Plate tectonic ppt
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Plate tectonics is the theory that Earth's outer layer is made of plates that move over Earth's rocky inner layer. In the early 1900s, Alfred Wegener proposed the idea of continental drift which later developed into the modern theory of plate tectonics. Pangaea, a supercontinent, broke apart starting 200 million years ago and the continents have continued moving apart on separate plates to their current positions. Plate boundaries include divergent boundaries where new crust forms, convergent boundaries where crust is consumed through subduction, and transform boundaries where plates slide past each other. The Mariana Plate forms the basement of the Mariana Islands and separates from the Philippine Sea Plate along a divergent boundary, while the Philippine
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Plate Tectonics
The document discusses the theory of plate tectonics, including what plates are made of, how they move at boundaries, and the evidence that supports plate tectonics. The lithosphere comprises the crust and rigid upper mantle, floating on the asthenosphere. Plates move at boundaries in three types - divergent, convergent, and transform - which are associated with volcanoes, earthquakes, and other surface phenomena. Evidence like matching continents, widespread fossil distributions, and matching rock formations support plate tectonics and the past connection of continents.
Earth Structure
The document discusses the structure and layers of the Earth. It is composed of four main layers from outermost to innermost:
1) The crust, which is the thin solid outer layer people live on made of rocks and minerals. It is divided into thicker continental crust and thinner oceanic crust.
2) The hot, dense mantle that behaves like a solid but can flow very slowly over geologic timescales. Its convection currents influence plate tectonics at the surface.
3) The liquid outer core that is composed of melted nickel and iron due to extreme heat and pressure.
4) The inner solid core formed from compressed metals vibrating in place like a solid.
Plate boundaries ppt
Earth's outer shell is divided into tectonic plates that slowly move over the mantle below. Plates interact at boundaries where they either converge and collide, causing volcanoes and earthquakes, diverge and form rift valleys and ocean ridges, or slide past each other along transform boundaries, also producing earthquakes. The movement of these plates over geological time scales shapes the earth's surface features and geography.
Internal Structure of Earth
Deep parts of Earth are studied indirectly, however, largely through the branch of geology called geophysics
Continental drift theory
Alfred Wegener first proposed the theory of continental drift in 1910, suggesting that the continents were once joined together in a supercontinent called Pangaea. Wegener provided three lines of evidence to support his theory: the matching shapes of continental coastlines, matching fossil distributions across continents, and evidence that past climates did not match current continental positions. While his theory was initially rejected due to the lack of a mechanism, it was later supported by the discovery of seafloor spreading in the 1960s, which provided a process to explain how and why continents move over Earth's surface.
Earthquake belts and Plate Tectonics
About Earthquake Belts and Plate Boundaries, Tsunami, Damages done by tsunami and earthquakes, seismic waves, and interior parts of the earth
Plate tectonics powerpoint
Plate tectonics refers to the theory that the Earth's crust is divided into plates that move around on the mantle. There are 12 major plates that collide, pull apart, or scrape against each other, causing deformation of the crust and creating characteristic geological features. The driving force behind plate tectonics is convection currents in the mantle, where hot material rises and cools, moving the plates in the lithosphere. There are three types of plate boundaries: divergent, where plates move apart; convergent, where they collide; and transform, where they scrape past each other.
Plate tectonics
Plate tectonics is the theory that Earth's outer shell is divided into several plates that glide over the mantle, the rocky inner layer above the core. The plates act like a hard and rigid shell compared to Earth's mantle. This strong outer layer is called the lithosphere.
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Plate Tectonics
The document discusses the theory of plate tectonics, including what plates are made of, how they move at boundaries, and the evidence that supports plate tectonics. The lithosphere comprises the crust and rigid upper mantle, floating on the asthenosphere. Plates move at boundaries in three types - divergent, convergent, and transform - which are associated with volcanoes, earthquakes, and other surface phenomena. Evidence like matching continents, widespread fossil distributions, and matching rock formations support plate tectonics and the past connection of continents.
Earth Structure
The document discusses the structure and layers of the Earth. It is composed of four main layers from outermost to innermost:
1) The crust, which is the thin solid outer layer people live on made of rocks and minerals. It is divided into thicker continental crust and thinner oceanic crust.
2) The hot, dense mantle that behaves like a solid but can flow very slowly over geologic timescales. Its convection currents influence plate tectonics at the surface.
3) The liquid outer core that is composed of melted nickel and iron due to extreme heat and pressure.
4) The inner solid core formed from compressed metals vibrating in place like a solid.
Plate boundaries ppt
Earth's outer shell is divided into tectonic plates that slowly move over the mantle below. Plates interact at boundaries where they either converge and collide, causing volcanoes and earthquakes, diverge and form rift valleys and ocean ridges, or slide past each other along transform boundaries, also producing earthquakes. The movement of these plates over geological time scales shapes the earth's surface features and geography.
Internal Structure of Earth
Deep parts of Earth are studied indirectly, however, largely through the branch of geology called geophysics
Continental drift theory
Alfred Wegener first proposed the theory of continental drift in 1910, suggesting that the continents were once joined together in a supercontinent called Pangaea. Wegener provided three lines of evidence to support his theory: the matching shapes of continental coastlines, matching fossil distributions across continents, and evidence that past climates did not match current continental positions. While his theory was initially rejected due to the lack of a mechanism, it was later supported by the discovery of seafloor spreading in the 1960s, which provided a process to explain how and why continents move over Earth's surface.
Earthquake belts and Plate Tectonics
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Plate tectonics powerpoint
Plate tectonics refers to the theory that the Earth's crust is divided into plates that move around on the mantle. There are 12 major plates that collide, pull apart, or scrape against each other, causing deformation of the crust and creating characteristic geological features. The driving force behind plate tectonics is convection currents in the mantle, where hot material rises and cools, moving the plates in the lithosphere. There are three types of plate boundaries: divergent, where plates move apart; convergent, where they collide; and transform, where they scrape past each other.
Plate tectonics
Plate tectonics is the theory that Earth's outer shell is divided into several plates that glide over the mantle, the rocky inner layer above the core. The plates act like a hard and rigid shell compared to Earth's mantle. This strong outer layer is called the lithosphere.
Sea floor spreading
Scientists in the 1950s used sonar to map the mid-ocean ridge and discovered it was not flat but contained underwater mountains. This discovery led them to research what the ridge was and how it formed. Evidence from molten rock samples, magnetic stripes in the ocean crust, and the ages of rocks drilled from the ocean floor supported Harry Hess' theory from 1960 of sea-floor spreading, where new crust forms at mid-ocean ridges and spreads outward over time.
1. Distribution of Volcanoes and Earthquakes
The document discusses volcanoes and earthquakes, including where they occur and why. It provides learning objectives about knowing where volcanoes and earthquakes happen and why. It includes maps showing the distribution of volcanoes and earthquakes around the world. The patterns are explained by the locations of tectonic plates and different plate boundary types where movement occurs. Iceland is used as a specific example, noting it is at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge plate boundary, resulting in earthquakes and volcanoes like Eyjafjallajökull.
PLATE TECTONIC
The document summarizes key concepts of plate tectonic theory. It explains that the lithosphere is made up of rigid tectonic plates that float on the asthenosphere and move at rates of 1-16 cm/year. There are three main types of plate boundaries - divergent where plates move apart, convergent where they move together, and transform where they slide past each other. Plate tectonics generates phenomena like earthquakes, volcanoes, mountain building and affects climate by moving continents and oceans over geologic time.
Volcanoes and volcanic Activity
Volcanic Activity
- Volcanoes form when magma reaches the Earth's surface, causing eruptions of lava and ash. They occur at destructive and constructive plate boundaries.
- The Mid Atlantic Ridge under the Atlantic Ocean was formed when plates separated and lava came to the surface, cooled and hardened.
- Most earthquakes and volcanoes occur along the Pacific Ring of Fire.
Plate Movements Ppt
The document discusses the four spheres of the Earth - atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, and biosphere. It then describes the layers that make up Earth's interior - crust, mantle, outer core, and inner core. The rest of the document discusses plate tectonic theory, the three types of plate boundaries and movements (divergent, convergent, transform), associated volcanic and earthquake activity, and the impacts of earthquakes and volcanoes.
Weathering of Rocks
Weathering is the process of breaking down rocks into smaller pieces through mechanical or chemical means. Mechanical weathering physically breaks rocks down without changing their chemical composition, through processes like freezing and thawing, abrasion, and exfoliation. Chemical weathering changes the minerals in rocks through reactions with oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water to form acids, resulting in processes like oxidation, carbonation, and hydrolysis. Examples of mechanical weathering include abrasion and freezing and thawing, while examples of chemical weathering include oxidation, carbonation, and hydrolysis.
TYPES OF PLATE BOUNDARIES
This document discusses three main types of plate boundaries: divergent boundaries, convergent boundaries, and transform boundaries. It provides examples and describes the geological effects of each boundary type. It also discusses processes at divergent boundaries like mid-ocean ridges and continental rift valleys. Convergent boundaries include oceanic-oceanic convergence forming island arcs, and continental-oceanic convergence forming volcanic mountain ranges. Transform boundaries involve strike-slip faulting along plate edges. Additionally, the document touches on hot spot volcanism unrelated to plate boundaries.
Plate Tectonics Intro
This document provides an introduction to the theory of plate tectonics. It discusses the internal structure of the Earth and how the crust is made up of different types of plates. It then explains Alfred Wegener's theory of continental drift from 1915 and describes the major tectonic plates. Various lines of evidence that support plate tectonics are mentioned, such as the fit of continental shelves, matching rock units and mountain ranges, and similar fossil distributions. The importance of understanding plate tectonics to explain landforms and predict natural hazards is also noted. Finally, the different types of plate boundaries are outlined, including where earthquakes and volcanoes are most common.
WHAT IS A PLATE? MAJOR PLATES. Types of Earth’s Crust. Plate Boundary
The document discusses plate tectonics and the key concepts of plate tectonic theory. It describes how the lithosphere is broken into large plates that move over Earth's surface, driven by convection currents in the underlying mantle. It outlines the three main types of plate boundaries - divergent boundaries where new crust forms, transform boundaries where plates slide past each other, and convergent boundaries where plates collide and one slides under the other. It also discusses the evidence that supported the development of plate tectonic theory, such as seafloor spreading and magnetic reversals recorded in oceanic crust.
Plate movement ppt
This document provides an overview of plate tectonics and the evidence that supports the theory. It discusses how early scientists like Alfred Wegener proposed that continents move over time (continental drift). Wegener noticed matching land features and fossil evidence between continents. Later, Harry Hess confirmed Wegener's ideas by discovering that new crust forms at mid-ocean ridges, providing evidence of sea-floor spreading as plates move apart. Convection currents in the mantle caused by heat from the Earth's core are now understood to drive the movement of tectonic plates.
Divergent plate boundary PPT
Divergent plate boundaries occur when two tectonic plates move away from each other. As the plates separate, new crust is formed in between through volcanic activity and magma solidifying. This results in the creation of geological features such as mid-ocean ridges under the ocean or rift valleys on land. Over millions of years, continued separation at divergent boundaries can lead to the formation of new oceans as the crust spreads out.
The Rock Cycle and Rocks
This document provides information about the three main types of rocks: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. It describes how each type forms and gives examples. Igneous rocks form from cooling magma or lava. Sedimentary rocks form from compaction and cementation of sediments. Metamorphic rocks form from heat and pressure altering existing rocks. The document also explains key processes that change rocks, such as weathering, erosion, melting and cooling. It introduces the concept of the rock cycle to show how rocks continuously change between the three types.
Transform Plate Boundaries
This document discusses tectonic plates and transform plate boundaries. It notes that tectonic plates are large pieces of rock that make up Earth's crust, and there are two main types - oceanic and continental plates. At transform boundaries, the plates move horizontally past one another, driven by convection currents in the underlying mantle. When the plates rub together at these boundaries, it causes huge stress that results in earthquakes, faults, and tsunamis.
PLATE TECTONICS
The document discusses plate tectonics and describes how the Earth's lithosphere is broken into plates that move over time. It explains that plate tectonics built upon Alfred Wegener's theory of continental drift, which proposed that the continents were once joined together in a supercontinent called Pangaea. There are nine major tectonic plates and three types of plate boundaries - divergent boundaries which create mid-ocean ridges and rift valleys, convergent boundaries which cause subduction and mountain building, and transform boundaries where plates slide past each other like the San Andreas Fault. Convection currents in the Earth's mantle provide the driving force for plate movements.
Internal structure of the earth
Internal Structure of The Earth
Physical Layering
Determining the Earth's Internal Structure
C. The Earth's Internal Layered Structure and Composition
D. VELOCITY AND DENSITY VARIATION WITHIN THE EARTH
The immense amount of heat energy released from gravitational energy and from the decay of radioactive elements melted the entire planet, and it is still cooling off today. Denser materials like iron (Fe) sank into the core of the Earth, while lighter silicates (Si), other oxygen (O) compounds, and water rose near the surface.
The earth is divided into four main layers: the inner core, outer core, mantle, and crust. The core is composed mostly of iron (Fe) and is so hot that the outer core is molten, with about 10% sulphur (S). The inner core is under such extreme pressure that it remains solid. Most of the Earth's mass is in the mantle, which is composed of iron (Fe), magnesium (Mg), aluminum (Al), silicon (Si), and oxygen (O) silicate compounds. At over 1000 degrees C, the mantle is solid but can deform slowly in a plastic manner. The crust is much thinner than any of the other layers, and is composed of the least dense potassium (K), calcium (Ca) and sodium (Na) aluminum-silicate minerals. Being relatively cold, the crust is rocky and brittle, so it can fracture in earthquakes.
Chapter 13 a ocean basins
Oceans cover 71% of the Earth's surface and contain over 97% of the planet's water. They absorb heat from the sun, regulating the climate. Ocean basins formed over millions of years through plate tectics, creating features like mid-ocean ridges and trenches. Scientists study the oceans through various disciplines to better understand ocean processes, life, and influence on weather. The seafloor contains diverse topographic areas from continental shelves and slopes to abyssal plains and undersea volcanoes.
Plate Tectonics
Wegener first proposed continental drift in the early 20th century, suggesting that continents were once joined together in a supercontinent called Pangaea. While evidence like matching coastlines and fossil distributions supported drift, Wegener could not explain the forces driving plate motions. In the 1960s, the new theory of plate tectonics emerged, proposing that Earth's outer layer is broken into rigid plates that move over the mantle. At plate boundaries, plates diverge, converge, or slide past each other, creating geological features like mid-ocean ridges and subduction zones. Paleomagnetic and seafloor spreading evidence confirmed plate tectonics, and mantle convection is now understood to be the primary driver of
PROCESSES AND LANDFORMS ALONG PLATE BOUNDARIES
Lesson 1: Types and Processes and Landforms along Plate Boundaries
Lesson 2: Evidence of Plate Movements
Lesson 3: Mechanism (possible causes of movement) of Plate Tectonics
source: DepEd K12. (2019, July). Science Grade 10 Learner’s Materials. [PDF File]. Retrieved from https://www.depedk12.com/2019/07/science-grade-10-learners-materials-pdf.html
Plate Tectonics
The document discusses plate tectonics and the evidence that supports the theory of continental drift and plate tectonics. It describes how early scientists like Wegener proposed that the continents were once joined together in a supercontinent called Pangaea based on matching coastlines and fossil evidence. Later, developments in technology like sonar and sea floor drilling provided further evidence of seafloor spreading at mid-ocean ridges, supporting the modern theory of plate tectonics. The earth's crust is broken into plates that move relative to each other at different boundary types, including divergent boundaries where new crust is created and convergent boundaries where plates collide.
Weathering, Erosion, and Deposition
Weathering breaks rocks down into smaller pieces through physical or chemical processes when exposed to the atmosphere and hydrosphere. Physical weathering breaks rocks without changing their chemical composition through processes like frost wedging and abrasion. Chemical weathering alters the chemical composition of rocks through oxidation, hydrolysis, and carbonation. The products of weathering accumulate as soil and are further eroded by agents such as water, wind, and ice. Erosion transports eroded material which is eventually deposited elsewhere, usually in bodies of water, based on factors like particle size, shape, density, and transport velocity.
Puberty
This document discusses puberty and precocious puberty in females. It defines puberty as the physiological phase of development lasting 2 to 5 years where the genital organs mature. Signs of puberty in females include menarche, development of secondary sex characteristics, physical development, and psychological changes. Precocious puberty is defined as the appearance of any secondary sex characteristics before age 8. The document discusses the types, causes, diagnosis, and treatment of precocious puberty. The treatment aims to arrest maturation until the normal age while maximizing adult height.
Convergent Boundary
When two oceanic plates converge at a boundary, they create a deep-sea trench and volcanic island arc. When two continental plates meet, they form mountains. When an oceanic and continental plate converge, it forms a trench and volcanoes. Convergent boundaries often experience earthquakes due to the collision and movement of plates.
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Sea floor spreading
Scientists in the 1950s used sonar to map the mid-ocean ridge and discovered it was not flat but contained underwater mountains. This discovery led them to research what the ridge was and how it formed. Evidence from molten rock samples, magnetic stripes in the ocean crust, and the ages of rocks drilled from the ocean floor supported Harry Hess' theory from 1960 of sea-floor spreading, where new crust forms at mid-ocean ridges and spreads outward over time.
1. Distribution of Volcanoes and Earthquakes
The document discusses volcanoes and earthquakes, including where they occur and why. It provides learning objectives about knowing where volcanoes and earthquakes happen and why. It includes maps showing the distribution of volcanoes and earthquakes around the world. The patterns are explained by the locations of tectonic plates and different plate boundary types where movement occurs. Iceland is used as a specific example, noting it is at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge plate boundary, resulting in earthquakes and volcanoes like Eyjafjallajökull.
PLATE TECTONIC
The document summarizes key concepts of plate tectonic theory. It explains that the lithosphere is made up of rigid tectonic plates that float on the asthenosphere and move at rates of 1-16 cm/year. There are three main types of plate boundaries - divergent where plates move apart, convergent where they move together, and transform where they slide past each other. Plate tectonics generates phenomena like earthquakes, volcanoes, mountain building and affects climate by moving continents and oceans over geologic time.
Volcanoes and volcanic Activity
Volcanic Activity
- Volcanoes form when magma reaches the Earth's surface, causing eruptions of lava and ash. They occur at destructive and constructive plate boundaries.
- The Mid Atlantic Ridge under the Atlantic Ocean was formed when plates separated and lava came to the surface, cooled and hardened.
- Most earthquakes and volcanoes occur along the Pacific Ring of Fire.
Plate Movements Ppt
The document discusses the four spheres of the Earth - atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, and biosphere. It then describes the layers that make up Earth's interior - crust, mantle, outer core, and inner core. The rest of the document discusses plate tectonic theory, the three types of plate boundaries and movements (divergent, convergent, transform), associated volcanic and earthquake activity, and the impacts of earthquakes and volcanoes.
Weathering of Rocks
Weathering is the process of breaking down rocks into smaller pieces through mechanical or chemical means. Mechanical weathering physically breaks rocks down without changing their chemical composition, through processes like freezing and thawing, abrasion, and exfoliation. Chemical weathering changes the minerals in rocks through reactions with oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water to form acids, resulting in processes like oxidation, carbonation, and hydrolysis. Examples of mechanical weathering include abrasion and freezing and thawing, while examples of chemical weathering include oxidation, carbonation, and hydrolysis.
TYPES OF PLATE BOUNDARIES
This document discusses three main types of plate boundaries: divergent boundaries, convergent boundaries, and transform boundaries. It provides examples and describes the geological effects of each boundary type. It also discusses processes at divergent boundaries like mid-ocean ridges and continental rift valleys. Convergent boundaries include oceanic-oceanic convergence forming island arcs, and continental-oceanic convergence forming volcanic mountain ranges. Transform boundaries involve strike-slip faulting along plate edges. Additionally, the document touches on hot spot volcanism unrelated to plate boundaries.
Plate Tectonics Intro
This document provides an introduction to the theory of plate tectonics. It discusses the internal structure of the Earth and how the crust is made up of different types of plates. It then explains Alfred Wegener's theory of continental drift from 1915 and describes the major tectonic plates. Various lines of evidence that support plate tectonics are mentioned, such as the fit of continental shelves, matching rock units and mountain ranges, and similar fossil distributions. The importance of understanding plate tectonics to explain landforms and predict natural hazards is also noted. Finally, the different types of plate boundaries are outlined, including where earthquakes and volcanoes are most common.
WHAT IS A PLATE? MAJOR PLATES. Types of Earth’s Crust. Plate Boundary
The document discusses plate tectonics and the key concepts of plate tectonic theory. It describes how the lithosphere is broken into large plates that move over Earth's surface, driven by convection currents in the underlying mantle. It outlines the three main types of plate boundaries - divergent boundaries where new crust forms, transform boundaries where plates slide past each other, and convergent boundaries where plates collide and one slides under the other. It also discusses the evidence that supported the development of plate tectonic theory, such as seafloor spreading and magnetic reversals recorded in oceanic crust.
Plate movement ppt
This document provides an overview of plate tectonics and the evidence that supports the theory. It discusses how early scientists like Alfred Wegener proposed that continents move over time (continental drift). Wegener noticed matching land features and fossil evidence between continents. Later, Harry Hess confirmed Wegener's ideas by discovering that new crust forms at mid-ocean ridges, providing evidence of sea-floor spreading as plates move apart. Convection currents in the mantle caused by heat from the Earth's core are now understood to drive the movement of tectonic plates.
Divergent plate boundary PPT
Divergent plate boundaries occur when two tectonic plates move away from each other. As the plates separate, new crust is formed in between through volcanic activity and magma solidifying. This results in the creation of geological features such as mid-ocean ridges under the ocean or rift valleys on land. Over millions of years, continued separation at divergent boundaries can lead to the formation of new oceans as the crust spreads out.
The Rock Cycle and Rocks
This document provides information about the three main types of rocks: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. It describes how each type forms and gives examples. Igneous rocks form from cooling magma or lava. Sedimentary rocks form from compaction and cementation of sediments. Metamorphic rocks form from heat and pressure altering existing rocks. The document also explains key processes that change rocks, such as weathering, erosion, melting and cooling. It introduces the concept of the rock cycle to show how rocks continuously change between the three types.
Transform Plate Boundaries
This document discusses tectonic plates and transform plate boundaries. It notes that tectonic plates are large pieces of rock that make up Earth's crust, and there are two main types - oceanic and continental plates. At transform boundaries, the plates move horizontally past one another, driven by convection currents in the underlying mantle. When the plates rub together at these boundaries, it causes huge stress that results in earthquakes, faults, and tsunamis.
PLATE TECTONICS
The document discusses plate tectonics and describes how the Earth's lithosphere is broken into plates that move over time. It explains that plate tectonics built upon Alfred Wegener's theory of continental drift, which proposed that the continents were once joined together in a supercontinent called Pangaea. There are nine major tectonic plates and three types of plate boundaries - divergent boundaries which create mid-ocean ridges and rift valleys, convergent boundaries which cause subduction and mountain building, and transform boundaries where plates slide past each other like the San Andreas Fault. Convection currents in the Earth's mantle provide the driving force for plate movements.
Internal structure of the earth
Internal Structure of The Earth
Physical Layering
Determining the Earth's Internal Structure
C. The Earth's Internal Layered Structure and Composition
D. VELOCITY AND DENSITY VARIATION WITHIN THE EARTH
The immense amount of heat energy released from gravitational energy and from the decay of radioactive elements melted the entire planet, and it is still cooling off today. Denser materials like iron (Fe) sank into the core of the Earth, while lighter silicates (Si), other oxygen (O) compounds, and water rose near the surface.
The earth is divided into four main layers: the inner core, outer core, mantle, and crust. The core is composed mostly of iron (Fe) and is so hot that the outer core is molten, with about 10% sulphur (S). The inner core is under such extreme pressure that it remains solid. Most of the Earth's mass is in the mantle, which is composed of iron (Fe), magnesium (Mg), aluminum (Al), silicon (Si), and oxygen (O) silicate compounds. At over 1000 degrees C, the mantle is solid but can deform slowly in a plastic manner. The crust is much thinner than any of the other layers, and is composed of the least dense potassium (K), calcium (Ca) and sodium (Na) aluminum-silicate minerals. Being relatively cold, the crust is rocky and brittle, so it can fracture in earthquakes.
Chapter 13 a ocean basins
Oceans cover 71% of the Earth's surface and contain over 97% of the planet's water. They absorb heat from the sun, regulating the climate. Ocean basins formed over millions of years through plate tectics, creating features like mid-ocean ridges and trenches. Scientists study the oceans through various disciplines to better understand ocean processes, life, and influence on weather. The seafloor contains diverse topographic areas from continental shelves and slopes to abyssal plains and undersea volcanoes.
Plate Tectonics
Wegener first proposed continental drift in the early 20th century, suggesting that continents were once joined together in a supercontinent called Pangaea. While evidence like matching coastlines and fossil distributions supported drift, Wegener could not explain the forces driving plate motions. In the 1960s, the new theory of plate tectonics emerged, proposing that Earth's outer layer is broken into rigid plates that move over the mantle. At plate boundaries, plates diverge, converge, or slide past each other, creating geological features like mid-ocean ridges and subduction zones. Paleomagnetic and seafloor spreading evidence confirmed plate tectonics, and mantle convection is now understood to be the primary driver of
PROCESSES AND LANDFORMS ALONG PLATE BOUNDARIES
Lesson 1: Types and Processes and Landforms along Plate Boundaries
Lesson 2: Evidence of Plate Movements
Lesson 3: Mechanism (possible causes of movement) of Plate Tectonics
source: DepEd K12. (2019, July). Science Grade 10 Learner’s Materials. [PDF File]. Retrieved from https://www.depedk12.com/2019/07/science-grade-10-learners-materials-pdf.html
Plate Tectonics
The document discusses plate tectonics and the evidence that supports the theory of continental drift and plate tectonics. It describes how early scientists like Wegener proposed that the continents were once joined together in a supercontinent called Pangaea based on matching coastlines and fossil evidence. Later, developments in technology like sonar and sea floor drilling provided further evidence of seafloor spreading at mid-ocean ridges, supporting the modern theory of plate tectonics. The earth's crust is broken into plates that move relative to each other at different boundary types, including divergent boundaries where new crust is created and convergent boundaries where plates collide.
Weathering, Erosion, and Deposition
Weathering breaks rocks down into smaller pieces through physical or chemical processes when exposed to the atmosphere and hydrosphere. Physical weathering breaks rocks without changing their chemical composition through processes like frost wedging and abrasion. Chemical weathering alters the chemical composition of rocks through oxidation, hydrolysis, and carbonation. The products of weathering accumulate as soil and are further eroded by agents such as water, wind, and ice. Erosion transports eroded material which is eventually deposited elsewhere, usually in bodies of water, based on factors like particle size, shape, density, and transport velocity.
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WHAT IS A PLATE? MAJOR PLATES. Types of Earth’s Crust. Plate Boundary
WHAT IS A PLATE? MAJOR PLATES. Types of Earth’s Crust. Plate Boundary
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When two oceanic plates converge at a boundary, they create a deep-sea trench and volcanic island arc. When two continental plates meet, they form mountains. When an oceanic and continental plate converge, it forms a trench and volcanoes. Convergent boundaries often experience earthquakes due to the collision and movement of plates.
Plate tectonics
This document discusses plate tectonics and the structure of the Earth. It explains that the Earth's crust is broken into huge plates that drift atop the mantle. It describes the three layers of the Earth - the crust, mantle, and core. It discusses how the continents were once joined together in a supercontinent called Pangaea before drifting apart due to plate tectonics. There are three types of plate boundaries - divergent boundaries where plates move apart, convergent boundaries where they move together, and transform boundaries where they slide past each other.
Plate Tectonic Theory
Plate tectonics developed from Alfred Wegener's theory of continental drift in the early 20th century. Wegener noticed coastlines of Africa and South America fit together and proposed all continents were once joined in a supercontinent called Pangaea. Later, scientists proposed mantle convection and sea floor spreading caused by convection currents in the mantle to explain plate movement. Today, plate tectonics theory describes the lithosphere broken into rigid plates that move across Earth's surface due to mantle convection and other forces, forming boundaries and landscape features.
Plate Tectonics
Plate tectonics is the geological theory that the Earth's outermost layer, the lithosphere, is broken into tectonic plates that move across the mantle. The theory was developed in the 1960s-1970s from evidence of seafloor spreading, paleomagnetism, and the distribution of fossils, earthquakes, and volcanoes. The Earth's interior is divided into layers - the crust, mantle, and core. The crust consists of continental and oceanic plates that move due to convection currents in the mantle, causing phenomena like subduction and seafloor spreading.
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The movement of earth's plate is responsible for the formation of continents.How it works ? what are the principle's?
Q1-L001.pptx
The document discusses plate tectonics and seismic waves. It explains that the Earth's crust is made up of plates that move relative to each other, causing earthquakes and volcanic activity at plate boundaries. There are three main types of plate boundaries - divergent where plates move apart, convergent where they move together, and transform where they slide past each other. When plates interact, they produce seismic waves including P waves, S waves, and surface waves that are used to study earthquakes.
plate-tectonics-power-point.ppt
Plate tectonics refers to the theory that the Earth's crust is divided into plates that constantly move atop the mantle. The plates are composed of rigid tectonic plates that move relative to one another, riding on top of the hotter, softer mantle material. There are three main types of plate boundaries - divergent where plates move apart and new crust is generated, convergent where plates collide and one slides under the other, and transform where plates slide past one another. The movement and interaction of tectonic plates causes earthquakes and creates geologic features like ocean basins, mountains, volcanoes, and trenches.
Earth Science plate-tectonics-power-point.ppt
Plate tectonics refers to the theory that the Earth's crust is divided into plates that constantly move atop hotter mantle material. The plates are composed of rigid crustal rock and float on a soft layer in the mantle. Convection currents in the mantle drive the slow movement of the plates. There are three main types of plate boundaries - divergent where plates spread apart and new crust forms, convergent where plates collide and one slides under the other, and transform where plates slide past each other. Plate tectonics helps explain phenomena like earthquakes, volcanoes, and mountain building.
plate-tectonics-power-point.ppt
Plate tectonics refers to the theory that the Earth's crust is divided into plates that constantly move atop the mantle. The plates are composed of rigid tectonic plates that move relative to one another, riding on top of the hotter, softer mantle material. There are three main types of plate boundaries - divergent where plates move apart and new crust is generated, convergent where plates collide and one slides under the other, and transform where plates slide past one another. The movement and interaction of tectonic plates causes earthquakes and creates geologic features like ocean basins, mountains, volcanoes, and ocean trenches.
plate-tectonics-power-point.ppt
Plate tectonics refers to the theory that the Earth's crust is divided into plates that constantly move atop the mantle. The plates are composed of rigid tectonic plates that move relative to one another, riding on top of the hotter, softer mantle material. There are three main types of plate boundaries - divergent boundaries where new crust is generated; convergent boundaries where plates collide and one slides under the other; and transform boundaries where plates slide past one another. The movement of tectonic plates results in earthquakes and volcanic activity and has shaped the features of Earth's surface over millions of years.
plate-tectonics-power-point.ppt
Plate tectonics refers to the theory that the Earth's crust is divided into plates that constantly move atop the mantle. The plates are composed of rigid tectonic plates that move relative to one another, riding on top of the hotter, softer mantle material. There are three main types of plate boundaries - divergent where plates move apart and new crust is generated, convergent where plates collide and one slides under the other, and transform where plates slide past one another. The movement and interaction of tectonic plates causes earthquakes and creates geologic features like ocean basins, mountains, volcanoes, and ocean trenches.
plate-tectonics-power-point.ppt
Plate tectonics refers to the theory that the Earth's crust is divided into plates that constantly move atop the mantle. The plates are composed of rigid tectonic plates that move relative to one another, riding on top of the hotter, softer mantle material. There are three main types of plate boundaries - divergent where plates move apart and new crust is generated, convergent where plates collide and one slides under the other, and transform where plates slide past one another. The movement and interaction of tectonic plates at their boundaries results in geological phenomena like earthquakes, volcanic activity, and mountain building.
plate tectonics power point presentation
Plate tectonics refers to the theory that the Earth's crust is divided into plates that constantly move atop the mantle. The plates are composed of rigid tectonic plates that move relative to one another, riding on top of the hotter, softer mantle material. There are three main types of plate boundaries - divergent boundaries where new crust is generated; convergent boundaries where plates collide and one slides under the other; and transform boundaries where plates slide past one another. The movement of tectonic plates directly causes earthquakes and creates geologic features such as ocean basins, mountains, volcanoes, and oceanic trenches.
Notes on living with tectonic hazards n levels
1. Tectonic hazards such as earthquakes and volcanic eruptions are caused by movements of the Earth's crust along tectonic plates. The plates move due to convection currents in the upper mantle and subduction of denser oceanic plates under lighter continental plates.
2. Where plates diverge, mid-ocean ridges and rift valleys are formed. As plates converge, fold mountains like the Himalayas or Andes are formed. Transform boundaries like the San Andreas Fault cause earthquakes as the plates slide past each other.
3. Volcanoes form at plate boundaries due to upwelling of magma. Shield volcanoes have low, broad slopes while stratovolcanoes
Notes on living with tectonic hazards 0 levels
Tectonic hazards such as earthquakes and volcanic eruptions are caused by movements of the Earth's crustal plates. The internal structure of the Earth consists of a crust, mantle, outer core, and inner core. The crust is broken into plates that move due to convection currents in the mantle and the sinking of denser plates. Plate boundaries include divergent boundaries where plates move apart, convergent boundaries where they move together, and transform boundaries where they slide past each other. Landforms associated with plate tectonics include mid-ocean ridges, rift valleys, fold mountains, trenches, and volcanoes. Earthquakes occur along plate boundaries when built-up stress is suddenly released during plate movement.
Plate tectonicsslideshow
The document summarizes plate tectonics, providing details on:
1) The structure of the Earth's core and mantle, and how convection currents cause plate movements.
2) Evidence for plate tectonics including seafloor spreading and magnetic reversals in ocean crust.
3) The three types of plate boundaries and associated geological features like ocean trenches and volcanic activity.
Plate tectonics
The document discusses the causes and types of earthquakes. It begins by noting that records of earthquakes date back thousands of years in some areas. It then explains that earthquakes are caused by the sudden movement of tectonic plates deep below the earth's surface. The major types of plate boundaries are divergent boundaries where new crust forms, convergent boundaries where plates collide and crust is destroyed, and transform boundaries where plates slide past each other. Specific examples like the Mariana Trench and San Andreas Fault are also described.
Ppt 4 eso the internal processes in the earth (1)
The document discusses evidence for continental drift and plate tectonics. It summarizes Alfred Wegener's theory of continental drift, which proposed that the continents were once joined together in a supercontinent called Pangea. It then outlines several lines of evidence that support this idea, including matching continental shapes, matching rock formations, and shared fossil distributions. The document goes on to describe the modern theory of plate tectonics, how the Earth's outer shell is broken into plates that move over convection currents in the mantle. It discusses the three types of plate boundaries and associated geological phenomena like earthquakes, volcanoes, and mountain building.
Chapter 9 science 3 outline
Wegener's continental drift hypothesis proposed that the continents were once joined together in a supercontinent called Pangaea before breaking apart around 200 million years ago. Evidence for continental drift includes matching fossils found on separate continents, matching rock types and mountain structures that end at one coastline and reappear across an ocean, and indications of ancient shared climates. Plate tectonics theory holds that the lithosphere, the rigid outer layer of Earth, is broken into plates that move over the asthenosphere in the upper mantle. There are three types of plate boundaries: divergent where plates move apart, convergent where they move together, and transform where they grind past each other.
Plate Tectonics Theory.pdf
1) Alfred Wegener first proposed the continental drift theory in 1912, hypothesizing that continents move and were once joined in a supercontinent.
2) The plate tectonics theory explains that the outer part of the Earth is made up of plates that move over time, interacting at boundaries.
3) There are three main types of plate boundaries - divergent where plates move apart, convergent where they collide, and transform where they slide past each other. These boundaries give rise to geologic features through processes like seafloor spreading and subduction.
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Plate tectonic ppt
- 2. - is the theory that Earth’s outer layer is made up of plates. - the rocky inner layer above the floor. - from the 1950’s through the 1970’s, plate tectonics is the modern version of continental drift.
- 4. - German climatologist and geophysicist who, in 1915, published as expanded version of his 1912 book The Origin of Continents and Oceans. - He suggested that all the major continents formed one giant supercontinent, called PANGEA. - 200 million years ago, PANGEA began to rift.
- 5. - Oceans filled the areas between these new sub-continents. - The land masses continued to move apart, riding on separate plates, until they reached the positions they currently occupy. - What drives plate tectonics? NOT KNOWN.
- 6. - One theory said that convection within the Earth's mantle pushes the plates; - in much the same way that air heated by your body rises upward and is deflected sideways when it reaches the ceiling.
- 7. - Another theory is that gravity is pulling the older, colder, and thus heavier ocean floor with more force than the newer, lighter seafloor.
- 8. - the region where plate meet. The plates may either collide, move away from each other or slip/slide past each other
- 9. - Divergent Boundaries - Convergent Boundaries - Collisional
- 10. Divergent Boundaries - Where new crust is formed. - Hot mantle rock rises and partial melting occurs.
- 11. Convergent Boundaries - Where crust is consumed. - One subducts beneath the other, and in the process a trench is formed.
- 12. - Where two land masses collide. - The two crush together. Collisional Boundaries
- 13. - Where two plates slides against each other. transform Boundaries
- 15. Mariana Plate Philippine Sea Plate
- 16. The Mariana Plate is a small tectonic plate located west of the Mariana Trench and forms the basement of the Mariana Islands. It is separated from the Philippine Sea Plate by a long divergent boundary with numerous transform fault offsets. The boundary between the Mariana and the Pacific Plate to the east is a subduction zone with the Pacific Plate subducting beneath the Mariana. The Mariana Trench forms the southeastern boundary and the Izu-Ogasawara Trench the northeastern boundary. Mariana Plate
- 17. Type Minor Approx. Area 360,000 km2[1] Movement1 north-west Speed1 39-51mm/year Features Mariana Islands, Mariana Trench
- 18. o The Philippine Mobile Belt is a complex portion of the tectonic boundary between the Eurasian Plate and the Philippine Sea Plate, comprising most of the country of the Philippines. o It includes two subduction zones, the Manila Trench to the west and the Philippine Trench to the east, as well as the Philippine Fault System. o Within the Belt, a number of crustal blocks or microplates which have been sheared off the adjoining major plates are undergoing massive deformation. Philippine Sea Plate
- 19. Philippine Sea Plate Type Minor Approx. Area 5,500,000 km 2 Movement1 north-west Speed1 48-84mm/year Features Philippines, Philipp ine Sea
Editor's Notes
- -which have moved throughout the earth’s history. - It explains the how and why, volcanoes, earthquakes, and mountains as well as how, long ago, similar animals could have lived at the same time on what are new widely separated continents.
- Initiated by heat building up underneath the vast continent, around. . . - so, these continents are still on the move today.
- Whatever drives the continents, plate tectonic act. takes place at four types of boundaries.
- As the plates move apart, magma wells up to fill the space between them and this is why divergent plate boundaries are the sites of volcanic activities. - As magma cools, it produces rocks that becomes an oceanic rocks.
- The heavier oceanic crust sinks below the lighter continental crust. - Convergent plate boundaries are often the sites of major volcanoes.
- They crumple and fold. The result is a mountain range.
- Ex. San Andreas fault, California. Let’s watch a short video, it includes here the four types of boundaries.
- Now, let’s discover the plates here in the phil’s.