A complete cholesterol test — also called a lipid panel or lipid profile — is a blood test that can measure the amount of cholesterol and triglycerides in your blood
Lipids are fatty substances that play an important role in a number of body functions. Apart from being structural components of the cells, Lipids also act as a source and mode of storage of energy for the body. The Lipid Profile Test measures the levels of specific types of lipids in the blood.
For more details, visit:
https://www.1mg.com/labs/test/lipid-profile-1909
Lipids are fatty substances that play an important role in a number of body functions. Apart from being structural components of the cells, Lipids also act as a source and mode of storage of energy for the body. The Lipid Profile Test measures the levels of specific types of lipids in the blood.
For more details, visit:
https://www.1mg.com/labs/test/lipid-profile-1909
Insulin and glucagon help maintain blood sugar levels. Glucagon helps prevent blood sugar from dropping, while insulin stops it from rising too high. Insulin and glucagon work together in a balance and play a vital role in regulating a person's blood sugar levels. Glucagon breaks down glycogen to glucose in the liver.
Electrolytes are minerals which are present in the blood and body tissues and are essential for metabolism, for proper nerve and muscle functioning, for maintenance of proper water balance, and proper blood pH (acid-base balance). The serum electrolyte test includes a group of tests to measure the following electrolytes: Sodium (Na+), Potassium (K+) and Chloride (Cl-).
Reference: https://www.1mg.com/labs/test/serum-electrolyte-1761
Glucose tolerance tests are also used to diagnose diabetes. The OGTT is used to screen for or diagnose diabetes in people with a fasting blood glucose level that is high, but is not high enough (above 125 mg/dL or 7 mmol/L) to meet the diagnosis for diabetes.
Renal function tests are very useful for effective clinical evaluation of renal failure for effective management. So it is useful for medical and allied professional students and clinical practitioners.
Introduction
General structure of lipoprotein
Apo lipoprotein
Classification of lipoprotein
Chylomicron
LDL- low density lipoprotein
HDL- high density lipoprotein
VLDL- very low density lipoprotein
IDL- intermediate density lipoprotein
Clinical disorders
Preventive measures
Lipoprotein analysis
Diet , cholesterol and lipoprotein
Insulin and glucagon help maintain blood sugar levels. Glucagon helps prevent blood sugar from dropping, while insulin stops it from rising too high. Insulin and glucagon work together in a balance and play a vital role in regulating a person's blood sugar levels. Glucagon breaks down glycogen to glucose in the liver.
Electrolytes are minerals which are present in the blood and body tissues and are essential for metabolism, for proper nerve and muscle functioning, for maintenance of proper water balance, and proper blood pH (acid-base balance). The serum electrolyte test includes a group of tests to measure the following electrolytes: Sodium (Na+), Potassium (K+) and Chloride (Cl-).
Reference: https://www.1mg.com/labs/test/serum-electrolyte-1761
Glucose tolerance tests are also used to diagnose diabetes. The OGTT is used to screen for or diagnose diabetes in people with a fasting blood glucose level that is high, but is not high enough (above 125 mg/dL or 7 mmol/L) to meet the diagnosis for diabetes.
Renal function tests are very useful for effective clinical evaluation of renal failure for effective management. So it is useful for medical and allied professional students and clinical practitioners.
Introduction
General structure of lipoprotein
Apo lipoprotein
Classification of lipoprotein
Chylomicron
LDL- low density lipoprotein
HDL- high density lipoprotein
VLDL- very low density lipoprotein
IDL- intermediate density lipoprotein
Clinical disorders
Preventive measures
Lipoprotein analysis
Diet , cholesterol and lipoprotein
The high risks of lipids and its relevance towards the development of different cardiovascular diseases has been known to all where this present slide focuses on that only along with the different treatment procedures,.
lipoproteins transfer lipids such as triacylglycerol, cholestryl ester, fat soluble vitamins in the body. there are 5 categories of lipoproteins which includes chylomicrone, VLDL, IDL, LDL and HDL. LDL-cholesterol is called bad cholestrol while HDL-cholesterol is called good cholesterol.
Lipoprotein introduction, their general characteristics, exogenous and endogenous metabolism focusing on chylomicron and vldl metabolism, ldl metabolism and HDL metabolism , reverse cholesterol transport.
Group Dynamic(presentation for nursing management)ABHIJIT BHOYAR
Group dynamics is a system of behaviors and psychological processes occurring within a social group (intragroup dynamics), or between social groups (intergroup dynamics)
the practice of training people to obey rules and behave well.
the practice of training your mind and body so that you control your actions and obey rules; a way of doing this
Isoenzymes (or isozymes) are a group of enzymes that catalyze the same reaction but have different enzyme forms and catalytic efficiencies. Isozymes are usually distinguished by their electrophoretic mobilities.
An enzyme is a biological catalyst and is almost always a protein. It speeds up the rate of a specific chemical reaction in the cell. The enzyme is not destroyed during the reaction and is used over and over.
Cholesterol is a waxy substance found in your blood. Your body needs cholesterol to build healthy cells, but high levels of cholesterol can increase your risk of heart disease.
Lipid metabolism entails the oxidation of fatty acids to either generate energy or synthesize new lipids from smaller constituent molecules. Lipid metabolism is associated with carbohydrate metabolism,
LIPIDS-Digestion and absorption of Lipids.pptxABHIJIT BHOYAR
The digestion of lipids begins in the oral cavity through exposure to lingual lipases, which are secreted by glands in the tongue to begin the process of digesting triglycerides.
The term essential fatty acids (EFA) refers to those polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) that must be provided by foods because these cannot be synthesized in the body yet are necessary for health
Fatty acids are the building blocks of the fat in our bodies and in the food we eat. During digestion, the body breaks down fats into fatty acids, which can then be absorbed into the blood. Fatty acid molecules are usually joined together in groups of three, forming a molecule called a triglyceride.
Once the egg has left the ovary it can be fertilized and implant itself in the lining of the uterus. The main function of the uterus is to nourish the developing fetus prior to birth.
he kidneys are a vital organ critical to the human body. From filtering waste from blood to produce red blood cells, it serves a crucial role. With cells and tissue that work together in synchronized form for common function
If you like share this PPT presentation to nursing students. The pancreas is an organ and a gland. Glands are organs that produce and release substances in the body. The pancreas performs two main functions: Exocrine function: Produces substances (enzymes) that help with digestion.
he spleen is a fist-sized organ found in the upper left side of your abdomen, next to your stomach and behind your left ribs. It's an important part of your immune system but you can survive without it. This is because the liver can take over many of the spleen's functions
The Popliteal Fossa is a diamond-shaped space behind the knee joint. It is formed between the muscles in the posterior compartments of the thigh and leg. This anatomical landmark is the major route by which structures pass between the thigh and leg.
The femoral triangle is a wedge-shaped area located within the superomedial aspect of the anterior thigh. The femoral triangle is a hollow region located in the supero-medial part of the anterior thigh.
Want to move your career forward? Looking to build your leadership skills while helping others learn, grow, and improve their skills? Seeking someone who can guide you in achieving these goals?
You can accomplish this through a mentoring partnership. Learn more about the PMISSC Mentoring Program, where you’ll discover the incredible benefits of becoming a mentor or mentee. This program is designed to foster professional growth, enhance skills, and build a strong network within the project management community. Whether you're looking to share your expertise or seeking guidance to advance your career, the PMI Mentoring Program offers valuable opportunities for personal and professional development.
Watch this to learn:
* Overview of the PMISSC Mentoring Program: Mission, vision, and objectives.
* Benefits for Volunteer Mentors: Professional development, networking, personal satisfaction, and recognition.
* Advantages for Mentees: Career advancement, skill development, networking, and confidence building.
* Program Structure and Expectations: Mentor-mentee matching process, program phases, and time commitment.
* Success Stories and Testimonials: Inspiring examples from past participants.
* How to Get Involved: Steps to participate and resources available for support throughout the program.
Learn how you can make a difference in the project management community and take the next step in your professional journey.
About Hector Del Castillo
Hector is VP of Professional Development at the PMI Silver Spring Chapter, and CEO of Bold PM. He's a mid-market growth product executive and changemaker. He works with mid-market product-driven software executives to solve their biggest growth problems. He scales product growth, optimizes ops and builds loyal customers. He has reduced customer churn 33%, and boosted sales 47% for clients. He makes a significant impact by building and launching world-changing AI-powered products. If you're looking for an engaging and inspiring speaker to spark creativity and innovation within your organization, set up an appointment to discuss your specific needs and identify a suitable topic to inspire your audience at your next corporate conference, symposium, executive summit, or planning retreat.
About PMI Silver Spring Chapter
We are a branch of the Project Management Institute. We offer a platform for project management professionals in Silver Spring, MD, and the DC/Baltimore metro area. Monthly meetings facilitate networking, knowledge sharing, and professional development. For event details, visit pmissc.org.
This comprehensive program covers essential aspects of performance marketing, growth strategies, and tactics, such as search engine optimization (SEO), pay-per-click (PPC) advertising, content marketing, social media marketing, and more
The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Modern Society.pdfssuser3e63fc
Just a game Assignment 3
1. What has made Louis Vuitton's business model successful in the Japanese luxury market?
2. What are the opportunities and challenges for Louis Vuitton in Japan?
3. What are the specifics of the Japanese fashion luxury market?
4. How did Louis Vuitton enter into the Japanese market originally? What were the other entry strategies it adopted later to strengthen its presence?
5. Will Louis Vuitton have any new challenges arise due to the global financial crisis? How does it overcome the new challenges?Assignment 3
1. What has made Louis Vuitton's business model successful in the Japanese luxury market?
2. What are the opportunities and challenges for Louis Vuitton in Japan?
3. What are the specifics of the Japanese fashion luxury market?
4. How did Louis Vuitton enter into the Japanese market originally? What were the other entry strategies it adopted later to strengthen its presence?
5. Will Louis Vuitton have any new challenges arise due to the global financial crisis? How does it overcome the new challenges?Assignment 3
1. What has made Louis Vuitton's business model successful in the Japanese luxury market?
2. What are the opportunities and challenges for Louis Vuitton in Japan?
3. What are the specifics of the Japanese fashion luxury market?
4. How did Louis Vuitton enter into the Japanese market originally? What were the other entry strategies it adopted later to strengthen its presence?
5. Will Louis Vuitton have any new challenges arise due to the global financial crisis? How does it overcome the new challenges?
2. At the end of the lecture students will be able to
• Define lipoprotein.
• Explain the structure of lipoprotein.
• Describe the functions of lipoprotein.
• Explain the clinical significance of lipoprotein.
Specific Learning objectives
3. Introduction
• Lipoproteins are molecular complexes that consist of lipids and
proteins (conjugated proteins).
• Function is as transport vehicles for lipids in blood plasma.
• Lipoproteins deliver the lipid components (cholesterol,
triacylglycerol etc.) to various tissues for utilization.
• The proteins serve to emulsify the lipid molecules.
• Many enzymes, transporters, structural proteins, antigens, and
toxins are lipoproteins.
4. Definition
A lipoprotein is a biochemical assembly that contains both
proteins and lipids, bound to the proteins, which allow fats to
move through the water inside and outside cells.
5. Structure of lipoproteins
• A lipoprotein basically consists of a neutral lipid core (with
triacylglycerol and/or cholesteryl ester) surrounded by a coat
shell of phospholipids, apoproteins and cholesterol.
• The polar portions (amphiphilic) of phospholipids and
cholesterol are exposed on the surface of lipoproteins so that
lipoprotein is soluble in aqueous solution.
6.
7. 1-LDL
• (low density
lipoprotein,
highest in
cholesteryl
esters as % of
weight)
2-HDL
• (high density
lipoprotein,
highest in
density due to
high
protein/lipid
ratio).
3-Chylomicron
• (largest;
lowest in
density due to
high
lipid/protein
ratio; highest
in
triacylglycerols
as % of
weight).
4-VLDL
• (very low
density
lipoprotein;
2nd highest in
triacylglycerols
as % of weight).
5-IDL.
• (intermediate
density
lipoprotein)
6. Free fatty
acids—
• albumin
Classification
They are classified based on their density
8. Chylomicron
• Chylomicron (from the Greek chylo, meaning juice or
milky fluid, and micron, meaning small particle)
• They are lipoprotein particles that consist of
Triglycerides (85–92%),
Phospholipids (6–12%),
Cholesterol (1–3%),
Proteins (1–2%).
9. Cont….
• They are synthesized in the intestine and transport exogenous
(dietary) triacylglycerol to various tissues.
• They consist of highest (99%) quantity of lipid and lowest (1%)
concentration of protein.
• The chylomicrons are the least in density and the largest in size,
among the lipoproteins.
10. Functions
• Chylomicrons are small lipoproteins transported from the intestine
into the bloodstream.
• Chylomicrons transport lipids absorbed from the intestine to
adipose cardiac, and skeletal muscle tissue, where their
triglyceride components are hydrolyzed by the activity of the
lipoprotein lipase, allowing the released free fatty acids to be
absorbed by the tissues.
11. Cont…..
• When a large portion of the triacylglycerol core have been
hydrolyzed, chylomicron remnants are formed and are taken up by
the liver, hereby transferring dietary fat also to the liver.
• It transports dietary fats and cholesterol from intestines to tissues
12. Clinical significance of Chylomicron
• Defective synthesis- Due to deficiency of apo-B 48 protein. The
triglyceride may accumulate in intestinal cells.
• Chyluria- Due to an abnormal connection between urinary tract and
lymphatic drainage system of the intestines, forming Chylous fistula.
Characterized by passage of Milky urine.
• Chylothorax- There is an abnormal connection between pleural
space and the lymphatic drainage of small intestine resulting in
accumulation of lymph in pleural cavity giving Milky pleural effusion
13. 2. Very low density lipoproteins (VLDL)
• They are produced in liver and intestine and are
responsible for the transport of endogenously
synthesized triacylglycerols.
14. Function Of VLDL
• VLDL transports endogenous triglycerides , phospholipids,
cholesterol, and cholesteryl esters.
• It functions as the body's internal transport mechanism for lipids.
• In addition it serves for long-range transport of hydrophobic
intercellular messengers, like the morphogen.
15. Clinical significance of VLDL
• VLDL contains the highest amount of triglycerides. VLDL is a type
of "bad cholesterol" because it helps cholesterol build up on the
walls of arteries.
• A lab test is used to measure the amount of VLDL in your blood
16. IDL (Intermediate Density Lipoprotein).
• The VLDL remnant is called IDL, or Intermediate Density
Lipoprotein.
• It’s formed from the degradation of very low- density lipoproteins.
• Their size is, in general, 25 to 35 nm in diameter, and they contain
primarily a range of triacylglycerols and cholesterol esters.
17. Function of IDL (intermediate density
lipoprotein).
• It enables fats and cholesterol to move within the water-based
solution of the bloodstream.
• Each native IDL particle consists of protein that encircles various
fatty acids, enabling, as a water-soluble particle, these fatty
acids to travel in the aqueous blood environment as part of the
fat transport system within the body.
• In general, IDL, somewhat similar to low-density lipoprotein (LDL),
transports a variety of triglyceride fats and cholesterol and, like LDL,
can also promote the growth of atheroma.
18. 3. Low density lipoproteins (LDL)
• They are formed from VLDL in the blood circulation.
They transport cholesterol from liver to other tissues.
19. Function of LDL
• 75% of plasma cholesterol is incorporated into LDL particles.
• LDL transports cholesterol from liver to peripheral tissues.
• The transported cholesterol has following fates:
For synthesis of steroids.
Incorporated into membranes.
Esterified to MUFA & stored.
Forward & reverse transport of cholesterol
20. Clinical significance of LDLs
• LDL concentration is increased in cardiovascular diseases.
• Small fraction of cholesterol is taken up by macrophages.
• Increased levels of LDL or modified LDL or oxidized LDL
increases the fraction of cholesterol taken by macrophages.
• There is an LDL infiltration through arterial walls & taken up by
macrophages .
21. Cont….
• This is starting event of atherosclerosis, leading to MI.
• These cells become engorged with cholesterol, foam cells are formed.
• These are deposited in sub-endothelial space triggering the formation
of atheromatous plaque. Leads to thrombosis & coronary artery
disease.
• LDL is a bad-cholesterol.
• Defects in LDL receptor synthesis leads to familial
hypercholesterolemia.
22. 4. High density lipoproteins (HDL)
• They are mostly synthesized in liver. Three different fractions of
HDL (1, 2 and 3) can be identified by ultracentrifugation.
• HDL particles transport cholesterol from peripheral tissues to liver
(reverse cholesterol transport).
23. Functions of HDL
• HDL is the transports cholesterol from peripheral tissues to liver,
called as reverse cholesterol transport.
• Cholesterol is excreted through bile.
• Cholesterol excretion needs prior esterification with PUFA.
• PUFA reduces serum cholesterol levels.
• PUFA is anti-atherogenic.
24. Clinical Significance
• Serum HDL levels are inversely related to the incidence of MI.
• HDL is “anti-atherogenic” or protective in nature.
• It is a good cholesterol.
• HDL levels <35mg/dl increases risk, >65mg/dl reduces the risk of
CAD.
25. 5. Free fatty acids—albumin
• Free fatty acids in the circulation are in a bound form to albumin.
• Each molecule of albumin can hold about 20-30 molecules of free
fatty acids.
• This lipoprotein cannot be separated by electrophoresis.
26.
27. Lipid Profile
• A lipid profile usually includes the levels of total cholesterol, high-
density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, triglycerides, low- density
lipoprotein and Very low- density lipoprotein a in ordered to
determine the risk of heart disease.
• Lipids are different from most tests in that it is not used to
diagnose or monitor a disease but is used to estimate risk of
developing a disease — specifically heart disease.
28. Lipid Profile Test
• The lipid profile test measures the levels of different types of lipids
in the blood.
• Lipids are fats or fat like substances which are
Important components of the cells
Source of energy for the body
29. Components of a Lipid Profile test
● Total Cholesterol
● Low Density Lipoproteins (LDL cholesterol)
● High Density Lipoproteins (HDL cholesterol)
● Triglycerides (TGs)
● Very Low Density Lipoproteins (VLDL cholesterol)
30. Why is Lipid profile done?
1. To screen for suspected heart diseases like
• Coronary artery disease
• Stroke
2. To monitor the efficacy of
• Lipid lowering therapy like statins
• Lifestyle changes like diet or exercise on the lipid levels
31. Cont….
• Lipid Profile is also done in patients with risk factors like
Smoking
Obesity
High blood pressure
Sedentary lifestyle
Diabetes
Family history or previous history of heart diseases
32. What does results of Lipid Profile mean?
• High levels of total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, triglycerides
and low levels of HDL indicates high risk of atherosclerosis
and heart diseases like heart attack, or stroke
• Low levels of total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, triglycerides
and high HDL cholesterol levels indicates low risk of
atherosclerosis and heart diseases like heart attack, or
stroke.
33. How is Lipid profile done?
• Lipid profile is done on a blood sample withdrawn from a vein of
your arm
• Typically, a fasting of 8 to 12 hours is required before the test.