This document presents a mini project on an automatic temperature controlled fan. It includes an introduction, block diagram, components used, power supply details, and an introduction to the microcontroller used - PIC16F72. The system uses an LM35 temperature sensor, PIC microcontroller, DC fan driver circuit, resistors, diodes, capacitors, and voltage regulator. It regulates fan speed automatically based on temperature readings from the LM35 sensor through PWM control of the fan's driver circuit.
This paper presents an innovative prototype design of electric fan with smart characteristics. This electric fan uses a microcontroller to produce an automation function. It also has a unique double feature designs, such as using 2 fans, 2 Light Emitting Diodes (LED) and 2 sensors. This is to ensure the cooling process operates more efficiently and effectively, especially for a large space application and in hot weather due to global warming. By applying the circuit, it offers a better life for human. It is really practical for senior citizens to make their life simpler. The circuit is also suitable for disabled people who have difficulty to switch on the fan manually. Lastly, the circuit can be manipulated by diversifying its function as a detector, where it can produce an alarm signal when emergency case occurs such as the house or premise is on fire.
Automatic room temperature controlled fan using arduino uno microcontrollerMohammod Al Emran
This paper presents the designs and the simulation of a DC fan control system based on room temperature using pulse width modulation technique, humidity and temperature sensor namely DHT11 with Arduino Uno Microcontroller. The fan will be used to reduce temperature of a room at certain level. To build the fan, we will use DTH11 Humidity Sensor. The sensor will measure the temperature continuously. When the temperature gets higher from a specific temperature, the fan will be on “On” mode. The speed of the fan will be determined by pwm using pulse-width modulation. The temperature along with the speed of the fan will be displayed through LCD monitor.
Temperature Based Fan Controller can be used for reducing the power consumption & also to assist people who are disabled and are unable to control the speed of fan.It may also be used for monitoring changes in environment.
This paper presents an innovative prototype design of electric fan with smart characteristics. This electric fan uses a microcontroller to produce an automation function. It also has a unique double feature designs, such as using 2 fans, 2 Light Emitting Diodes (LED) and 2 sensors. This is to ensure the cooling process operates more efficiently and effectively, especially for a large space application and in hot weather due to global warming. By applying the circuit, it offers a better life for human. It is really practical for senior citizens to make their life simpler. The circuit is also suitable for disabled people who have difficulty to switch on the fan manually. Lastly, the circuit can be manipulated by diversifying its function as a detector, where it can produce an alarm signal when emergency case occurs such as the house or premise is on fire.
Automatic room temperature controlled fan using arduino uno microcontrollerMohammod Al Emran
This paper presents the designs and the simulation of a DC fan control system based on room temperature using pulse width modulation technique, humidity and temperature sensor namely DHT11 with Arduino Uno Microcontroller. The fan will be used to reduce temperature of a room at certain level. To build the fan, we will use DTH11 Humidity Sensor. The sensor will measure the temperature continuously. When the temperature gets higher from a specific temperature, the fan will be on “On” mode. The speed of the fan will be determined by pwm using pulse-width modulation. The temperature along with the speed of the fan will be displayed through LCD monitor.
Temperature Based Fan Controller can be used for reducing the power consumption & also to assist people who are disabled and are unable to control the speed of fan.It may also be used for monitoring changes in environment.
Temperature based fan speed control & monitoring usingJagannath Dutta
Our object of making this project is for reducing the power consumption. And also to assist people who are disabled and are unable to control the speed of fan.
Temperature based fan speed control & monitoring usingJagannath Dutta
Our object of making this project is for reducing the power consumption. And also to assist people who are disabled and are unable to control the speed of fan.
Arduino based automatic temperature controlled fan speed regulatorEdgefxkits & Solutions
Using an analog temperature LM35 interfaced to the built in ADC of a programmed Arduino to develop varying duty cycle of PWM output for a driver IC to run a DC motor automatically according to the sensed temperature at different speed based on the temperature sensed.
DESIGN OF TEMPERATURE BASED FAN SPEED CONTROL and MONITORING USING ARDUINORatnesh Kumar chaurasia
This practical temperature controller controls the temperature of any device according to its requirement for any industrial application, it also has a feature of remote speed control.
AC Induction motor (IM) are used as actuators in many industrial processes. Although IMs are reliable, they are subjected to some undesirable stresses, causing faults resulting in failure. Monitoring of an IM is a fast emerging technology for the detection of initial faults. It avoids unexpected failure of an industrial process. Monitoring techniques can be classified as the conventional and the digital techniques.
1.1 PROTECTION SCHEME OF INDUCTION MOTOR
Classical monitoring techniques for three-phase IMs are generally provided by some combination of mechanical and electrical monitoring equipment. Mechanical forms of motor sensing are also limited in ability to detect electrical faults, such as stator insulation failures. In addition, the mechanical parts of the equipment can cause problems in the course of operation and can reduce the life and efficiency of a system.
It is well known that IM monitoring has been studied by many researchers and reviewed in a number of works. Reviews about various stator faults and their causes, and detection techniques, latest trends, and diagnosis methods supported by the artificial intelligence, the microprocessor, the computer and other techniques in monitoring unbalanced voltage inter turn faults, stator winding temperature and microcontroller based digital protectors have been recently studied subjects. In these, while one or two variables were considered together to protect the IMs, the variables of the motor were not considered altogether. Measurements of the voltages, currents, temperatures, and speed were achieved and transferred to the computer for final protection decision.
A programmable integrated circuit (PIC) based protection system has been introduced using Microprocessors and the solutions of various faults of the phase currents, the phase voltages, the speed, and the winding temperatures of an IM occurring in operation have been achieved with the help of the microcontroller, but these electrical parameters have not been displayed on a screen.
Nowadays, the most widely used area of programmable logic controller (PLC) is the control circuits of industrial automation systems. The PLC systems are equipped with special I/O units appropriate for direct usage in industrial automation systems. The input components, such as the pressure, the level, and the temperature sensors, can be directly connected to the input. The driver components of the control circuit such as contactors and solenoid valves can directly be connected to the output.
It is a simple innovative idea which demonstrates how to design a simple circuit which can act as a WATER LEVEL INDICATOR. It is a general idea and can be even modified to build an AUTOMATIC ON/OFF CIRCUIT as the water starts overflowing by implementing a simple JK-flip-flop in the circuit.
Here is a circuit through which the
speed of a fan can be linearly controlled
automatically, depending
on the room temperature. The circuit is
highly efficient as it uses thyristors for
power control. Alternatively, the same
circuit can be used for automatic temperature
controlled AC power control.
In this circuit, the temperature sensor
used is an NTC thermistor, i.e. one having
a negative temperature coefficient. The
value of thermistor resistance at 25°C is
about 1 kilo-ohm.
Op-amp A1 essentially works as
I to V (current-to-voltage) converter
and converts temperature variations
into voltage variations. To amplify
the change in voltage due to change in
temperature, instrumentation amplifier
formed by op-amps A2, A3 and A4
is used. Resistor R2 and zener diode
D1 combination is used for generating
reference voltage as we want to amplify
only change in voltage due to the
change in temperature.
Op-amp μA741 (IC2) works as a
comparator. One input to the comparator
is the output from the instrumentation
amplifier while the other input
is the stepped down, rectified and
suitably attenuated sample of AC voltage.
This is a negative going pulsating
DC voltage. It will be observed that
with increase in temperature, pin 2 of
IC2 goes more and more negative and
hence the width of the positive going
output pulses (at pin 6) increases linearly
with the temperature. Thus IC2
functions as a pulse width modulator
in this circuit. The output from the
comparator is coupled to an optocoupler,
which in turn controls the AC
power delivered to fan (load).
The circuit has a high sensitivity and
the output RMS voltage (across load) can
be varied from 120V to 230V (for a temp.
range of 22°C to 36°C), and hence wide
variations in speed are available. Also
note that speed varies linearly and not
in steps. Besides, since an optocoupler is
used, the control circuit is fully isolated
from power circuit, thus providing added
safety. Note that for any given temperature
the speed of fan (i.e. voltage across
load) can be adjusted to a desired value
by adjusting potmeters VR1 and VR2
appropriately.
Potmeter VR1 should he initially kept
in its mid position to realise a gain of approximately
40 from the instrumentation
amplifier. It may be subsequently trimmed
slightly to obtain linear variation of the
fan speed.
Temperature based fan speed control & monitoring usingJagannath Dutta
Our object of making this project is for reducing the power consumption. And also to assist people who are disabled and are unable to control the speed of fan.
Temperature based fan speed control & monitoring usingJagannath Dutta
Our object of making this project is for reducing the power consumption. And also to assist people who are disabled and are unable to control the speed of fan.
Arduino based automatic temperature controlled fan speed regulatorEdgefxkits & Solutions
Using an analog temperature LM35 interfaced to the built in ADC of a programmed Arduino to develop varying duty cycle of PWM output for a driver IC to run a DC motor automatically according to the sensed temperature at different speed based on the temperature sensed.
DESIGN OF TEMPERATURE BASED FAN SPEED CONTROL and MONITORING USING ARDUINORatnesh Kumar chaurasia
This practical temperature controller controls the temperature of any device according to its requirement for any industrial application, it also has a feature of remote speed control.
AC Induction motor (IM) are used as actuators in many industrial processes. Although IMs are reliable, they are subjected to some undesirable stresses, causing faults resulting in failure. Monitoring of an IM is a fast emerging technology for the detection of initial faults. It avoids unexpected failure of an industrial process. Monitoring techniques can be classified as the conventional and the digital techniques.
1.1 PROTECTION SCHEME OF INDUCTION MOTOR
Classical monitoring techniques for three-phase IMs are generally provided by some combination of mechanical and electrical monitoring equipment. Mechanical forms of motor sensing are also limited in ability to detect electrical faults, such as stator insulation failures. In addition, the mechanical parts of the equipment can cause problems in the course of operation and can reduce the life and efficiency of a system.
It is well known that IM monitoring has been studied by many researchers and reviewed in a number of works. Reviews about various stator faults and their causes, and detection techniques, latest trends, and diagnosis methods supported by the artificial intelligence, the microprocessor, the computer and other techniques in monitoring unbalanced voltage inter turn faults, stator winding temperature and microcontroller based digital protectors have been recently studied subjects. In these, while one or two variables were considered together to protect the IMs, the variables of the motor were not considered altogether. Measurements of the voltages, currents, temperatures, and speed were achieved and transferred to the computer for final protection decision.
A programmable integrated circuit (PIC) based protection system has been introduced using Microprocessors and the solutions of various faults of the phase currents, the phase voltages, the speed, and the winding temperatures of an IM occurring in operation have been achieved with the help of the microcontroller, but these electrical parameters have not been displayed on a screen.
Nowadays, the most widely used area of programmable logic controller (PLC) is the control circuits of industrial automation systems. The PLC systems are equipped with special I/O units appropriate for direct usage in industrial automation systems. The input components, such as the pressure, the level, and the temperature sensors, can be directly connected to the input. The driver components of the control circuit such as contactors and solenoid valves can directly be connected to the output.
It is a simple innovative idea which demonstrates how to design a simple circuit which can act as a WATER LEVEL INDICATOR. It is a general idea and can be even modified to build an AUTOMATIC ON/OFF CIRCUIT as the water starts overflowing by implementing a simple JK-flip-flop in the circuit.
Here is a circuit through which the
speed of a fan can be linearly controlled
automatically, depending
on the room temperature. The circuit is
highly efficient as it uses thyristors for
power control. Alternatively, the same
circuit can be used for automatic temperature
controlled AC power control.
In this circuit, the temperature sensor
used is an NTC thermistor, i.e. one having
a negative temperature coefficient. The
value of thermistor resistance at 25°C is
about 1 kilo-ohm.
Op-amp A1 essentially works as
I to V (current-to-voltage) converter
and converts temperature variations
into voltage variations. To amplify
the change in voltage due to change in
temperature, instrumentation amplifier
formed by op-amps A2, A3 and A4
is used. Resistor R2 and zener diode
D1 combination is used for generating
reference voltage as we want to amplify
only change in voltage due to the
change in temperature.
Op-amp μA741 (IC2) works as a
comparator. One input to the comparator
is the output from the instrumentation
amplifier while the other input
is the stepped down, rectified and
suitably attenuated sample of AC voltage.
This is a negative going pulsating
DC voltage. It will be observed that
with increase in temperature, pin 2 of
IC2 goes more and more negative and
hence the width of the positive going
output pulses (at pin 6) increases linearly
with the temperature. Thus IC2
functions as a pulse width modulator
in this circuit. The output from the
comparator is coupled to an optocoupler,
which in turn controls the AC
power delivered to fan (load).
The circuit has a high sensitivity and
the output RMS voltage (across load) can
be varied from 120V to 230V (for a temp.
range of 22°C to 36°C), and hence wide
variations in speed are available. Also
note that speed varies linearly and not
in steps. Besides, since an optocoupler is
used, the control circuit is fully isolated
from power circuit, thus providing added
safety. Note that for any given temperature
the speed of fan (i.e. voltage across
load) can be adjusted to a desired value
by adjusting potmeters VR1 and VR2
appropriately.
Potmeter VR1 should he initially kept
in its mid position to realise a gain of approximately
40 from the instrumentation
amplifier. It may be subsequently trimmed
slightly to obtain linear variation of the
fan speed.
Tips to Grow your Business with Local SEOeZdia Inc
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Making a simple variable power supply.
Power supply applications.
Ac and Dc current defintions.
Half wave and full wave rectifier.
Power supply circuit.
Used tools.
Working steps.
Testing.
Intelligent Electric Power Management Using Zigbee with Advanced Metering Inf...Akbar Badusha
This project mainly focuses on reduction of power cut and power theft. The main reason for the power cut is shortage of power in the generation unit. We can rectify this problem through our project.
Whenever the generation falls behind a particular limit (it is set initially by EB) the power management system will automatically switched on. Power will be supplied to only the basic necessary equipment (as stated in the priority list) power to other load will be stopped so that huge amount of power can be saved without power cut.
In our project, this is achieved using NS2 software and using ZIGBEE. Whenever generation falls below the particular value, then the load will be automatically switched off based on priority. And it can also be done through an interrupt. Through ZIGBEE command the interrupt will be sent to microcontroller to cut the power to the particular load.
When microcontroller receiving the command, the relay will cut the power to the equipment. So the power will be saved.
In this project,the method to detect and to control the power theft is also stated. Other methods of power theft like damaging, by passing electrical power meter can also be detected and can be punished.
Man power can also be reduced. The power usage of the customer will be automatically updated in the EB station so there is no need of man power to take meter reading in the user side. After every two months the reading will be automatically resetted.
final Year Projects, Final Year Projects in Chennai, Software Projects, Embedded Projects, Microcontrollers Projects, DSP Projects, VLSI Projects, Matlab Projects, Java Projects, .NET Projects, IEEE Projects, IEEE 2009 Projects, IEEE 2009 Projects, Software, IEEE 2009 Projects, Embedded, Software IEEE 2009 Projects, Embedded IEEE 2009 Projects, Final Year Project Titles, Final Year Project Reports, Final Year Project Review, Robotics Projects, Mechanical Projects, Electrical Projects, Power Electronics Projects, Power System Projects, Model Projects, Java Projects, J2EE Projects, Engineering Projects, Student Projects, Engineering College Projects, MCA Projects, BE Projects, BTech Projects, ME Projects, MTech Projects, Wireless Networks Projects, Network Security Projects, Networking Projects, final year projects, ieee projects, student projects, college projects, ieee projects in chennai, java projects, software ieee projects, embedded ieee projects, "ieee2009projects", "final year projects", "ieee projects", "Engineering Projects", "Final Year Projects in Chennai", "Final year Projects at Chennai", Java Projects, ASP.NET Projects, VB.NET Projects, C# Projects, Visual C++ Projects, Matlab Projects, NS2 Projects, C Projects, Microcontroller Projects, ATMEL Projects, PIC Projects, ARM Projects, DSP Projects, VLSI Projects, FPGA Projects, CPLD Projects, Power Electronics Projects, Electrical Projects, Robotics Projects, Solor Projects, MEMS Projects, J2EE Projects, J2ME Projects, AJAX Projects, Structs Projects, EJB Projects, Real Time Projects, Live Projects, Student Projects, Engineering Projects, MCA Projects, MBA Projects, College Projects, BE Projects, BTech Projects, ME Projects, MTech Projects, M.Sc Projects, Final Year Java Projects, Final Year ASP.NET Projects, Final Year VB.NET Projects, Final Year C# Projects, Final Year Visual C++ Projects, Final Year Matlab Projects, Final Year NS2 Projects, Final Year C Projects, Final Year Microcontroller Projects, Final Year ATMEL Projects, Final Year PIC Projects, Final Year ARM Projects, Final Year DSP Projects, Final Year VLSI Projects, Final Year FPGA Projects, Final Year CPLD Projects, Final Year Power Electronics Projects, Final Year Electrical Projects, Final Year Robotics Projects, Final Year Solor Projects, Final Year MEMS Projects, Final Year J2EE Projects, Final Year J2ME Projects, Final Year AJAX Projects, Final Year Structs Projects, Final Year EJB Projects, Final Year Real Time Projects, Final Year Live Projects, Final Year Student Projects, Final Year Engineering Projects, Final Year MCA Projects, Final Year MBA Projects, Final Year College Projects, Final Year BE Projects, Final Year BTech Projects, Final Year ME Projects, Final Year MTech Projects, Final Year M.Sc Projects, IEEE Java Projects, ASP.NET Projects, VB.NET Projects, C# Projects, Visual C++ Projects, Matlab Projects, NS2 Projects, C Projects, Microcontroller Projects, ATMEL Projects, PIC Projects, ARM Projects, DSP Projects, VLSI Projects, FPGA Projects, CPLD Projects, Power Electronics Projects, Electrical Projects, Robotics Projects, Solor Projects, MEMS Projects, J2EE Projects, J2ME Projects, AJAX Projects, Structs Projects, EJB Projects, Real Time Projects, Live Projects, Student Projects, Engineering Projects, MCA Projects, MBA Projects, College Projects, BE Projects, BTech Projects, ME Projects, MTech Projects, M.Sc Projects, IEEE 2009 Java Projects, IEEE 2009 ASP.NET Projects, IEEE 2009 VB.NET Projects, IEEE 2009 C# Projects, IEEE 2009 Visual C++ Projects, IEEE 2009 Matlab Projects, IEEE 2009 NS2 Projects, IEEE 2009 C Projects, IEEE 2009 Microcontroller Projects, IEEE 2009 ATMEL Projects, IEEE 2009 PIC Projects, IEEE 2009 ARM Projects, IEEE 2009 DSP Projects, IEEE 2009 VLSI Projects, IEEE 2009 FPGA Projects, IEEE 2009 CPLD Projects, IEEE 2009 Power Electronics Projects, IEEE 2009 Electrical Projects, IEEE 2009 Robotics Projects, IEEE 2009 Solor Projects, IEEE 2009 MEMS Projects, IEEE 2009 J2EE P
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
Here an electronic circuit breaker is designed which is based on the current sensing across a series element typically a CT (current Transformer). The current sensed which is compared against the preset value proportional to the voltage by comparator which is inbuilt in arduino to generate an output that drives a relay through a MOSFET to trip the load very fastly.
The concept of electronic circuit breaker came into focus realizing that the conventional circuit breakers such as MCBs take longer time to trip.
The steadily increasing population has more demand and consumption of electric energy in the market as raised and that of equipment’s used like electrical and electronics are also costlier
So to protect the electrical system from overload or short circuit here is one possibility, which is by ultrafast acting electronic circuit breaker
The electronic circuit breaker is based on the voltage drop across a series element proportional to the load current, typically a low -value resistor.
Similar to Automatic temperature base fan controlle (20)
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
4. Why automatic temperature
controlledfan?
*Automatic speed control
*Low power loss
*Reduce Current Consumption
*Allows fan to ramp up or down smoothly to new speed
*Increase Fan Life
*A single temperature or all temperatures can control
the fan speed.
*Small size and economic
your collge name:
8. Introduction
your collge name:
Embedded system requires a regulated power supply. This power
supply circuit gives a variable regulated supply
Through an arrangement of voltage regulator 7805 and
A regulated power supply is an embedded circuit; it converts
unregulated AC into a constant DC. With the help of a rectifier it
converts AC supply into DC. Its function is to supply a stable
voltage (or less often current), to a circuit or device that must be
operated within certain power supply limits. The output from the
regulated power supply may be alternating or unidirectional, but is
nearly always DC.
10. * A transformer is an electrical device
that transfers electrical energy
between two or more circuits
through electromagnetic induction.
Electromagnetic induction produces
an electromotive force within a
conductor which is exposed to time
varying magnetic fields. Transformers
are used to increase or decrease the
alternating voltages in electric power
applications..
your collge name:
11. your collge name:
Step down
Transformer
Its secondary voltage is less than its primary voltage.
It is designed to reduce the voltage from the primary
winding to the secondary winding.
The transformer converts high-voltage, low-current power
into low-voltage, high-current power.
12. WHAT IS A BRIDGE RECTIFIER?
A bridge rectifier is an arrangement of four or
more diodes in a bridge circuit configuration
which provides the same output polarity for
either input polarity. It is used for converting an
alternating current (AC) input into a direct
current (DC) output. A bridge rectifier provides
full-wave rectification from a two-wire AC input,
therefore resulting in lower weight and cost when
compared to a rectifier with a 3-wire input from a
transformer with a center-tapped secondary
winding.
your collge name:
13. TYPES OF BRIDGE RECTIFIERS
your collge name:
There are many different kinds of bridge rectifiers and at Future
Electronics we stock many of the most common types categorized by
maximum average rectified current, maximum reverse voltage,
maximum peak current, forward voltage, packaging type and
maximum reverse current. The parametric filters on our website can
help refine your search results depending on the required
specifications.
The most common sizes for maximum average rectified current are
1A, 1.5 A, 4 A, 25 A and 35 A. We also carry bridge rectifiers with
maximum average rectified current as high as 1000 A. Forward
voltage can range from 450 mV to 1.1 kV, with the most common
bridge rectifier semiconductor chips having a forward voltage of 1.1 V
or 1 V.
14. APPLICATIONS FOR BRIDGE
RECTIFIERS
your collge name:
The primary application of bridge rectifiers is to transform an AC
supply into DC power. All electronic devices require direct current, so
bridge rectifiers are used inside the power supplies of almost all
electronic equipment. Bridge rectifiers are also used for detecting the
amplitude of modulated radio signals. The signal may be amplified
before it is detected. If it is not, then a very low voltage drop diode or
a diode biased with a fixed voltage must be used. Rectifiers are also
used to supply polarized voltage for welding applications. Control of
the output current is required in such circuits, and this may be
achieved by replacing some of the diodes in a bridge rectifier with
thyristors, which are diodes whose voltage output can be regulated
by switching on and off with phase fired controllers.
15. FILTER
(CAPACITOR)
your collge name:
capacitor is two metal plates separated by something that does not pass
electricity...[e.g: air].....So.....direct current [current flowing in only one
direction, as from an ordinary battery] cant pass through as the electrons
cant pass from one plate to another..But.. ac current[current constantly
reversing its direction, as in the electricity supplied to your home] can pass
through....this is because...since the current is constantly changing
direction....a plate will become positive...then negative ..then positive..and
so on...now although the electrons cant go through the air gap, the electric
field produced by the charged plate can....and this changing electric field
can alternatively pull and push electrons in the other plate...Thus, the ac
current can be transferred from one plate to another. So......capacitors block
dc but pass ac...and thus act as filters...
16. your collge name:
A filter is a capacitor which filters out a certain frequency or
range of frequencies from a circuit.
Usually capacitors filter out very low frequency signals.
These are signals that are very close to 0Hz in frequency
value.
These are also referred to as DC signals.
17. your collge name:
Voltage Regulator (LM
7805)
A voltage regulator is designed to automatically maintain a fixed
voltage level.
7805 is a voltage regulator integrated circuit.
It is a member of 78xx series of fixed linear voltage regulator ICs.
The xx in 78xx indicates the fixed output voltage it is designed to
provide.
7805 provides +5V regulated power supply.
18. your collge name:
INDICATOR
(LED)
a thing that indicates the state or level of something.
a device providing specific information on the state or
condition of something, in particular
A light-emitting diode (LED) is a two-lead semiconductor
light source. It is a p–n junction diode, which emits light
when activated. When a suitable voltage is applied to the
leads, electrons are able to recombine with electron holes
within the device, releasing energy in the form of photons.
19. a sensor is an object whose purpose is
to detect events or changes in its
environment, and then provide a
corresponding output. A sensor is a type
oftransducer; sensors may provide
various types of output, but typically use
electrical or optical signals
your collge name:
22. EMBEDDED SYSTEM
• An embedded system is a computer system with a dedicated function
within a larger mechanical or electrical system, often with real-time
computing constraints. It is embedded as part of a complete device often
including hardware and mechanical parts . Embedded systems control
many devices in common use today. Ninety-eight percent of
all microprocessors are manufactured as components of embedded
systems
OR
• we can say that it is “A combination of computer hardware and
software, and perhaps additional mechanical or other parts, designed
to perform a dedicated function. In some cases, embedded systems
are part of a larger system or product, as is the case of an antilock
braking system in a car ”.
College of Engineering XXXXXXXXXXX
23. your collge name:
Significance
Due to their compact size, low cost and simple design
aspects made embedded systems very popular and encroached into
human lives and have become indispensable. They are found
everywhere from kitchen ware to space craft. To emphasize this
idea here are some illustrations.
24. your collge name:
Embedded systems everywhere?
Embedded systems span all aspects of modern life and there are many
examples of their use.
a) Biomedical Instrumentation – ECG Recorder, Blood cell recorder,
patient monitor system
b) Communication systems – pagers, cellular phones, cable TV
terminals, fax and trans receivers, video games and so on.
c) Peripheral controllers of a computer – Keyboard controller, DRAM
controller, DMA controller, Printer controller, LAN controller, disk drive
controller.
25. your collge name:
d) Industrial Instrumentation – Process controller, DC motor
controller, robotic systems, CNC machine controller, close loop engine
controller, industrial moisture recorder cum controller.
e) Scientific – digital storage system, CRT display controller,
spectrum analyser.
26. Why a microcontroller ?
A microcontroller is a single silicon chip with memory and all
Input/Output peripherals on it. Hence a microcontroller is also popularly
known as a single chip computer. Normally, a single microcomputer
has the following features :
Arithmetic and logic unit
Memory for storing program
EEPROM for nonvolatile data storage
RAM for storing variables and special function registers
Input/output ports
27. your collge name:
Timers and counters
Analog to digital converter
Circuits for reset, power up, serial programming, debugging
Instruction decoder and a timing and control unit
Serial communication port
28. your collge name:
What is inside an embedded system ?
Every embedded system consists of custom-built hardware
built around a Central Processing Unit (CPU). This hardware also
contains memory chips onto which the software is loaded. The
software residing on the memory chip is also called the ‘firmware’.
The operating system runs above the hardware, and the
application software runs above the operating system. The same
architecture is applicable to any computer including a desktop
computer. However, there are significant differences. It is not
compulsory to have an operating system in every embedded system.
29. your collge name:
For small appliances such as remote control units, air-conditioners, toys
etc., there is no need fir an operating system and we can write only the software
specific to that application. For applications involving complex processing, it is
advisable to have an operating system.
In such a case, you need to integrate the application software with the
operating system and then transfer the entire software on to the memory chip.
Once the software is transferred to the memory chip, the software will continue to
run for a long time and you don’t need to reload new software .
The next slide shows the layered architecture of an embedded system.
31. your collge name:
Classification of Embedded Systems
Based on functionality and performance requirements,
embedded systems are classified as :
Stand-alone Embedded Systems
Real-time Embedded Systems
Networked Information Appliances
Mobile Devices
32. your collge name:
Stand-alone Embedded Systems
As the name implies, stand-alone systems work in stand-alone mode.
They take inputs, process them and produce the desired output. The input
can be electrical signals from transducers or commands from a human
being such as the pressing of a button. The output can be electrical
signals to drive another system, an LED display or LCD display for
displaying of information to the users. Embedded systems used in process
control, automobiles, consumer electronic items etc. fall into this category.
33. your collge name:
Real-time Systems
Embedded systems in which some specific work has to be done in a
specific time period are called real-time systems. For example,
consider a system that has to open a valve within 30 milliseconds
when the humidity crosses a particular threshold. If the valve is not
opened within 30 milliseconds, a catastrophe may occur. Such
systems with strict deadlines are called hard real-time systems.
34. your collge name:
Languagesfor ProgrammingEmbeddedSystems
1. Assembly language was the pioneer for programming embedded
systems till recently. Nowadays there are many more languages to
program these systems. Some of the languages are C, C++, Ada,
Forth, and Java together with its new enhancement J2ME.
2. The presence of tools to model the software in UML, SDL is
sufficient to indicate the maturity of embedded software
programming
3. The majority of software for embedded systems is still done in C
language. Recent survey indicates that approximately 45% of the
embedded software is still being done in C language.
4. C++ is also increasing its presence in embedded systems. As C++ is
based on C language, thus providing programmer the object
oriented methodologies to reap the benefits of such an approach.
35. your collge name:
1. C is very close to assembly programming and it allows very easy
access to underlying hardware. A huge number of high quality
compilers and debugging tools are available for the C language.
2. Though C++ is theoretically more efficient than C, but some of its
compilers have bugs due to the huge size of the language. These
compilers may cause a buggy execution.
3. C language can definitely claim to have more mature compilers
C++. Now in order to avail the extra benefits of C++ and plus to
avoid buggy execution, experts are doing efforts to identify a
subset of C++ that can be used in embedded systems and this
subset is called Embedded C++ .
37. your collge name:
INTRODUCTION TO MICROCONTROLLER
PIC16F72 AND ACCESSOREIS
MICROCONTROLLER:
A Microcontroller is a Microcomputer in a single Chip. That means that a
microcontroller chip includes a microprocessor (CPU) as well as some
often used peripherals. A controller is used to control some process or
aspect of the environment. A typical microcontroller application is the
monitoring a house. As the temperature rises, the controller causes the
windows to open If the temperature goes above a certain threshold, the
air conditioner is activated .
As the process of miniaturization continued, all of the components
needed for a controller were built right onto one chip. A one chip
computer or microcontroller was born. A microcontroller is a highly
integrated chip, which includes, on one chip, all or most of the parts
needed for a controller. The microcontroller could be called a “one-chip-
solution”. It typically includes:
38. your collge name:
CPU (Central Processing Unit or the microprocessor)
EEPROM / EPROM / PROM / ROM (Read Only Memory for the
program code)
RAM (Random, Access Memory for the program code)
I /O (Input / Output) devices (serial, parallel, ADC, DAC etc.)
Timers
Interrupt controller
Embedded Controller
ADC
Calculator
PWM function generator
39. your collge name:
TYPES OF PROGRAMMABLE INTEGRATED CIRCUIT
(PIC)
Base-line: 12-bit Instruction Word length
Mid-Range: 14-bit Instruction Word
length
High-End: 16-bit Instruction Word length
PIC MICROCONTROLLER ARCHITECTURE:
• Harvard architecture
• Long Word Instructions
• Single Word Instructions .Single Cycle Instructions
.Instruction Pipelining
• Reduced Instruction Set
• Register File Architecture
• Orthogonal (Symmetric) Instructions
The high performance of the PIC micro TM devices can be attributed to
a number of architectural features commonly found in RISC
microprocessors.
40. your collge name:
Only 35 single word instructions to learn
All single cycle instructions except for program branches, which
are two-cycle
Operating speed: DC - 20 MHz clock input DC - 200 ns
instruction cycle
2K x 14 words of Program Memory, 128 x 8 bytes of Data
Memory (RAM)
Pin out compatible to PIC16C72/72A and PIC16F872
Interrupt capability
Eight-level deep hardware stack
Direct, Indirect and Relative Addressing modes
HIGH PERFOTMANCE RISC CPU
41. your collge name:
PERIPHERAL FEATURES
High Sink/Source Current: 25 mA
Timer0: 8-bit timer/counter with 8-bit prescaler
Timer1: 16-bit timer/counter with prescaler, can be incremented during
SLEEP via external crystal/clock
Timer2: 8-bit timer/counter with 8-bit period register, prescaler and
postscaler
Capture, Compare, PWM (CCP) module
Capture is 16-bit, max. resolution is 12.5 ns
Compare is 16-bit, max. resolution is 200 ns
PWM max. resolution is 10-bit
8-bit, 5-channel analog-to-digital converter
Synchronous Serial Port (SSP) with SPI™ (Master/Slave) and I2C™
(Slave)
Brown-out detection circuitry for Brown-out Reset (BOR)
42. your collge name:
CMOS TECHNOLOGY
Low power, high speed CMOS FLASH technology
Fully static design
Wide operating voltage range: 2.0V to 5.5V
Industrial temperature range
Low power consumption:
- < 0.6 mA typical @ 3V, 4 MHz
20 μA typical @ 3V, 32 kHz
< 1 μA typical standby current
43. your collge name:
Features:
o 300RPM 12V DC motors with Gearbox
o 3000RPM base motor
o 6mm shaft diameter with internal hole
o 125gm weight
o Same size motor available in various rpm
o 0.35kgcm torque
o No-load current = 60 mA(Max), Load current = 300 mA(Max)
An electric motor is an electrical machine that converts
electrical energy into mechanical energy. The reverse of this would
be the conversion of mechanical energy into electrical energy and
is done by an electric generator.
DC MOTOR
44. your collge name:
Working Principle Of A DC Motor
A motor is an electrical machine which converts electrical
energy into mechanical energy. The principle of working of a DC
motor is that "whenever a current carrying conductor is placed in a
magnetic field, it experiences a mechanical force". The direction of
this force is given by Fleming's left hand rule and it's magnitude is
given by F = BIL. Where, B = magnetic flux density, I = current and L
= length of the conductor within the magnetic field.
46. your collge name:
Personal computers
Exhaust fans in large hotels
Washing machines
CD and DVD players
APPLICATION
47. College name xxxxxxxx
Advantagesand disadvantages
Advantages:
(1) Since it is an automated system ,it is programmed effectively so that
no interruptions would stop its functionality.
(2) To monitor the environment, that is not comfortable or possible to
monitor for humans(especially for extended periods of time Prevents
waste of energy.
Disadvantages-
(1) It can only be maintained by technical person .
(2) Due to temperature variation, after sometimes it’s efficiency may be
decreased.
48. College name xxxxxxxx
CONCLUSION AND
RESULT
After designing, simulating, assembling, soldering and testing the circuit, we
came to the conclusion that our circuit of the temperature based fan speed
controller is working satisfactorily.
The construction hardware perfect.
The total project work perfectly and has negligible amount of unexpected
functioning.
The problem statement is implemented.
Hardware part is halfway implemented.
Through simulations and after running the code in IDE abstract is verified
As the technology is going on developing day by day, we prefer things to be
done automatically and in the same way our projects reduces the work to
mankind.