This project involves measuring the RPM of a motor using an IR sensor. A microcontroller is used to control the motor's direction and speed through an H-bridge circuit and measure RPM. The RPM is displayed on an LCD screen. Key aspects include using a transformer, rectifier, and voltage regulator to power the microcontroller. Software is used to generate PWM signals to control motor speed. The IR sensor and comparator detect motor rotations to calculate RPM.
AC Induction motor (IM) are used as actuators in many industrial processes. Although IMs are reliable, they are subjected to some undesirable stresses, causing faults resulting in failure. Monitoring of an IM is a fast emerging technology for the detection of initial faults. It avoids unexpected failure of an industrial process. Monitoring techniques can be classified as the conventional and the digital techniques.
1.1 PROTECTION SCHEME OF INDUCTION MOTOR
Classical monitoring techniques for three-phase IMs are generally provided by some combination of mechanical and electrical monitoring equipment. Mechanical forms of motor sensing are also limited in ability to detect electrical faults, such as stator insulation failures. In addition, the mechanical parts of the equipment can cause problems in the course of operation and can reduce the life and efficiency of a system.
It is well known that IM monitoring has been studied by many researchers and reviewed in a number of works. Reviews about various stator faults and their causes, and detection techniques, latest trends, and diagnosis methods supported by the artificial intelligence, the microprocessor, the computer and other techniques in monitoring unbalanced voltage inter turn faults, stator winding temperature and microcontroller based digital protectors have been recently studied subjects. In these, while one or two variables were considered together to protect the IMs, the variables of the motor were not considered altogether. Measurements of the voltages, currents, temperatures, and speed were achieved and transferred to the computer for final protection decision.
A programmable integrated circuit (PIC) based protection system has been introduced using Microprocessors and the solutions of various faults of the phase currents, the phase voltages, the speed, and the winding temperatures of an IM occurring in operation have been achieved with the help of the microcontroller, but these electrical parameters have not been displayed on a screen.
Nowadays, the most widely used area of programmable logic controller (PLC) is the control circuits of industrial automation systems. The PLC systems are equipped with special I/O units appropriate for direct usage in industrial automation systems. The input components, such as the pressure, the level, and the temperature sensors, can be directly connected to the input. The driver components of the control circuit such as contactors and solenoid valves can directly be connected to the output.
The work is aimed at measurement of heartbeat and displays the information on an alphanumeric (or Graphical) LCD display. The heartbeat monitor uses LED and an LDR based sensor to determine the heartbeat.
AC Induction motor (IM) are used as actuators in many industrial processes. Although IMs are reliable, they are subjected to some undesirable stresses, causing faults resulting in failure. Monitoring of an IM is a fast emerging technology for the detection of initial faults. It avoids unexpected failure of an industrial process. Monitoring techniques can be classified as the conventional and the digital techniques.
1.1 PROTECTION SCHEME OF INDUCTION MOTOR
Classical monitoring techniques for three-phase IMs are generally provided by some combination of mechanical and electrical monitoring equipment. Mechanical forms of motor sensing are also limited in ability to detect electrical faults, such as stator insulation failures. In addition, the mechanical parts of the equipment can cause problems in the course of operation and can reduce the life and efficiency of a system.
It is well known that IM monitoring has been studied by many researchers and reviewed in a number of works. Reviews about various stator faults and their causes, and detection techniques, latest trends, and diagnosis methods supported by the artificial intelligence, the microprocessor, the computer and other techniques in monitoring unbalanced voltage inter turn faults, stator winding temperature and microcontroller based digital protectors have been recently studied subjects. In these, while one or two variables were considered together to protect the IMs, the variables of the motor were not considered altogether. Measurements of the voltages, currents, temperatures, and speed were achieved and transferred to the computer for final protection decision.
A programmable integrated circuit (PIC) based protection system has been introduced using Microprocessors and the solutions of various faults of the phase currents, the phase voltages, the speed, and the winding temperatures of an IM occurring in operation have been achieved with the help of the microcontroller, but these electrical parameters have not been displayed on a screen.
Nowadays, the most widely used area of programmable logic controller (PLC) is the control circuits of industrial automation systems. The PLC systems are equipped with special I/O units appropriate for direct usage in industrial automation systems. The input components, such as the pressure, the level, and the temperature sensors, can be directly connected to the input. The driver components of the control circuit such as contactors and solenoid valves can directly be connected to the output.
The work is aimed at measurement of heartbeat and displays the information on an alphanumeric (or Graphical) LCD display. The heartbeat monitor uses LED and an LDR based sensor to determine the heartbeat.
Seminar Presentation on Programmeble Logic Controller , By an Engineering Student For doing Professional Presentation like Business Presentation, Industrial Use
This project is used to control the speed of brushless DC motor by using arduino development board with rpm display and pulse width modulation. It can be used in different industrial applications.
The modular SIMATIC S7-1200 controller is at the core of our offering for simple but highly precise automation tasks. The SIMATIC S7-1200 controller is modular and compact, versatile, a secure investment, and is perfectly suited to a whole range of applications.
The S7-1200 CPUs with Safety Integrated handle both standard and safety-related tasks.
A compact design with integrated IO, communication interfaces that meet the highest industry requirements and a range of powerful integrated technological functions make this controller an integral part of a comprehensive automation solution.
PowerPoint Presentation on Industrial Automation In which we discuss About PLCs, SCADA,HMI,VFD and various tools of Automation which is used in Industries.
Like Comment & Share
Automatic Star Delta Starter Using Relays And Adjustable Electronic Timer For...Edgefxkits & Solutions
This PPT explains about how to provide low voltage start to induction motor. This is achieved by using star to delta conversions.
Edgefxkits.com has a wide range of electronic projects ideas that are primarily helpful for ECE, EEE and EIE students and the ideas can be applied for real life purposes as well.
http://www.edgefxkits.com/
Visit our page to get more ideas on popular electronic projects developed by professionals.
Edgefx provides free verified electronic projects kits around the world with abstracts, circuit diagrams, and free electronic software. We provide guidance manual for Do It Yourself Kits (DIY) with the modules at best price along with free shipping.
A Power Point presentation On INDUSTRIAL AUTOMATION...
What is Automation?
As the name suggests ‘Automation’ means to perform automatic operations by means of different kinds of machines.
Automation is the use of control systems and information technologies to reduce the need for human work in the production of goods and services.
It is used to reduce human interference and efforts
Advantages Of PLC:-
Less Wiring.
Wiring between devices and relay contacts are done in the PLC program.
Easier and faster to make changes.
Trouble shooting aids make programming easier and reduce downtime.
Reliable components make these likely to operate for years before failure.
This is the first presentation of my Final Year project done(doing 2015-16) as part of fulfilling my B-Tech degree in CSE from Govt. Engineering College Sreekrishnapuram, Palakkad, Kerala, India.
DC MOTOR SPEED CONTROL USING ON-OFF CONTROLLER BY PIC16F877A MICROCONTROLLERTridib Bose
This presentation consists the speed control of a dc motor using hardware (microcontroller) by changing the reference voltages logically and minimising errors.
Seminar Presentation on Programmeble Logic Controller , By an Engineering Student For doing Professional Presentation like Business Presentation, Industrial Use
This project is used to control the speed of brushless DC motor by using arduino development board with rpm display and pulse width modulation. It can be used in different industrial applications.
The modular SIMATIC S7-1200 controller is at the core of our offering for simple but highly precise automation tasks. The SIMATIC S7-1200 controller is modular and compact, versatile, a secure investment, and is perfectly suited to a whole range of applications.
The S7-1200 CPUs with Safety Integrated handle both standard and safety-related tasks.
A compact design with integrated IO, communication interfaces that meet the highest industry requirements and a range of powerful integrated technological functions make this controller an integral part of a comprehensive automation solution.
PowerPoint Presentation on Industrial Automation In which we discuss About PLCs, SCADA,HMI,VFD and various tools of Automation which is used in Industries.
Like Comment & Share
Automatic Star Delta Starter Using Relays And Adjustable Electronic Timer For...Edgefxkits & Solutions
This PPT explains about how to provide low voltage start to induction motor. This is achieved by using star to delta conversions.
Edgefxkits.com has a wide range of electronic projects ideas that are primarily helpful for ECE, EEE and EIE students and the ideas can be applied for real life purposes as well.
http://www.edgefxkits.com/
Visit our page to get more ideas on popular electronic projects developed by professionals.
Edgefx provides free verified electronic projects kits around the world with abstracts, circuit diagrams, and free electronic software. We provide guidance manual for Do It Yourself Kits (DIY) with the modules at best price along with free shipping.
A Power Point presentation On INDUSTRIAL AUTOMATION...
What is Automation?
As the name suggests ‘Automation’ means to perform automatic operations by means of different kinds of machines.
Automation is the use of control systems and information technologies to reduce the need for human work in the production of goods and services.
It is used to reduce human interference and efforts
Advantages Of PLC:-
Less Wiring.
Wiring between devices and relay contacts are done in the PLC program.
Easier and faster to make changes.
Trouble shooting aids make programming easier and reduce downtime.
Reliable components make these likely to operate for years before failure.
This is the first presentation of my Final Year project done(doing 2015-16) as part of fulfilling my B-Tech degree in CSE from Govt. Engineering College Sreekrishnapuram, Palakkad, Kerala, India.
DC MOTOR SPEED CONTROL USING ON-OFF CONTROLLER BY PIC16F877A MICROCONTROLLERTridib Bose
This presentation consists the speed control of a dc motor using hardware (microcontroller) by changing the reference voltages logically and minimising errors.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Temperature based fan speed control & monitoring usingJagannath Dutta
Our object of making this project is for reducing the power consumption. And also to assist people who are disabled and are unable to control the speed of fan.
FOUR QUADRANT SPEED CONTROL OF DC MOTOR USING AT89S52 MICROCONTROLLERJournal For Research
Speed control of a machine is the most vital and important part in any industrial organization. This paper is designed to develop a four quadrant speed control system for a DC motor using microcontroller. The motor is operated in four quadrants i.e. clockwise, counter clock-wise, forward brake and reverse brake. It also has a feature of speed control. The four quadrant operation of the dc motor is best suited for industries where motors are used and as per requirement they can rotate in clockwise, counter-clockwise and also apply brakes immediately in both the directions. In case of a specific operation in industrial environment, the motor needs to be stopped immediately. In such scenario, this proposed system is very apt as forward brake and reverse brake are its integral features. Instantaneous brake in both the directions happens as a result of applying a reverse voltage across the running motor for a brief period and the speed control of the motor can be achieved with the PWM pulses generated by the microcontroller. The microcontroller used in this project is from 8051 family. Push buttons are provided for the operation of the motor which are interfaced to the microcontroller that provides an input signal to it and controls the speed of the motor through a motor driver IC. The speed and direction of DC motor has been observed on digital CRO. Microcontroller programming has been written in assembly language by using notepad and it has been converted in hex file by using micro vision Kiel. The burning of programming in the 8051 microcontroller chip has been done by using positron boot loader software.
Heart beat monitor using AT89S52 microcontrollerSushil Mishra
We , in this project are measuring the heart beat using the pulse oximetry logic.
The timer we have set for counting the heart beat is 30s.
There is a set point we can decide, after 30 s the heartbeat would be shown on the LCD along with a buzzer sound (if it exceeds the set point).
Report on industrial training at DDK, Mandi House, Delhi -01Sushil Mishra
Report on industrial training at DDK, Mandi House, Delhi -01
Industrial Training under the guidance of
Mr. Gurjeet Singh (ADE, DDK Delhi) and Mr. RN Rai (Assistant Engineer) in
Doordarshan Kendra , Mandi House for a
period starting from 12th June , 2012 to 20th July, 2012.
A project titled –A STUDY on OB / DSNG was assigned to us during this period. We worked hard and diligently completed our presentation in time. We took a lot of initiative in
learning about DSNG and its applications.
A laser is a device that generates light by a process called STIMULATED EMISSION.
The acronym LASER stands for Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
Semiconducting lasers are multilayer semiconductor devices that generates a coherent beam of monochromatic light by laser action. A coherent beam resulted which all of the photons are in phase.
Contents
Definition of a laser
Emission and absorption of radiation
Population Inversion
Optical Feedback
Fundamentals of laser operation
Laser Hazards
Designing a notch filter using orcad 15.3Sushil Mishra
Design of a notch filter implemented on Orcad pspice 15.3
snapshots and circuit diagram.. are there in the pdf..
u may use it for analog & vlsi projects
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
2. RPM METER OR TACHOMETER
A tachometer
(revolution-counter,
Tach, rev-counter,
RPM gauge) is an
instrument measuring
the rotation speed of a
shaft or disk, as in a
motor or other machine.
The device usually
displays the
revolutions per minute
(RPM) on a calibrated
analogue dial, but digital
displays are increasingly
common.
2
3. MICROCONTROLLER AND WHY
MICROCONTROLLER NOT
MICROPROCESSOR?
A microcontroller is a single-chip microcomputer which
contains Ram , Rom , Cpu , i/o ports ,Adc and other
peripherals.
It has fixed amount of Ram , Rom , i/o ports.
It is also called embedded microcontroller because it is
designed for embedded systems performing specific
tasks only.
Microprocessor only has cpu , Alu, stack pointer,
program counter and other registers ,clock timing
circuit.
Microprocessor does not have Ram, Rom and i/o ports
It requires large space and it’s cost is higher as compared 3
to microcontroller.
4. EMBEDDED SYTEMS
An embedded system is a
computer system designed for
specific control functions within a
larger system, often with
real-time computing constraints.It is
embedded as part of a complete
device often including hardware and
mechanical parts. By contrast, a
general-purpose computer, such as a
personal computer (PC), is designed
to be flexible and to meet a wide
range of end-user needs. Embedded
systems control many devices in
common use today. 4
5. WHAT WE ARE DOING ? ? ?
We , in this project are measuring the RPM of a
motor using an IR sensor.
The motor speed and direction is made variable
by use of a H-bridge method.
RPM is shown on LCD display for the two
directions.
5
6. WHAT WE ARE USING ? ? ?
We are using an AT89S52 microcontroller for this
project
A transformer for stepping down the voltage.
Full wave rectifier for conversion of AC to DC.
7805 voltage regulator to give a 5v dc voltage.
An H-bridge to control the direction and speed of
motor.
Two optocouplers to prevent the microcontroller
from damage by DC 9V fed to the motor.
LCD showing the RPM with direction.
6
7. SOFTWARE WE USED ? ? ?
KEIL programmer IDE
SPI flash programmer
7
8. AT89S52
Atmel AT89S52 is a
powerful microcontroller
which provides a highly-
flexible and cost-effective
solution to many embedded
control applications.
It is programmable
compatible with 8051 uc.
8
12. HARDWARE IMPLEMENTATION
Transformer
Full wave rectifier
7805 voltage regulator
Dc motor
Direction control through H bridge
Speed control using PWM
Speed measurement using IR SENSOR
Comparator and potentiometer
optoisolator
LCD
Circuit diagram of project
12
13. TRANSFORMER
Centre tapped transformer.
9-0-9v at the output.
Rating of 1A current.
It is centre tapped to have both
-ve and +ve half cycle of AC
waveform to contribute to
direct current.
Transforming energy from
circuit a to b by using mutual
induction.
TTL logic circuitry can not
work on voltage of 220v so we
are step down it to 9v
13
14. FULL WAVE RECTIFIER
Converting both polarities
of input ac voltage to one
of the constant polarity at
its output dc current.
Yields a higher mean
output voltage .
Our circuitry can only
work on dc voltage.
14
15. LM7805-VOLTAGE REGULATOR
It has 5V Regulated output
voltage.
Input voltage range:- 5V-18V
The voltage source in circuit
may have fluctuation and
would not give fixed output
voltage.
Pin1-input ,Pin2-ground,
Pin3-output
Heat sink is cooling device by
dissipating heat into
surrounding air to protect
device from damage.
15
16. SPEED CONTROL USING PWM
The speed of motor depends on
three factors load , current ,
Voltage.
By changing the width of pulse
applied to DC motor we can
change the amount of power
delivered to motor, there by
increasing or decreasing the
speed .
We create various duty cycle
pulses using software.
Large duty cycle,Higher width
of pulse ,higher mean
voltage,higher power delivered
to motor and higher speed.
Small duty cycle,Lower width
of pulse,lower mean voltage
,lower speed.
16
17. SPEED MEASUREMENT USING IR
SENSOR
DC motor has white and
black surface ,reflecting and
non reflecting respectively.
IR sensor has emitter (LED)
and collector (photodiode).
When light strikes black
surface ,PN diode does not
receive photon and when
light strikes white surface
,PN diode receives photon.
On receiving light from white
surface comparator give
input pulse to uc denoting
one revolution.
No receive of light from black
surface ,comparator gives low
pulse to uc denoting it is 17
rotating.
21. HOW ? ? ?
Transformer steps down 220V to 9-0-9V.
Full wave rectifier converts the ac into dc.
7805 voltage regulator regulates the voltage to
5V, which is the operating voltage of our
microcontroller.
LCD is interfaced with microcontroller.
IR sensor is used to count the RPM. It consists of
an emitter and a receiver. The second input
terminal of photodiode is connected to a
comparator which is fed to the microcontroller.
Crystal (12MHz) is used to generate a stable
clock signal for the microcontroller. Duty cycle is
varied so as to change the speed of motor. 21
22. HOW ? ? ?
Pin 9 is used as the reset circuit pin.
Optocoupler is used to prevent damage from 9V
DC as the operating voltage of uc is only 5V.
LEDS are used to indicate the supply, direction
of rotation of motor & sensing the shiny surface
on motor.
There’s a shiny patch on motor wheel over which
the reflection takes place everywhere else it
would be absorbed (black)
Code is burnt on the controller using SPI
programmer.
22
23. DC MOTOR & IR SENSOR
IR sensor Silvery patch
23
used for
reflection
25. APPLICATIONS
To measure the rotating speed of disk or shaft.
To show rate of rotation of engine crankshaft on
cars ,aircrafts and other vehicles.
To help the drivers in selecting appropriate
throttle and gear settings for the driving
conditions.
To estimate traffic speed and volume flow in
vehicles.
In analog audio recording ,it is used to measure
the speed of audiotape.
25
26. The main limitation of this project is that the IR sensor we are
using for measuring RPM needs to be kept very close (< 1 inch)
to the moving object, hence its practical use can become a bit
limited.
26
27. The project we have made is less expensive and it can replace
the costly RPM measuring instruments. It can measure the
RPM of any motor without any physical contact with it. It can
also display the rotator speed of any motor with the help of
microcontroller. It can measure the efficiency of any motor and
determine which will be beneficial and better compatible with
our system. It can also check whether any motor is properly
running or not .IR senor needs to be at a very close distance
from the motor, we can make use of a sensor to increase its
range.
27