This document provides an overview of television broadcasting in India. It discusses the key components of a TV studio including cameras, lighting, microphones, and a vision mixer. It also describes the typical audio and video signal chains. The document explains the function of a master switching room and digital earth stations for satellite transmission. It provides diagrams of an outside broadcasting van and how microwave links or digital satellite news gathering can be used for live transmission. The document gives a high-level technical introduction to the infrastructure and processes involved in television broadcasting in India.

1. on
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Presented by
Sushil Mishra (05311502809)
ECE-I

2. Contents
• Introduction
• TV Studio
• Vision mixer
• Audio & video chain
• MSR
• Earth station
• OB VAN & DSNG
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3. Introduction
process of sending information to a
distant place is called Broadcasting.
• Means of Broadcasting in India:
1. Terrestrial
2. Satellite
3. Internet
• Both AIR & DD make use of both
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Terrestrial & satellite.

4. Introduction contd…
• Broadcasting started in India in the year
1923.
• AIR was formed in the year 1936.
• In 1947, AIR was covering 2.5% & about
11% of land & population respectively.
• 1st T.V Station was established in Delhi in
1959
• T.V was separated from AIR in 1976
• DD has 1500 Transmitters and 70
Production centers across the Country.
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5. TV studio
• A television
studio is an
installation in
which
television or
video produc
tions take
place.
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6. Components of TV studio
• Camera
• Lighting
• Microphones
• Vision mixer and Audio consoles
• MSR
• VTR
• Acoustics
• Post production and video effects
• Supporting services like AC, UPS
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7. Vision Mixer
• A vision mixer (also
called video switcher, video
mixer or production switcher)
is a device used to select
between several
different video sources and in
some cases mix video sources
together and add special effects.
• It has many input sources such
as cameras, VCR/ server,
Graphics/Character
Generators,etc.
• Out of these i/p, any source can
be taken as o/p.
• Sources can be changed as cut
to cut, dissolve, wipe and other
special effects. 7

8. Typical video chain
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9. Typical audio chain
Earth station
through
Optical Fiber
Analog to
AES
Converter
Audio
Sources Distributor
Console
STL Link
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10. MSR (Master switching Room)
• It is the heart of the
studio.
• Most of the switching
electronics is kept e.g.
camera base
stations, switcher main
frame, SPG, Satellite
receivers, MW link, DDA
& most of the patch
panels.
• Signal is routed through
MSR.
• Signal can be Monitored
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at various stages

11. Earth station
• Earth Station is a very important
part of satellite communication
system for broadcasting of signals.
• It is an uplink center from which
the signals are fed to Satellite for
distribution in a specified area
covered by the Satellite.
• The signal is up-linked from the
Earth Station and received by
many down link centers in TV
broad casting via PDA.
• Two Types:
1) Analog
2) Digital
• Digital Earth Stations are widely 11
used because of various
advantages over analog.

12. Major Components of
Digital Earth Station
• PDA (Parabolic Dish Antenna)
• FEED
• Wave Guide / Low Loss Cable
• HPA (TWTA, Klystrons)
• Up converter
• Modulator
• Encoder
• Multiplexer
• IRD (Integrated Receiver
Decoder)
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13. • Outside broadcasting (OB) is the
OB Van electronic field production (EFP) of
television or radio programmes (typically
to cover television news and sports
television events) from a mobile remote
broadcast television studio.
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14. Block diagram of OB Van
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15. OB Van
• A typical OB Van is usually divided into 4 parts.
• The first and largest part is the production area or
sitting area for all directors & producers.
• The second part of a van is for the audio engineer.
• The 3rd part of the van is video tape
• The 4th part is transmission where the signal is
monitored by and engineered for quality control
purposes and is transmitted or sent to other trucks.
If there is a live program to be telecast following options can be
choosed.
 Microwave link
 DSNG (digital satellite news gathering)
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16. Microwave link
 Audio and video signals are feed to micowave transmitter.
 Input video is processed and up converted to 12.25 & 12.30 GHz.
 Approx transmission power is 600 milli watts 16
 Transmit/ receive station is 1.1 m in diameter.

17. DSNG
• Audio/ video input is processed by
an encoder as per mpeg-2 standard.
• The audio and video along with
other data are multiplied.
• Multiplied data forward error
corrected using a standard
technique.
• Error corrected codes are QPSK
modulated at 70 MHz.
• The modulated signal is up
converted to power amplifiers.
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18. Thank you…
Any queries ?
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