BLDC Motor Speed Control with RPM Display and PWM

Arduino Based DC
Motor Speed Control

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Introduction
Arduino Based DC Motor Speed
Control
 This project is designed to control speed of a DC motor using
an Arduino development board. Speed of the DC motor is
directly proportional to the voltage applied across its
terminals. Hence, if the voltage across the motor terminal is
varied, then the speed can also be varied.

Block Diagram
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Hardware Requirements
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• Arduino develop Board
• Crystal
• DC Motor
• Motor Driver IC
• LED
• Resistors
• Capacitors
• Diodes
• Transformer
• Voltage Regulator
• Push Buttons.

Software Requirements
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 Arduino software
 Language: Arduino programming language

Arduino
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 The Arduino microcontroller is an easy to use yet powerful single board
computer that has gained considerable traction in the hobby and
professional market.
 The Arduino is open-source, which means hardware is reasonably priced
and development software is free.

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Arduino Board

Working of Arduino
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 Inexpensive :
• Arduino boards are relatively inexpensive compared to other
microcontroller platforms.
 Cross-platform :
• The Arduino software runs on Windows, Macintosh OSX, and Linux
operating systems. Most microcontroller systems are limited to
Windows.

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 Programming environment :
• The Arduino programming environment is easy-to-use for beginners,
yet flexible enough for advanced users to take advantage of as well.
 Open source and extensible software :
• The Arduino software and is published as open source tools, available
for extension by experienced programmers.
Working of Arduino

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PWM
 The PWM switching frequency has to be much faster than what would
affect the load, which is to say the device that uses the power.
 The term duty cycle describes the proportion of on time to the regular
interval or period of time.
 A low duty cycle corresponds to low power, because the power is off for
most of the time. Duty cycle is expressed in percent, 100% being fully on.

PWM Applications
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 Telecommunications
 Power delivery
 Voltage regulation
 Audio effects and amplification.

Arduino based DC Motor Speed
Control
LE
D
 LEDs are semiconductor devices are made out of silicon.
When current passes through the LED, it emits photons as a
byproduct.
Normal light bulbs produce light by heating a metal filament
until its white hot.

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 LEDs present many advantages over traditional light sources including
 Lower energy consumption.
 Longer lifetime.
 Improved Robustness.
 Smaller Size.
 Faster Switching.
LED

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 Most common LCDs connected to the microcontrollers are 16x2 and 20x2
displays.
 This means 16 characters per line by 2 lines and 20 characters per line by 2
lines, respectively.
 The standard is referred to as HD44780U.
 It refers to the controller chip which receives data from an external source
and communicates directly with the LCD.
Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)

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 If an 8-bit data bus is used the LCD will require 11 data lines (3 control lines
plus the 8 lines for the data bus).
 The three control lines are referred to as EN, RS, and RW.
 EN=Enable (used to tell the LCD that you are sending it data).
 RS=Register Select (When RS is low (0), data is treated as a command)
(When RS is High(1), data being sent is text data ).
 R/W=Read/Write (When RW is low (0), the data written to the LCD)
(When RW is low (0), the data reading to the LCD).
LCD Background

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LCD Diagram

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DC- Motor
 A DC motor is an electric motor that runs on direct current (DC)
electricity.
 In any electric motor, operation is based on simple electromagnetism.
 A simple 2-pole DC electric motor (here red represents a magnet or
winding with a "North" polarization, while green represents a magnet
or winding with a "South" polarization).

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 Every DC motor has six basic parts -- axle, rotor (a.k.a.,
armature), stator, commutator, field magnet(s), and brushes.
DC- Motor

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Simplest DC Motor
Circuit
 Connect the motor to a DC power supply.
Switch open Switch closed

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Current Continues After Switch is Opened
 Opening the switch does not immediately stop current in the
motor windings.

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Reverse Current
 Charge build-up can cause damage.

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Motor Driver (l293d)
 L293D is a typical Motor driver or Motor Driver IC which allows DC
motor to drive on either direction.
 L293D is a 16-pin IC which can control a set of two DC motors
simultaneously in any direction.
 Control two DC motor with a single L293D IC. Dual H-bridge Motor
Driver integrated circuit(IC).

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L293D Pin Diagram

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Working of
L293D
 There are 4 input pins for l293d, pin 2,7 on the left and pin 15 ,10 on the
right as shown on the pin diagram.
 Left input pins will regulate the rotation of motor connected across left
side and right input for motor on the right hand side.
 The motors are rotated on the basis of the inputs provided across the
input pins as LOGIC 0 or LOGIC 1.
 In simple you need to provide Logic 0 or 1 across the input pins for
rotating the motor.

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Circuit Diagram For l293d Motor Driver IC
Controller

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Voltage Specification
 VCC is the voltage that it needs for its own internal operation 5v.
 L293D will not use this voltage for driving the motor.
 For driving the motors it has a separate provision to provide motor
supply VSS (V supply).
 L293d will use this to drive the motor.
 It means if you want to operate a motor at 9V then you need to
provide a Supply of 9V across VSS Motor supply.

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 The maximum voltage for VSS motor supply is 36V.
 It can supply a max current of 600mA per channel.
 Since it can drive motors Up to 36v hence you can drive pretty big
motors with this l293d.
 VCC pin 16 is the voltage for its own internal Operation.
 The maximum voltage ranges from 5v and up to 36v.
Voltage Specification

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 Output current 1A per channel (600 mA for L293D).
 Peak output current 2 A per channel (1.2 A for L293D).
 Output clamp diodes for Inductive Transient suppression(L293D).
Motor Driver Features

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Working Principle
 The voltage supplied to a DC motor controls its speed.
 Arduino cannot supply variable DC output.
 Arduino lacks a true analog output.
 Use Pulse-width modulation (PWM) to simulate a variable DC supply
voltage.
 PWM is a common technique for supplying variable power levels to
“slow” electrical devices such as resistive loads, LEDs, and DC motors.
 Arduino Uno has 6 PWM pins: Digital I/O pins 3, 5, 6, 9,10, and 11.

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Arduino UNO

Applications:
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 Wide supply-voltage range: 4.5V to 36V
 Separate input- logic supply
 Internal ESD protection
 Thermal shutdown
 High-Noise-Immunity input
 Functional Replacements for SGS L293 and SGS L293D

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Further Enhancement
The project can be enhanced by using power electronic
devices such as IGBTs to achieve the speed control higher
capacity industrial motors and DC Motor Controller.

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Conclusion
The Circuit was designed and implemented. this project
can be enhanced by using power electronic devices such as
IGBTs to achieve the speed control higher capacity
industrial motors and DC Motor Controller. A motor-driver
IC is interfaced to the Arduino board for receiving PWM
signals and delivering desired output for speed control of a
small DC motor.

BLDC Motor Speed Control with RPM Display and PWM

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