are present
there.
The island of Sursey, off the coast of
iceland erupted in 1963. Before then there
had been no land in that place.
11. It is on convergent plate boundaries that you find the deepest ocean
trenches and some of the most active volcanoes in the world.
The Cascade Mountain range is off the west coast of America and is a
line of volcanic mountains caused by the convergent plate margin.
Because a lot of earthquakes occur under the ocean it is only
destructive plate margins that cause tsunamis.
13. The San Andreas Fault in California is
the best known example of a
constructive plate margin.
The can also be found near Fiji, Israel,
South Island in New Zealand and
Sumatra in Indonesia.
14. Type of plate
boundary
Diagram Description of
changes
EQ/Volcano
activity
Examples
Convergent
•Oceanic plate forced
downwards into the
mantle forming a
subduction zone.
•Deep trench formed
•Continental plate
forced up into mountain
range
Constructive
Conservative
Pacific and North
American Plates along
the San Andreas Fault
•Two plates move away
from each other
•New oceanic crust is
created forming mid-
oceanic ridges with
volcanoes
Two plates move
sideways past each
other – land is neither
formed nor destroyed.
•Heat from the mantle and
friction from contact between
the two plates causes violent
earthquakes to be triggered.
•These can also cause
tsunamis
•The melting plate creates
magma which rises to the
surface to form volcanoes
•Where magma builds
up above the surface,
volcanoes form.
•In the ocean these
quite often show as
islands
Plates do not tend to
move past each other
smoothly. Friction is
created and they tend
to get stuck. Pressure
builds until the plate
flips forward creating
violent EQ’s
Pacific ring of Fire
Japanese Island Arc
New Zealand
Iceland
Great Rift Valley Africa
15. Measuring Earthquakes
Richter Scale
Measures strength using numbers
No upper limit
Mercalli Scale
Measures effects using roman
numerals. Limited because there
is only so much damage that can
be done
16. How do earthquakes happen?
1) Pressure builds up at plate boundaries.
2) The plates cannot move though due to
friction, and pressure continues to build.
3) Suddenly the crust breaks along a fault.
4) The plates spring apart.
5) Stored energy is released in a few seconds
from the focus, and travels out from the
epicentre as seismic waves on the surface.
17.
18.
19.
20. Silicon Valley, home of IBM and Apple. 23,000 jobs and
700,000 people. On the San Andreas Fault. There has not
been a large earthquake here for over 30 years.
21. The Soufriere Hills on the island of Montserrat erupted in 1995 in one of the most devastating
eruptions ever seen. It entirely covered the capital city of Plymouth in ash and closed the airport. It
was known that the island was highly volcanic but no-one wanted to leave the island even after the
eruption. Their families and their livelihoods were there and they had nowhere else to go.
22. Sorrento and the Island of Capri in Italy.
Massive tourist destination and people are attracted because
of the beautiful beaches and amazing weather. It also has a
historic interest with many people coming to visit Pompeii; the
ancient roman port that got destroyed by the volcano in 79AD.
Across the bay from Mt Vesuvius
It has not erupted violently for over 50 years.
23. Mount Etna in Italy, Europe's most active volcano but ‘safe’ enough for tourists to go and watch.
Many farmers also grow olives, grapes and citrus fruits because the volcanic ash produces
extremely fertile soil here. Siciliy is quite a poor area of Italy too with a very close knit community.
24. Iceland straddles the Mid Atlantic ridge; a divergent plate boundary. The magma near the surface
heats water in the rock causing warm pools of water to rise up. People visit Iceland to bathe in
these pools. The hot water can also be harnessed for geothermal energy. This is extremely
environmentally friendly and renewable.
25. Haiti - LIC Earthquake Case Study
Effects Responses
• The main port was closed after severe damage to
the docks and a crane.
• Some roads are impassable - either because of
earthquake damage, or because they are blocked
by rubble or smashed vehicles.
• Between 500,000 and 700,000 people are
believed to have been left homeless
• Even before the earthquake only half of Haitians
had access to clean water. Now most of the
remaining water supply been cut off.
• Eight hospitals or health centres in the capital
collapsed or suffered severe damage.
• US engineers and dive teams fixed piers, cranes,
and buildings.
• Around 3,000 UN troops and police worked to
clear some of the major roads.
• More than 500 makeshift camps have been
identified by the Haitian government, which has
requested large tents be set up as reception
centres for the homeless.
• On 20 January, 755,000 litres of water were
provided to 151,000 people.
• Field hospitals have been set up by teams from
Russia, Israel, Colombia, Jordan and Brazil.
Causes
• Haiti is located on a conservative plate margin between the Caribbean and
North America plate which are slowly moving past each other.
• 7.0 magnitude which stuck on Tuesday 12th January at 16:53 (Haiti Time)
26. Iceland – HIC Volcano Case Study
Causes
•Iceland lies on a divergent plate boundary between the North American and Eurasian plates which are
moving apart at a rate of 2cm per year.
•As they move apart, lava wells up in the gap in between towards the surface.
•As this process continues and consecutive lava eruptions cool and build up, volcanoes are created.
Effects
•The cloud of ash went 20,000ft into the atmosphere and blew on westerly winds cross Europe.
•95,000 flights had to be cancelled in the UK as the ash was at the height that plans normally fly at.
•The flight ban was imposed because in the high temperatures of an engine turbine, ash can turn to molten
glass and cripple the engine.
•The airline industry said its losses soared to over £650 million
•Other transport companies benefitted as passengers looked for alternatives to flying.
•Eurostar in particular saw a huge demand from and said it carried 50,000 extra passengers just on one day
alone.
•Kenyan farmers were forced to dump stocks of fresh food and flowers destined for European consumers
which cost the Kenyan economy $3.8m a day as a result of flight cancellations to Europe.
•Locally 700 farmers around the volcano were evacuated due to the melting ice cap on top of the mountain
which caused flooding and property to be washed away.
Responses
•Some 60 volunteers and staff of the Icelandic Red Cross provided food for the farming population living in
the vicinity of the glacier.
•Some 700 people were evacuated from the disaster zone three times in the past month.
•A 24-hour emergency information hotline was also activated. Red Cross volunteers are also providing meals
twice a day in Heimaland, as most people have not been able to stock up on food.
27. Prediction - Volcanoes
Volcanoes can be monitored to predict eruptions with:
• GPS - to see if the ground is rising up as magma approaches the surface
• Gas sampling – changes to gases coming out of the volcano might mean
an eruption is coming
• Geothermal monitoring – the ground gets hotter as magma rises to the
surface
• Seismic monitoring – to ‘listen’ to the rising blobs of magma as they force
their way upwards and cause small earthquakes
• Looking at historical records to see if
there is a past pattern of eruptions that
might be repeated.
28. Prevention - Volcanoes
Once an eruption has happened it is possible to prevent it from having major
effects on the local people by;
• Spraying the lava with water to cool it down and stop it flowing
• Putting concrete barriers in the path of lava forcing it away from villages
• Setting off explosive to divert the lava flow
• Digging ditches to funnel it away from homes
29. Prediction - Earthquakes
Earthquakes are much harder to predict because they happen underground
so are not visible. Methods used to predict earthquakes include;
• Noting strange animal behaviour – cats, dogs, birds and snakes are known
to behave differently before an earthquake
• Monitoring electrical discharges – there is some evidence that these
increase before an earthquake. Some scientists believe that they appear in
the sky as a rainbow glow, known as earthquake lights.
• Recording minor tremors as these could be small foreshocks
30. Planning for Earthquakes
Because so little warning can be given it is
better to plan for the worse to limit the effects
such as;
• Providing education for local residence who
are taught how to react
• Have an emergency kit ready including a
torch, bottled water, first aid kit and tinned
food.
• Design buildings that can withstand
earthquakes by having flexible steel frames;
shutters can be used to cover windows that
might shatter; rubberised foundations can
be used to absorb the energy of a quake
• Planning regulations so buildings are not
built too high.