The document provides a comprehensive overview of the TCA cycle, also known as the citric acid or Krebs cycle, detailing its significance in cellular respiration and energy production. It outlines the cycle's reactions, key enzymes involved, and the role of oxygen, emphasizing that it is the central metabolic pathway for carbohydrates, fats, and amino acids. Additionally, the document compares glycolysis and the TCA cycle, highlighting their distinct processes and outputs.

1. TCA
cycle

2. Specific Learning Objectives
At the end of the lecture, the students will be
able to
• Explain the TCA cycle.

3. Introduction
• The second stage of cellular respiration is called the
citric acid cycle. It is also known as the Krebs cycle or
Citric acid cycle or Tricarboxylic acid (TCA cycle).
• It is the most important metabolic pathway for the
energy supply to the body.
• Enzymes play an important role in the citric acid cycle.
Each step is catalyzed by a very specific enzyme.

4. Cont….
• Krebs cycle – It was proposed by Hans Adolf Krebs
in 1937, based on the studies of oxygen consumption
in pigeon breast muscle.
• Citric Acid Cycle – OAA (oxaloacetate acid ) reacts
with Acetyl CoA to produce citric acid and the cycle
begins.

5. Cont.…
• TCA cycle- Citric acid contains three carboxyl group.
(citrate, cis aconitate and isocitrate) participate.

6. Cont.…
• About 65-70% of the ATP is synthesized in Krebs
cycle.
• Citric acid cycle essentially involves the oxidation of
acetyl CoA to CO2 and H2O.
• This cycle utilizes about two thirds of total oxygen
consumed by the body.

7. Cont.…
• In eukaryotes, the Krebs cycle uses a molecule of
acetyl CoA to generate 1 ATP, 3 NADH, 1 FADH2, 2
CO2, and 3 H+.
• Two molecules of acetyl CoA are produced in
glycolysis so the total number of molecules produced in
the citric acid cycle is doubled (2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2
FADH2, 4 CO2, and 6 H+).
• Both the NADH and FADH2 molecules made in the
Krebs cycle are sent to the electron transport chain,
the last stage of cellular respiration.

8. TCA cycle- the central metabolic pathway.
• The citric acid cycle is the final common oxidative
pathway for carbohydrates, fats and amino acids.
• This cycle not only supplies energy but also
provides many intermediates required for the
synthesis of amino acids, glucose, heme etc.
• Krebs cycle is the most important central pathway
connecting almost all the individual metabolic
pathways (either directly or indirectly).

9. Location of TCA cycle
• In eukaryotic cells- This process occurs in the matrix
of the mitochondrion
• In prokaryotic cells, this reaction occurs in the cytosol.

10. TCA cycle- an overview
• Krebs cycle basically involves the combination of a
two carbon acetyl CoA with a four carbon
oxaloacetate to produce a six carbon tricarboxylic
acid, citrate.
• In the reactions that follow, the two carbons are
oxidized to CO2 and oxaloacetate is regenerated
and recycled.
• Oxaloacetate is considered to play a catalytic role in
citric acid cycle.

11. Reactions of citric acid cycle
1. Formation of citrate
In the first step of the citric acid cycle,
acetyl CoA joins with a four-carbon molecule,
oxaloacetate, releasing the CoA group and forming
a six-carbon molecule called citrate. Catalysed by
the enzyme citrate synthase.

12. Cont….
• 2. and 3. Citrate is isomerized to isocitrate by the
enzyme aconitase. This is achieved in a two stage
reaction of dehydration followed by hydration (removal
and then the addition of a water molecule) through the
formation of an intermediate—cis-aconitate.

13. Cont….
• 4. and 5. Formation of alfa -ketoglutarate : The
enzyme isocitrate dehydrogenase (ICD) catalyses the
conversion (oxidative decarboxylation) of isocitrate to
oxalosuccinate and then to Alfa -ketoglutarate. The
formation of NADH and the liberation of CO2 occur
at this stage.

14. Cont…
• In the third step, isocitrate is oxidized and releases a
molecule of carbon dioxide, leaving behind a five-
carbon molecule—α-ketoglutarate. During this
step, NAD + is reduced to form NADH. The enzyme
catalyzing this step, isocitrate dehydrogenase, is
important in regulating the speed of the citric acid
cycle.

15. Cont….
6. Conversion of alfa -ketoglutarate to succinyl CoA
occurs through oxidative decarboxylation, catalysed by
alfa -ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex. This
enzyme is dependent on five cofactors—TPP, lipoamide,
NAD+, FAD and CoA. The mechanism of the reaction is
analogous to the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA

16. Cont….
7. Formation of succinate : Succinyl CoA is converted
to succinate by succinate thiokinase. This reaction is
coupled with the phosphorylation of GDP (Guanosine
Diphosphate) to GTP. This is a substrate level
phosphorylation. GTP is converted to ATP by the
enzyme nucleoside diphosphate kinase.
GTP + ADP ATP + GDP

17. Cont….
• 8. Conversion of succinate to fumarate : Succinate
is oxidized by succinate dehydrogenase to fumarate.
This reaction results in the production of FADH2 and
not NADH.
9. Formation of malate : The enzyme fumarase
catalyses the conversion of fumarate to malate with the
addition of H2O.

18. Cont….
10. Conversion of malate to oxaloacetate : Malate is
then oxidized to oxaloacetate by malate dehydrogenase.
The third and final synthesis of NADH occurs at this
stage. The oxaloacetate is regenerated which can
combine with another molecule of acetyl CoA, and
continue the cycle.

19. Requirement of O2 by TCA cycle
• There is no direct participation of oxygen in Krebs cycle.
• Cycle operates only under aerobic conditions.
• This is due to the fact that NAD+ and FAD (form NADH and FADH2,
respectively) required for the operation of the cycle can be
regenerated in the ETC only in the presence of O2.
• Therefore, citric acid cycle is strictly aerobic in contrast to
glycolysis which operates in both aerobic and anaerobic conditions.

20. Energetics of citric acid cycle
• During the process of oxidation of acetyl CoA via citric acid cycle,
4 reducing equivalents (3 as NADH and one as FADH2) are
produced.
• Oxidation of 3 NADH by electron transport chain coupled with
oxidative phosphorylation results in the synthesis of 9 ATP,
whereas FADH2 leads to the formation of 2 ATP and 1 GTP (1
ATP).
• Besides, there is one substrate level phosphorylation. Thus, a total
of twelve ATP are produced from one acetyl CoA.

21. Cont.…
NADH→3 ATP×3→9 ATP
FADH2→2 ATP→2 ATP
GTP/ATP→1 ATP
Total→12 ATP

22. Role of vitamins in TCA cycle
• Four B-complex vitamins are essential for Krebs cycle,
and thus energy generation
1. Thiamine (as TPP) as a coenzyme for D-ketoglutarate
dehydrogenase.
2. Riboflavin (as FAD) as a coenzyme for succinate
dehydrogenase.
3. Niacin (as NAD+) as electron acceptor for isocitrate
dehydrogenase, D-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase and
malate dehydrogenase.
4. Pantothenic acid (as coenzyme A) attached to active
carboxylic acid residues i.e. acetyl CoA, succinyl CoA

23. Mnemonics of TCA Cycle
Citrate Is Krebs Starting
Substrate for Making OAA

25. Difference between
Glycolysis and
TCA cycle

26. Glycolysis Kreb Cycle
Glycolysis is a metabolic
process in which glucose
(C6H12O16) is converted
into Pyruvic Acid
(CH3COCOOH).
TCA cycle is series of
chemical reactions used by
all organism to release
store energy through the
oxidation of Acetyl CoA
derived from
Carbohydrates, fats and
Proteins
Glycolysis is also known as
EMP pathway.
Kreb cycle is also known
as TCA cycle (Tri
carboxylic acid cycle) or
Citric Acid cycle.

27. Glycolysis Kreb Cycle
Glycolysis is discovered by
Embden, Meyerhof and Parnas
in 1940.
Citric Acid cycle is
discovered by Hans Kreb's
Glycolysis occurs in Cytoplasm
Kreb cycle occurs in Matrix of
Mitochondria
Glycolysis is the first step of
aerobic respiration which
produce two molecules
pyruvate (3 carbon containing
compound) after partial
breakdown of glucose.
Kreb cycle is the second step
of aerobic respiration in which
pyruvic acid is completely
oxidised into organic
substances and forms Co2

28. Glycolysis Kreb Cycle
Glycolysis occurs in All living
organisms
TCA cycle occurs only in
Aerobic Organisms that
requires Oxygen for there
growth and development.
Oxygen is not required in the
process of glycolysis.
Oxygen is Must for Kreb cycle
No Co2 Evolved Co2 evolved
Glycolysis takes place in
Aerobic and anaerobic
respiration
Tri carboxylic acid cycle takes
place in Aerobic respiration.

29. Glycolysis Kreb Cycle
Glycolysis occurs in linear
sequence.
It occurs in cyclic manner.
In glycolysis glucose act as
substrate.
In Creb Cycle Acetyl CoA Act
as Substrate.
It produces Pyruvic acid, NADH
and ATP.
It produces oxalic acid, FADH2,
NADH2, ATP and CO2.
Total Four ATP molecules are
produced in glycolysis by One
glucose molecules.
One ATP or GTP molecules
are produced by substrates
level Phosphorylation in each
turn of TCA cycle.

30. Expected Questions
Essay/ Situational Type
• Explain the TCA Cycle.

31. THANK YOU