Isoenzymes (or isozymes) are a group of enzymes that catalyze the same reaction but have different enzyme forms and catalytic efficiencies. Isozymes are usually distinguished by their electrophoretic mobilities.
The multiple forms of an enzyme catalyzing the same chemical reaction are called isoenzmyes. They, however, differ in their physical and chemical properties.
Examples: Isozymes of numerous dehydrogenases, and several oxidases, transaminases, phosphatases, transphosphorylases, proteolytic enzymes, aldolases.
The multiple forms of an enzyme catalyzing the same chemical reaction are called isoenzmyes. They, however, differ in their physical and chemical properties.
Examples: Isozymes of numerous dehydrogenases, and several oxidases, transaminases, phosphatases, transphosphorylases, proteolytic enzymes, aldolases.
Enzymes definitions, types & classificationJasmineJuliet
Enzyme - Introduction, Biocatalysts, Definition of enzymes, Types of enzymes, classification of enzyme, Nomenclature of enzymes, EC number, Types of enzymes with examples, and reaction.
Enzymology clinical significance of enzymes and isoenzymesrohini sane
A comprehensive presentation on Enzymology Clinical significance of Enzymes & Isoenzymes for MBBS , BDS, B Pharm & Biotechnology students to facilitate self- study.
ISOENZYME
INTRODUCTION
HISTORY
DEFINATION
EXPLANATION FOR THE EXISTENCE OF ISOENZYME
IMPORTANT EXAMPLE OF ISOENZYME
LACTATE DEHYDROGENASE(LDH)
CREATINE PHOSPHOKINASE(CPK)
ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE (ALP)
REFERENCE
Enzymes definitions, types & classificationJasmineJuliet
Enzyme - Introduction, Biocatalysts, Definition of enzymes, Types of enzymes, classification of enzyme, Nomenclature of enzymes, EC number, Types of enzymes with examples, and reaction.
Enzymology clinical significance of enzymes and isoenzymesrohini sane
A comprehensive presentation on Enzymology Clinical significance of Enzymes & Isoenzymes for MBBS , BDS, B Pharm & Biotechnology students to facilitate self- study.
ISOENZYME
INTRODUCTION
HISTORY
DEFINATION
EXPLANATION FOR THE EXISTENCE OF ISOENZYME
IMPORTANT EXAMPLE OF ISOENZYME
LACTATE DEHYDROGENASE(LDH)
CREATINE PHOSPHOKINASE(CPK)
ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE (ALP)
REFERENCE
An enzyme is a biological catalyst and is almost always a protein. It speeds up the rate of a specific chemical reaction in the cell. The enzyme is not destroyed during the reaction and is used over and over.
his video explains the different Characteristics of enzymes like specificity, efficiency, catalytic, protein and colloidal nature.
https://youtu.be/EzCSWQAv7so link for you tube video
Group Dynamic(presentation for nursing management)ABHIJIT BHOYAR
Group dynamics is a system of behaviors and psychological processes occurring within a social group (intragroup dynamics), or between social groups (intergroup dynamics)
the practice of training people to obey rules and behave well.
the practice of training your mind and body so that you control your actions and obey rules; a way of doing this
A complete cholesterol test — also called a lipid panel or lipid profile — is a blood test that can measure the amount of cholesterol and triglycerides in your blood
Cholesterol is a waxy substance found in your blood. Your body needs cholesterol to build healthy cells, but high levels of cholesterol can increase your risk of heart disease.
Lipid metabolism entails the oxidation of fatty acids to either generate energy or synthesize new lipids from smaller constituent molecules. Lipid metabolism is associated with carbohydrate metabolism,
LIPIDS-Digestion and absorption of Lipids.pptxABHIJIT BHOYAR
The digestion of lipids begins in the oral cavity through exposure to lingual lipases, which are secreted by glands in the tongue to begin the process of digesting triglycerides.
The term essential fatty acids (EFA) refers to those polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) that must be provided by foods because these cannot be synthesized in the body yet are necessary for health
Fatty acids are the building blocks of the fat in our bodies and in the food we eat. During digestion, the body breaks down fats into fatty acids, which can then be absorbed into the blood. Fatty acid molecules are usually joined together in groups of three, forming a molecule called a triglyceride.
Once the egg has left the ovary it can be fertilized and implant itself in the lining of the uterus. The main function of the uterus is to nourish the developing fetus prior to birth.
he kidneys are a vital organ critical to the human body. From filtering waste from blood to produce red blood cells, it serves a crucial role. With cells and tissue that work together in synchronized form for common function
If you like share this PPT presentation to nursing students. The pancreas is an organ and a gland. Glands are organs that produce and release substances in the body. The pancreas performs two main functions: Exocrine function: Produces substances (enzymes) that help with digestion.
he spleen is a fist-sized organ found in the upper left side of your abdomen, next to your stomach and behind your left ribs. It's an important part of your immune system but you can survive without it. This is because the liver can take over many of the spleen's functions
The Popliteal Fossa is a diamond-shaped space behind the knee joint. It is formed between the muscles in the posterior compartments of the thigh and leg. This anatomical landmark is the major route by which structures pass between the thigh and leg.
The femoral triangle is a wedge-shaped area located within the superomedial aspect of the anterior thigh. The femoral triangle is a hollow region located in the supero-medial part of the anterior thigh.
This topic is related to the joints.
it is a type of synovial joint.
it is a ball and socket type.
This is very sensative joint and easy to have fracture to this part.
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R3 Stem Cells and Kidney Repair A New Horizon in Nephrology.pptxR3 Stem Cell
R3 Stem Cells and Kidney Repair: A New Horizon in Nephrology" explores groundbreaking advancements in the use of R3 stem cells for kidney disease treatment. This insightful piece delves into the potential of these cells to regenerate damaged kidney tissue, offering new hope for patients and reshaping the future of nephrology.
Leading the Way in Nephrology: Dr. David Greene's Work with Stem Cells for Ki...Dr. David Greene Arizona
As we watch Dr. Greene's continued efforts and research in Arizona, it's clear that stem cell therapy holds a promising key to unlocking new doors in the treatment of kidney disease. With each study and trial, we step closer to a world where kidney disease is no longer a life sentence but a treatable condition, thanks to pioneers like Dr. David Greene.
Antibiotic Stewardship by Anushri Srivastava.pptxAnushriSrivastav
Stewardship is the act of taking good care of something.
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
WHO launched the Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Surveillance System (GLASS) in 2015 to fill knowledge gaps and inform strategies at all levels.
ACCORDING TO apic.org,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
ACCORDING TO pewtrusts.org,
Antibiotic stewardship refers to efforts in doctors’ offices, hospitals, long term care facilities, and other health care settings to ensure that antibiotics are used only when necessary and appropriate
According to WHO,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a systematic approach to educate and support health care professionals to follow evidence-based guidelines for prescribing and administering antimicrobials
In 1996, John McGowan and Dale Gerding first applied the term antimicrobial stewardship, where they suggested a causal association between antimicrobial agent use and resistance. They also focused on the urgency of large-scale controlled trials of antimicrobial-use regulation employing sophisticated epidemiologic methods, molecular typing, and precise resistance mechanism analysis.
Antimicrobial Stewardship(AMS) refers to the optimal selection, dosing, and duration of antimicrobial treatment resulting in the best clinical outcome with minimal side effects to the patients and minimal impact on subsequent resistance.
According to the 2019 report, in the US, more than 2.8 million antibiotic-resistant infections occur each year, and more than 35000 people die. In addition to this, it also mentioned that 223,900 cases of Clostridoides difficile occurred in 2017, of which 12800 people died. The report did not include viruses or parasites
VISION
Being proactive
Supporting optimal animal and human health
Exploring ways to reduce overall use of antimicrobials
Using the drugs that prevent and treat disease by killing microscopic organisms in a responsible way
GOAL
to prevent the generation and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Doing so will preserve the effectiveness of these drugs in animals and humans for years to come.
being to preserve human and animal health and the effectiveness of antimicrobial medications.
to implement a multidisciplinary approach in assembling a stewardship team to include an infectious disease physician, a clinical pharmacist with infectious diseases training, infection preventionist, and a close collaboration with the staff in the clinical microbiology laboratory
to prevent antimicrobial overuse, misuse and abuse.
to minimize the developme
India Clinical Trials Market: Industry Size and Growth Trends [2030] Analyzed...Kumar Satyam
According to TechSci Research report, "India Clinical Trials Market- By Region, Competition, Forecast & Opportunities, 2030F," the India Clinical Trials Market was valued at USD 2.05 billion in 2024 and is projected to grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 8.64% through 2030. The market is driven by a variety of factors, making India an attractive destination for pharmaceutical companies and researchers. India's vast and diverse patient population, cost-effective operational environment, and a large pool of skilled medical professionals contribute significantly to the market's growth. Additionally, increasing government support in streamlining regulations and the growing prevalence of lifestyle diseases further propel the clinical trials market.
Growing Prevalence of Lifestyle Diseases
The rising incidence of lifestyle diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer is a major trend driving the clinical trials market in India. These conditions necessitate the development and testing of new treatment methods, creating a robust demand for clinical trials. The increasing burden of these diseases highlights the need for innovative therapies and underscores the importance of India as a key player in global clinical research.
2. Specific Learning Objectives
At the end of the lecture, student should be able to:
1. Define isoenzymes
2. Explain properties of isoenzyme
3. Introduction
• The multiple forms of an enzyme catalysing the same
reaction are isoenzymes or isozymes. They, however,
differ in their physical and chemical properties which
include the structure, electrophoretic and
immunological properties, K m and V max values, pH
optimum, relative susceptibility to inhibitors and degree
of denaturation.
5. • In biochemistry, isozymes are enzymes that differ in
amino acid sequence but catalyze the same chemical
reaction.
• Isozymes usually have different kinetic parameters, or
are regulated differently. They permit the fine-tuning of
metabolism to meet the particular needs of a given
tissue or developmental stage.
9. Explanation for the existence of isoenzymes
• Many possible reasons are offered to explain the
presence of isoenzymes in the living systems.
• 1. Isoenzymes synthesized from different genes e.g.
malate dehydrogenase of cytosol is different from that
found in mitochondria.
• 2. Oligomeric enzymes consisting of more than one
type of subunits e.g. lactate dehydrogenase and
creatine phosphokinase.
10. Cont..
• 3. An enzyme may be active as monomer or oligomer
e.g. glutamate dehydrogenase.
• 4. In glycoprotein enzymes, differences in carbohydrate
content may be responsible for isoenzymes e.g.
alkaline phosphatase.
11. Isoenzymes of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)
• LDH whose systematic name is L-lactateNAD+
oxidoreductase (E.C. 1.1.1.27) catalyses the
interconversion of lactate and pyruvate
12. Structure of LDH isoenzymes :
• LDH is an oligomeric (tetrameric) enzyme made up of
four polypeptide subunits.
• Two types of subunits namely M (for muscle) and H (for
heart) are produced by different genes.
• M–subunit is basic while H subunit is acidic.
• The isoenzymes contain either one or both the
subunits giving LDH1 to LDH5.
13. Significance of differential catalytic activity :
LDH1 (H4)
• LDH1 (H4) is predominantly found in heart muscle and
is inhibited by pyruvate – the substrate. Hence,
pyruvate is not converted to lactate in cardiac muscle
but is converted to acetyl CoA which enters citric acid
cycle.
• LDH5 (M4) is mostly present in skeletal muscle and the
inhibition of this enzyme by pyruvate is minimal,hence
pyruvate is converted to lactate. Further,LDH5 has low
Km (high affinity) while LDH1 has high Km (low affinity)
for pyruvate.
14. • The differential catalytic activities of LDH1 and LDH5 in
heart and skeletal muscle, respectively, are well suited
for the aerobic (presence of oxygen) and anaerobic
(absence of oxygen) conditions, prevailing in these
tissues.
15. Diagnostic importance of LDH :
• Isoenzymes of LDH have immense value in the
diagnosis of heart and liver related disorders
• In healthy individuals, the activity of LDH2 is higher
than that of LDH1 in serum.
• In the case of myocardial infarction, LDH1 is much
greater than LDH2 and this happens within 12 to
24 hours after infarction. Increased activity of LDH
16. Isoenzymes of creatine phosphokinase
Creatine kinase (CK) or creatine phosphokinase
(CPK) catalyses the inter-conversion of
phosphocreatine (or creatine phosphate) to creat
17. Isoenzymes of alkaline phosphatase
• As many as six isoenzymes of alkaline
phosphatase (ALP) have been identified.
• ALP is a monomer, the isoenzymes are due to
the difference in the carbohydrate content (sialic
acid residues).
• The most important ALP isoenzymes are D1-
ALP, D2-heat labile ALP, D2-heat stable ALP,
pre-E ALP, J-ALP etc
18. Isoenzymes of alcohol dehydrogenase
• Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) has two
heterodimer isoenzymes.
• Among the white Americans and Europeans, DE1
isoenzyme is predominant whereas in Japanese
and Chinese (Orientals) DE2 is mostly present.
• The isomer DE2 more rapidly converts alcohol to
acetaldehyde.
19. Properties of isoenzymes
1. Electrophoretic- E.g Isoenzymes of Lactate
dehydrogenase have mobility different electrophoretic
mobility
2. Heat stability-E.g Alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes
are either heat labile or stable
3. Inhibitor- E.g An inhibitor can inhibit only one
isoenzyme of an enzyme eg. Acid phosphatase
20. Cont..
4. Cofactors Mitochondrial isocitrate dehydrogenase
requires NAD+ , cytosolic form requires NADP+
5. Tissue localization-Eg LDH 1 is present in heart,
LDH 5 in muscle
6. Antibodies-For creatine kinase, each isoenzyme can
be bound only by a specific antibody 3
21. Expsected Question
• Essay / Situational Question
• Describe isoenzymes with reference to definition and
properties , chemical nature and factors affecting
isoenzyme activity
• Short Question
1. Explain characteristic of isoenzyme
2. Describe Classification of isoenzyme
3. Describe factors influencing isoenzyme activity