Layers of earth
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The document describes the three main layers of the Earth - crust, mantle, and core. The crust is the thinnest layer and is composed of two types, continental and oceanic. Continental crust is thicker and less dense than oceanic crust. The mantle, which is the largest layer, is composed of hot dense rock and drives the movement of tectonic plates via convection currents. The core is the center of the Earth and has a solid inner core surrounded by a liquid outer core. Temperature, density, and pressure all increase with depth in the Earth.
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Layers of the earth
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The Earth is divided into layers based on their chemical and physical properties. It has a solid iron core that makes up about 30% of the Earth's volume. Surrounding the core is the mantle, which is about 2,900km thick and comprises 70% of the volume. The crust is the outermost layer where life exists on Earth. The crust varies in thickness from 5-50km. It can be continental crust or oceanic crust. According to the theory of plate tectonics, the Earth's lithosphere is broken into plates that move slowly over time, which causes earthquakes at the plate boundaries.
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Study of plate tectonics of the earth, or plate movement,
a) Wegener’s Evidence (Continental Drift)
b) History of Plate Tectonics
c) Breakup and Appearence of Pangea
WHAT IS A PLATE?
Major continental and oceanic plates include:
Types of Earth’s Crust:
Plate tectonics (from the Late Latin tectonicus) is a scientific theory which describes the large scale motions of Earth's lithosphere.
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+ Horizontal movement hypothesis
+ Continental drift, displacement hypothesis
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Plate tectonic theory arose out of the hypothesis of continental drift proposed by Alfred Wegener in 1912. He suggested that the present continents once formed a single land mass that drifted apart, thus releasing the continents from the Earth's core and likening them to "icebergs" of low density granite floating on a sea of denser basalt.
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a) Wegener’s Evidence (Continental Drift)
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+ Horizontal movement hypothesis
+ Continental drift, displacement hypothesis
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The learners shall be able to:
1) explain how the seafloor spreads (S11/12ESId-23);
2) describe the structure and evolution of ocean basins (S11/12ES-Id-24); and
3) explain how the movement of plates leads to the formation of folds and faults (S11/12ES-Id-22).
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At the end of the lesson, the learners will be able to:
1. Discuss the history behind the Theory of Continental Drift;
2. Describe the Continental Drift Theory;
3. Enumerate and explain the evidence used to support the idea of drifting continents;
4. Identify major physiographic features of ocean basins
5. Describe the process of seafloor spreading
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2. The atmosphere is divided into four main layers - the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, and thermosphere - which vary in temperature and density.
3. Key functions of the atmosphere include absorbing solar energy, recycling water and chemicals, protecting the planet from radiation, and supporting life on Earth.
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The document discusses air masses and fronts. It defines air masses as large bodies of air with uniform properties that form over land or water surfaces. There are four main types of air masses classified by their region of formation: maritime/continental and polar/tropical. Fronts are boundaries between unlike air masses. There are three main types of fronts: cold fronts, where cold air overtakes warm air; warm fronts, where warm air overtakes cold air; and occluded fronts, where a warm air mass is overtaken by two cooler air masses.
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This document discusses volcanoes and earthquakes. It begins by explaining that tectonic movements like earthquakes and volcanoes can abruptly change the Earth's surface features. It then defines earthquakes as vibrations produced in rocks, and describes the different types of earthquake waves. Causes of earthquakes include movement along faults in the Earth's crust. Volcanoes originate from magma pockets that form below the Earth's surface due to decreased pressure. The document outlines different types of volcanoes based on eruption style and activity level. It also describes the products of volcanic eruptions, including solid, liquid, and gaseous materials. Various landforms associated with volcanoes are also explained, such as volcanic cones, ash
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This document discusses plate tectonics and the structure of the Earth. It explains that the Earth's crust is broken into huge plates that drift atop the mantle. It describes the three layers of the Earth - the crust, mantle, and core. It discusses how the continents were once joined together in a supercontinent called Pangaea before drifting apart due to plate tectonics. There are three types of plate boundaries - divergent boundaries where plates move apart, convergent boundaries where they move together, and transform boundaries where they slide past each other.
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The Earth is composed of several concentric layers. The inner core is solid and suspended in the molten outer core, which generates the Earth's magnetic field through convection. Below this is the lower mantle, composed primarily of silicon, magnesium and oxygen. The upper mantle extends from 10-400km deep and includes olivine and pyroxene minerals, and may partially be molten. Above this is the transition region that includes basaltic magmas and minerals like garnet. The outermost layers are the oceanic and continental crusts, the former made of basalt from sea floor spreading and the latter composed mainly of low-density minerals like quartz and feldspar.
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Subduction zone
An oceanic plate subducts under a continental plate at a subduction zone due to the lower density of oceanic crust. As the oceanic plate descends it melts, and the resulting magma rises to create volcanic arcs, trenches, and island arcs above the subduction zone. Common examples are found along the Cascade Volcanic Arc in North America.
Seafloor Spreading
Earth and Life Science
Earth Materials and Processes: Deformation of the Crust
The learners shall be able to:
1) explain how the seafloor spreads (S11/12ESId-23);
2) describe the structure and evolution of ocean basins (S11/12ES-Id-24); and
3) explain how the movement of plates leads to the formation of folds and faults (S11/12ES-Id-22).
Specific Learning Outcomes
At the end of the lesson, the learners will be able to:
1. Discuss the history behind the Theory of Continental Drift;
2. Describe the Continental Drift Theory;
3. Enumerate and explain the evidence used to support the idea of drifting continents;
4. Identify major physiographic features of ocean basins
5. Describe the process of seafloor spreading
Tectonics: Plate tectonics Introduction
This document discusses key evidence for plate tectonics including matching fossils, rocks, and climate patterns found in different parts of the world. It describes plate boundaries like divergent boundaries where new crust forms at mid-ocean ridges, and convergent boundaries where plates collide including ocean-ocean, ocean-continent, and continent-continent collisions. It also discusses mantle plumes and hotspot volcanism. The key takeaways are that convection currents in the mantle drive plate motions, there are three main types of plate boundaries with different associated features and hazards, and hotspots represent fixed mantle plumes unrelated to boundaries.
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The document summarizes key concepts of plate tectonic theory. It explains that the lithosphere is made up of rigid tectonic plates that float on the asthenosphere and move at rates of 1-16 cm/year. There are three main types of plate boundaries - divergent where plates move apart, convergent where they move together, and transform where they slide past each other. Plate tectonics generates phenomena like earthquakes, volcanoes, mountain building and affects climate by moving continents and oceans over geologic time.
Layers of the Earth
The document describes the four main layers that make up the Earth - the crust, mantle, outer core, and inner core. The crust is the outermost layer, upon which we live, and is broken into tectonic plates. Below the crust is the mantle, which is divided into the upper and lower mantle. The lower mantle is very thick and contains molten rock that moves in convection currents. Deepest inside the Earth is the core, with a liquid outer core that generates the Earth's magnetic field and a solid inner core under intense heat and pressure.
Earth’s atmosphere
The document summarizes key information about Earth's atmosphere, including its composition, layers, and importance. It discusses the following main points:
1. Earth's atmosphere is made up primarily of nitrogen (78%) and oxygen (21%), along with smaller amounts of other gases like argon, carbon dioxide, and water vapor.
2. The atmosphere is divided into four main layers - the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, and thermosphere - which vary in temperature and density.
3. Key functions of the atmosphere include absorbing solar energy, recycling water and chemicals, protecting the planet from radiation, and supporting life on Earth.
The philippine environment
The Philippines has abundant natural resources due to its geography of over 7,000 islands, including fertile land, forests, mineral deposits, bodies of water, and marine resources. However, the country faces environmental problems such as overfishing, coastal development that damages coral reefs and mangroves, deforestation, and water pollution from untreated sewage. The government has implemented various laws to protect wildlife, reform mining practices, ban logging in certain areas, and manage solid waste, fisheries, and air quality to promote environmental conservation.
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3) Frictional heating from convection currents in the mantle also contributes to the Earth's internal heat. Seismic waves have allowed scientists to indirectly learn about the Earth's layered structure despite only drilling about 7 miles deep.
Earth and it's property management companies that time of year
The document discusses the four major layers that make up the structure of the Earth - the crust, mantle, outer core, and inner core. Each layer has distinct characteristics. The crust is the outermost solid layer, while the mantle below is also solid rock but hotter. Below this is the liquid outer core consisting of iron and nickel. The inner core is the deepest layer and is solid due to extreme pressure.
Seismology
This presentation is helpful for the student who have an interest in structural dynamics and seismology
Layers of the Earth.pptx
This document discusses the layers of the Earth, including the crust, mantle, outer core, and inner core. It describes the composition and properties of each layer. The crust is the outermost solid layer, varying in thickness between continents and oceans. The mantle, made largely of silicate rocks, flows slowly due to heat and pressure. Beneath the lithosphere lies the asthenosphere, facilitating plate tectonics. The outer core is liquid, while the inner core is solid due to extreme pressure despite temperatures over 5000°C. Together, the cores generate Earth's magnetic field.
Composition of the Earth.ppt
The document summarizes the composition and structure of the Earth. It is composed of three main layers - the crust, mantle, and core. The crust is the thin, solid outermost layer made of oxygen, silicon and other elements. Below is the mantle, which is thicker and denser, comprising most of the Earth's mass. The core is at the center and made mostly of iron. The Earth is also divided into tectonic plates that move atop the mantle.
Lesson 3_Science 10- Q1W3_ Plate Movement.pptx
The Earth is divided into three main layers - the crust, mantle, and core - based on their composition. The crust is the outermost solid layer and is divided into continental and oceanic crust. Below the crust is the mantle, which is divided into the upper and lower mantle. The innermost layer is the core, consisting of a solid inner core surrounded by a liquid outer core. These layers move and interact through plate tectonics.
PT
The document discusses the internal structure and composition of the Earth. It describes how temperature, pressure, and density increase towards the core. The Earth has a solid inner core made of iron and nickel, a liquid outer core also made of iron and nickel, a thick mantle made of silicate rocks, and a thin crust on top. Seismic data is used to determine this internal structure.
EALS_Earth's Internal Heat.pdf
The document discusses the layers of the Earth and how temperature and pressure increase with depth. It describes the three main layers - crust, mantle, and core. The crust consists of continental and oceanic crust. The mantle is divided into the lithosphere, asthenosphere, and lower mantle. The core has a solid inner core and liquid outer core. Heat in the Earth comes from primordial heat left over from formation and radioactive decay in the core, which also generates the magnetic field. Heat transfers to the surface via conduction in solids and convection in liquids like the mantle.
Earths Interior Andie
The document describes the layers that make up the interior of the Earth. It is divided into four main layers from outermost to innermost: the crust, mantle, outer core, and inner core. Scientists use seismic waves from earthquakes to determine the composition and structure of these layers, since they cannot directly observe the interior. The waves travel at different speeds through solids and liquids in the Earth, providing clues about what materials exist in its core and where transitions between layers occur.
layers of earth.
The Earth is composed of four main layers - the crust, mantle, outer core, and inner core. The crust is the topmost layer and ranges from 7-50 km thick. It is broken into tectonic plates that move and allow heat to escape from the interior. Below the crust lies the mantle, which makes up 84% of the Earth's volume and is solid but capable of flowing. Within the mantle, convection currents transfer heat between the upper and lower regions. At the center is the core, with an outer liquid layer surrounding a solid inner core made of iron and nickel. The layers grow progressively hotter and denser toward the Earth's center.
Earths Interior Andie
The document describes the different layers that make up the interior of the Earth. It is divided into four main layers from outermost to innermost: the crust, mantle, outer core, and inner core. The crust is the thinnest layer and is made up of either oceanic or continental crust. Below the crust is the mantle, which is the largest layer and makes up most of the Earth's volume. At the center are the outer core, made of liquid iron and nickel, and the solid inner core, also made of iron and nickel.
Layers of the Earth
The Earth is composed of four main layers - the crust, mantle, outer core, and inner core. The crust, made of lighter rocks like granite and basalt, is the topmost layer we live on. Below is the mantle, making up over 80% of the Earth's volume and composed of hot, dense rock. Within the mantle is the liquid outer core of melted nickel and iron. Deepest is the solid inner core where extreme heat and pressure turn the metals solid.
Earthss-Internal-Structure.pptx bsc first
The internal structure of the Earth can be inferred from seismic data and is divided into layers. The crust is the topmost solid layer, varying in thickness and composition between continental and oceanic crust. Below is the mantle, which makes up over 80% of the Earth's volume and is semi-liquid. The mantle is separated from the core by the Mohorovicic discontinuity. The core is the innermost layer and is divided into a solid inner core and liquid outer core, both composed primarily of iron and nickel.
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Layers of earth
- 1. Layers of the Earth
- 2. Learning Objectives • I can describe the structure of the Earth’s interior. • I can relate the structure of the Earth’s interior to plate tectonics. • I can explain the convection currents that power plate movement.
- 3. Essential Question: How are layers of the Earth different from one another? .Compare and contrast the Earth’s crust, mantle and core including temperature, density, and composition.
- 5. The Earth is made up of 3 main layers: Crust Mantle Core
- 6. Think of the layers of the Earth like the layers of a cake.
- 7. Use the Layers of the Earth Foldable to take notes
- 9. The Earth’s crust is like the skin of an apple.
- 10. • Thinnest layer of the Earth • Made up of large amounts of silicon and aluminum • Composed of plates on which the continents and oceans rest. These “ride” over molten mantle. • Crust is part of the lithosphere. • Two types of Crust: Oceanic and Continental Ocean Land Crust
- 11. Continental vs. Oceanic Crust Category Continental Oceanic Rock Type Granite Basalt Thickness 5 – 70km (Thicker) 3 – 8 km (Thinner) State Solid Solid Crust Age 4 billion years old or Older 180 million years old or Younger Density Less Dense More Dense Element Composition Oxygen, Sodium, Silicon, Aluminum, Potassium Iron, Magnesium, Calcium
- 12. The Lithospheric Plates •The crust of the Earth is broken into many pieces called plates. The plates "float" on the soft, semi- rigid asthenosphere.
- 14. The Mantle The Mantle is the largest layer of the Earth at 2900 km thick. The middle mantle is composed of very hot dense rock that flows like asphalt under a heavy weight. The movement of the middle mantle (asthenosphere) is the reason that the crustal plates of the Earth move.
- 16. Outer Core • Composition: Molten (liquid) metal that is about 4,700°C (8,500°F) • Thickness: 2,266 km (1,400) miles • State of Matter: Composed of the melted metals nickel and iron (liquid) • Located about 1,800 miles beneath the crust.
- 17. • Solid sphere made mostly of iron and has Nickel • It is believed to be as hot as 6,650°C (12,000°F) • Heat in the core generated by the radioactive decay of uranium and other elements • It is solid because of the pressure from the outer core, mantle, and crust compressing it. • Thickness: 1271 km (800 miles) Inner Core
- 19. What do these two images tell us about the layers of the Earth?
- 20. Temperature increases as depth increases
- 21. Look at the information in the graph and table below. What’s the relationship between depth and density/pressure?
- 22. Density and Pressure increase as depth increases
- 23. Add this statement to the arrow going down on your foldable. Temperature, Density and Pressure increases as depth increases
- 24. Which layer of the Earth has the greatest temperature, pressure, and density? Core
- 25. • How far have scientists drilled into the earth? •7.6 miles – Only 0.2% of the distance to the earth’s core
- 26. How do we know so much about what’s under Earth’s surface? • Through INDIRECT EVIDENCE, mostly from seismic waves caused by earthquakes (more on this later this semester...) • Sometimes indirect evidence is the only option for scientists to develop a theory • Lets give it a try...
- 27. Practice Quiz Question • Can you label the following layers?
- 29. Big Ideas • The Earth is divided into 3 Main Layers – Crust – Mantle – Core • Main Rock type of the 2 types of Crust – Oceanic – Basalt – Continental – Granite • Oceanic Crust is denser than Continental Crust
- 30. Big Ideas Continued • The lithosphere is divided into tectonic plates. • The Mantle has the convection currents which causes the plates to move. • The Asthenosphere flows semi-liquid on which the plates move • Temperature, pressure, and density increases as depth increases. This is a direct relationship.
Editor's Notes
- In depth teaching about the plates and their movement will occur in the next essential question