Speed control of a machine is the most vital and important part in any industrial organization. This paper is designed to develop a four quadrant speed control system for a DC motor using microcontroller. The motor is operated in four quadrants i.e. clockwise, counter clock-wise, forward brake and reverse brake. It also has a feature of speed control. The four quadrant operation of the dc motor is best suited for industries where motors are used and as per requirement they can rotate in clockwise, counter-clockwise and also apply brakes immediately in both the directions. In case of a specific operation in industrial environment, the motor needs to be stopped immediately. In such scenario, this proposed system is very apt as forward brake and reverse brake are its integral features. Instantaneous brake in both the directions happens as a result of applying a reverse voltage across the running motor for a brief period and the speed control of the motor can be achieved with the PWM pulses generated by the microcontroller. The microcontroller used in this project is from 8051 family. Push buttons are provided for the operation of the motor which are interfaced to the microcontroller that provides an input signal to it and controls the speed of the motor through a motor driver IC. The speed and direction of DC motor has been observed on digital CRO. Microcontroller programming has been written in assembly language by using notepad and it has been converted in hex file by using micro vision Kiel. The burning of programming in the 8051 microcontroller chip has been done by using positron boot loader software.
Automatic voltaer regulator and it's modellingrajani51
in power supply system we have to keep the voltage constant.but when load is connected to the generator voltage difference will occur. to tackle this closed loop control of generator voltage is required. this can be achieved by AUTOMATIC VOLTAGE REGULATOR
three level diode clamp inverter. that converts any type of DC ( rectified, PV cell, battery etc.) to AC supply. we made by mosfet and ardiuno . in this ppt we present the Simulink model of a three-level inverter and the hardware presentation of the inverter.
Automatic voltaer regulator and it's modellingrajani51
in power supply system we have to keep the voltage constant.but when load is connected to the generator voltage difference will occur. to tackle this closed loop control of generator voltage is required. this can be achieved by AUTOMATIC VOLTAGE REGULATOR
three level diode clamp inverter. that converts any type of DC ( rectified, PV cell, battery etc.) to AC supply. we made by mosfet and ardiuno . in this ppt we present the Simulink model of a three-level inverter and the hardware presentation of the inverter.
Goals of a well designed inverter,Application,Types of power conveter,Introduction to inverters,Properties of an ideal inverter, Block diagram of an inverter ,Pulse Width Modulation,Inverter operation
Speed control of Three phase Induction motor using AC voltage regulatorShivagee Raj
The role of AC Voltage Regulator in speed control of three phase Induction Motor is to vary the supply voltage which in turn, changes the speed of motor .
This predefined speed control of BLDC motor runs a motor at user desired speed by using EEPROM for storing speed. It is an effective speed control method.
Bi directional speed control of dc motor and stepper motor through mat lab us...eSAT Journals
Abstract In any industry speed control of an electric drive system is very critical and crucial. Every designer aims at achieving a control methodology having high degree of precision. But industry needs are ever evolving in nature. Hence it is very much essential that along with conventional speed control mechanisms we must also have simple interactive graphical based control strategies. Several algorithms/methodologies have been developed over the years to achieve speed control of motors. In this context by encompassing the usability of Mat Lab, work has been done to control the speed of stepper motor and DC motor using microcontroller. Microcontroller is programmed to achieve bi directional speed control. The main objective of this work is to develop the graphical user interface of motor control through mat Lab guide and the interface of the same with hardware via serial communication. PIC is used as the controller. Keywords— DC, PIC, μC, AC, GUI, IC
Goals of a well designed inverter,Application,Types of power conveter,Introduction to inverters,Properties of an ideal inverter, Block diagram of an inverter ,Pulse Width Modulation,Inverter operation
Speed control of Three phase Induction motor using AC voltage regulatorShivagee Raj
The role of AC Voltage Regulator in speed control of three phase Induction Motor is to vary the supply voltage which in turn, changes the speed of motor .
This predefined speed control of BLDC motor runs a motor at user desired speed by using EEPROM for storing speed. It is an effective speed control method.
Bi directional speed control of dc motor and stepper motor through mat lab us...eSAT Journals
Abstract In any industry speed control of an electric drive system is very critical and crucial. Every designer aims at achieving a control methodology having high degree of precision. But industry needs are ever evolving in nature. Hence it is very much essential that along with conventional speed control mechanisms we must also have simple interactive graphical based control strategies. Several algorithms/methodologies have been developed over the years to achieve speed control of motors. In this context by encompassing the usability of Mat Lab, work has been done to control the speed of stepper motor and DC motor using microcontroller. Microcontroller is programmed to achieve bi directional speed control. The main objective of this work is to develop the graphical user interface of motor control through mat Lab guide and the interface of the same with hardware via serial communication. PIC is used as the controller. Keywords— DC, PIC, μC, AC, GUI, IC
A Flexible Closed Loop PMDC Motor Speed Control System for Precise PositioningWaqas Tariq
The speed control of DC motor is very significant especially in applications where precision is of great importance. Due to its ease of controllability the DC motor is used in many industrial applications requiring variable speed and load characteristics. So the precise speed control of a DC motor is very crucial in industry. In this case microcontrollers play a vital role for the flexible control of DC motors. This current research work investigates the implementation of an ATmega8L microcontroller for the speed control of DC motor fed by a DC chopper. The chopper is driven by a high frequency PWM signal. Controlling the PWM duty cycle is equivalent to controlling the motor terminal voltage, which in turn adjusts directly the motor speed. H-bridge circuit is implemented for the bi-directional control of the motor. A prototype of permanent magnet DC motor speed control system using the microcontroller is developed and tested.
Design and Construction of DC Motor Speed Controller Using Android.pptEEESrproject
Rapid progress in microelectronics and microcontrollers in recent years has made it possible to apply modern control technology to control efficient and reliable operation of many applications such as the engine, anti-lock braking system (ABS), cruise, steering, and vehicle traction. Many of these operations including DC motor and therefore there is a need for implementing effective control strategies with digital control of these motors. The speed of DC motor is directly proportional to armature voltage and inversely proportional to field flux and adjustable speed drives can be operated over a wide range by controlling armature or field excitation. Development of various solid state switching devices such as diode, transistor and thyristor along with various analog/digital chips used in firing/controlling circuits, have made dc drives more handy for control in numerous areas of applications. For DC motor speed control, closed-loop PWM technique is widely used and well known . In this technique, the regulation of motor’s speed is realized by changing the voltage of motor which is adjusted by the duty ratio of PWM. In order to improve the performance of motor’s speed regulation and to reduce the steady-state error of the rotational speed of motor, a high- performance microcontroller can be used.In this work, an arduino microcontroller is used for implementation.
Simulation DC Motor Speed Control System by using PID Controllerijtsrd
Speed control system is the most common control algorithm used in industry and has been universally accepted in industrial control. One of the applications used here is to control the speed of the DC motor. Controlling the speed of a DC motor is very important as any small change can lead to instability of the closed loop system. The aim of this thesis is to show how DC motor can be controlled by using PID controller in MATLAB. The development of the PID controller with the mathematical model of DC motor is done using automatic tuning method. The PID parameter is to be test with an actual motor also with the PID controller in MATLAB Simulink. In this paper describe the results to demonstrate the effectiveness and the proposed of this PID controller produce significant improvement control performance and advantages of the control system DC motor. Mrs Khin Ei Ei Khine | Mrs Win Mote Mote Htwe | Mrs Yin Yin Mon ""Simulation DC Motor Speed Control System by using PID Controller"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd25114.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/25114/simulation-dc-motor-speed-control-system-by-using-pid-controller/mrs-khin-ei-ei-khine
Design and Implementation of an Improved Automatic DC Motor Speed
Control Systems Using Microcontroller
1Enerst Edozie,
2Eze Val Hyginus Udoka,
1Wantimba Janat
1Department of Electrical Engineering, Kampala international University, Uganda
2Department of Publication and Extension, Kampala International University, Uganda
ABSTRACT
Energy wastage is one of the major challenges that is facing the world now as there is
insufficient supply of energy and the little ones supplied was not appropriately used. This
energy wastage has made many researchers to engage more on the research to stop this
energy waste as a result of inappropriate allocation of energy to some devices even when
they don’t need it. This research work was able to design and implement an improved
automated DC Motor speed controller system using microcontroller successfully. The
software used for this research work were Fritzing software and Arduino Nano. This project
was able to improve on the working system of the DC Motors and energy was automatically
and successfully saved. The system runs entirely on Bluetooth technology which consumes
less power than other devices. The Android application is user-friendly with enhanced
Wireless communication. This design was successfully developed and implemented with 80%
accuracy. The design was able to work effectively by increasing the cutting speed when the
softness of the material decreases and as the cutting tool material becomes stronger, the
cutting speed increases. This showed that the design is effectively and efficiently developed
with less energy/power consumption which is the earnest desire of an Engineer as it reduces
cost.
Keywords: Microcontroller, Improved Automatic DC Motor, Energy, Arduino, PWM
The aim of this paper is to control the speed of DC motor. The main advantage in using a DC
motor is that the Speed-Torque relationship can be varied to almost any useful form. To achieve the
speed control an electronic technique called Pulse Width Modulation is used which generates High and
Low pulses. These pulses vary the speed in the motor. For the generation of these pulses a
microcontroller (AT89c51) is used. As a microcontroller is used to set the speed ranges which is done by
changing the duty cycles time period in the program. This is practical and highly feasible in economic
point of view, and has an advantage of running motors of higher ratings. This paper gives a reliable,
durable, accurate and efficient way of speed control of a DC motor.
Speed Control of Brushless Dc Motor Using Fuzzy Logic Controlleriosrjce
This paper presents a control scheme of a fuzzy logic for the brushless direct current (BLDC)
permanent magnet motor drives. The mathematical model of BLDC motor and fuzzy logic algorithm is derived.
The controller is designed to tracks variations of speed references and stabilizes the output speed during load
variations. The BLDC has some advantages compare to the others type of motors, however the nonlinearity of
the BLDC motor drive characteristics, because it is difficult to handle by using conventional proportionalintegral
(PI) controller. The BLDC motor is fed from the inverter where the rotor position and current
controller is the input. In order to overcome this main problem, the fuzzy logic control is learned continuously
and gradually becomes the main effective control. The effectiveness of the proposed method is verified by
develop simulation model in MATLAB-Simulink program. The simulation results show that the proposed fuzzy
logic controller (FLC) produce significant improvement control performance compare to the PI controller for
both condition controlling speed reference variations and load disturbance variations. Fuzzy logic is introduced
in order to suppressing the chattering and enhancing the robustness of the controlled system. Fuzzy boundary
layer is developed to provide smother transition to the equivalent control. Smaller overshoot in the speed
response and much better disturbance rejecting capabilities.
Simulation Design of DC Motor Control System Based on MC9S12D64 MCUIJERA Editor
In order to simulate motion condition of industry motor such as automobile air-conditioning motor, automobile
idle valve motor and automobile water cooling motor etc., hardware and software simulation design of direct
current (DC) motor control system are carried out based on MC9S12D64 MCU in this paper. Through analyzing
and comparing a sampled voltage data, MCU controls a DC motor to rotate or not to rotate, and give an alarm
with a buzzer and a red LED light according to requests. The scheme of hardware circuit is performed. The
programming flow chart and the main programming codes are presented. This system is proved to be reliable by
an experimental rig
Reviews of Cascade Control of Dc Motor with Advance Controllerijsrd.com
The proportional- integral-derivative (PID) control is the most used algorithm to regulate the armature current and speed of cascade Control system in motor drives. The controller uses two PID controllers. One PI controller is for speed control and second PID controller for current control in cascade structure. Inner loop is for the current control which is faster than the outer loop. Outer loop is for speed control. The output of the encoder is compared with a preset reference speed. The output of the PI controller is summed and is given as the input to the current controller.
Design and Analysis of Hydraulic Actuator in a Typical Aerospace vehicle | J4...Journal For Research
An Aerospace Vehicle is capable of flight both within and outside the sensible atmosphere. An Actuation System is one of the most important Systems of an Aerospace vehicle. This paper study involves detailed study of various controls Actuation System and Design of a typical Hydraulic Actuation Systems. An actuator control system concerned with electrical, electronic or electro mechanical. Actuator control systems may take the form of extremely simple, manually-operated start-and-stop stations, or sophisticated, programmable computer systems. Hydraulic Actuation System contains Electro Hydraulic Actuators, Servo Valves, Feedback Sensing elements, Pump Motor package, Hydraulic Reservoir, Accumulator, various safety valves, Filters etc. The main objective of this study involves design of Hydraulic Actuator and selection of various other components for the Actuation Systems of an Aerospace Vehicle. Design of the system includes design of Hydraulic actuator and also the Modeling and Analysis of actuator using sophisticated Software.
Experimental Verification and Validation of Stress Distribution of Composite ...Journal For Research
Now a day in all sector weight reduction is most important criteria for lowering the cost & high performance. For weight reduction composite material is good option to solve weight related problems. In this paper we describe analysis of composite glass fibre material with mild steel material comparison. For analysis purpose we can use FEA software. The objective of this paper is compare things like different loading conditions stress distribution etc.
Image Binarization for the uses of Preprocessing to Detect Brain Abnormality ...Journal For Research
Computerized MR of brain image binarization for the uses of preprocessing of features extraction and brain abnormality identification of brain has been described. Binarization is used as intermediate steps of many MR of brain normal and abnormal tissues detection. One of the main problems of MRI binarization is that many pixels of brain part cannot be correctly binarized due to the extensive black background or the large variation in contrast between background and foreground of MRI. Proposed binarization determines a threshold value using mean, variance, standard deviation and entropy followed by a non-gamut enhancement that can overcome the binarization problem. The proposed binarization technique is extensively tested with a variety of MRI and generates good binarization with improved accuracy and reduced error.
A Research Paper on BFO and PSO Based Movie Recommendation System | J4RV4I1016Journal For Research
The objective of this work is to assess the utility of personalized recommendation system (PRS) in the field of movie recommendation using a new model based on neural network classification and hybrid optimization algorithm. We have used advantages of both the evolutionary optimization algorithms which are Particle swarm optimization (PSO) and Bacteria foraging optimization (BFO). In its implementation a NN classification model is used to obtain a movie recommendation which predict ratings of movie. Parameters or attributes on which movie ratings are dependent are supplied by user's demographic details and movie content information. The efficiency and accuracy of proposed method is verified by multiple experiments based on the Movie Lens benchmark dataset. Hybrid optimization algorithm selects best attributes from total supplied attributes of recommendation system and gives more accurate rating with less time taken. In present scenario movie database is becoming larger so we need an optimized recommendation system for better performance in terms of time and accuracy.
IoT based Digital Agriculture Monitoring System and Their Impact on Optimal U...Journal For Research
Although precision agriculture has been adopted in few countries, the greenhouse based modern agriculture industry in India still needs to be modernized with the involvement of technology for better production and cost control. In this paper we proposed a multifunction model for smart agriculture based on IoT. Due to variable atmospheric circumstances these conditions sometimes may vary from place to place in large farmhouse, which makes very difficult to maintain the uniform condition at all the places in the farmhouse manually. Soil and environment properties are sensed and periodically sent to cloud network through IoT. Analysis on cloud data is done for water requirement, total production and maintaining uniform environment conditions throughout greenhouse farm. Proposed model is beneficial for increase in agricultural production and for cost control and real time monitoring of farm.
A REVIEW PAPER ON BFO AND PSO BASED MOVIE RECOMMENDATION SYSTEM | J4RV4I1015Journal For Research
Recommendation system plays important role in Internet world and used in many applications. It has created the collection of many application, created global village and growth for numerous information. This paper represents the overview of Approaches and techniques generated in recommendation system. Recommendation system is categorized in three classes: Collaborative Filtering, Content based and hybrid based Approach. This paper classifies collaborative filtering in two types: Memory based and Model based Recommendation .The paper elaborates these approaches and their techniques with their limitations. The result of our system provides much better recommendations to users because it enables the users to understand the relation between their emotional states and the recommended movies.
HCI BASED APPLICATION FOR PLAYING COMPUTER GAMES | J4RV4I1014Journal For Research
This paper describes a command interface for games based on hand gestures and voice command defined by postures, movement and location. The system uses computer vision requiring no sensors or markers by the user. In voice command the speech recognizer, recognize the input from the user. It stores and passes command to the game, action takes place. We propose a simple architecture for performing real time colour detection and motion tracking using a webcam. The next step is to track the motion of the specified colours and the resulting actions are given as input commands to the system. We specify blue colour for motion tracking and green colour for mouse pointer. The speech recognition is the process of automatically recognizing a certain word spoken by a particular speaker based on individual information included in speech waves. This application will help in reduction in hardware requirement and can be implemented in other electronic devices also.
A REVIEW ON DESIGN OF PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM IN CHANDRAPUR CITY | J4RV4...Journal For Research
As we know the population of Chandrapur City has increased so far in this years and with that has increased the vehicles causing high traffic volume & rise in pollution. But the transportation system in Chandrapur City is still the same. To reduce the traffic volume & pollution, we have to study & design the new transportation system in Chandrapur City. The system would be as similar to Nagpur City with the implementation of Star City Buses. In this Study we would first compare the speed of various vehicles. Collection of population details of Chandrapur City, approximate number of vehicles running on road, collection of data with respect to Ticket fares in Nagpur City- whether it is according to Kilometers or places to be reached, calculation of Ticket Fares for Chandrapur City on the basis data collected. By all these, the best mode of transport in City can be studied. On the basis of above data collected from various respected fields, we will then proceed for the Design part of urban transport system in Chandrapur City. For Design purpose, firstly we have to mark the centre of the City, when the centre is decided; we will then select the Bus Terminus. From centre of the city, we would prefer to select the routes of the Buses. One route will be for the city side like Jatpura Gate, Pathanpura Gate. One route will be for Ballarpur going road. The other one for Mul going road, then next for Nagpur road. We could decide as many routes once we get the clear idea about all data. By getting all this details, the next step is to design the destination points of Buses. Then we have to design about the Bus bays, to reduce congestion in the particular intersections or Stops of bus. After the design also can suggest for Bus lanes. Implementation of Bus Rapid Transit System (BRT system) is the main aim behind to develop transportation mode of City. The design of the Transport System can be designed with the help of various software’s like AutoCAD and Revit.
A REVIEW ON LIFTING AND ASSEMBLY OF ROTARY KILN TYRE WITH SHELL BY FLEXIBLE G...Journal For Research
Heavy kiln tyre Lifting, rigging and assembly with kiln shell is done manually by use of heavy crane and labour. This traditional technique is not safe. The challenge is find out solution for ease the process and cost effective because of limitations of the rigging system, erection area, can be managed safely by the kiln tyre suspender equipped by jaws and suspender beam. This review paper deals with the study and analysis of different papers which are deals with different lifting, gripping and installation techniques and other aspects analysis with software, experimentation and optimization etc.
LABORATORY STUDY OF STRONG, MODERATE AND WEAK SANDSTONES | J4RV4I1012Journal For Research
Sandstones from seven different hydroelectric projects have been assessed to compare their water-related properties and engineering parameters and the comprehensive analysis has been presented. The study has been done by categorizing the sandstones in to three categories i.e. weak, moderate & strong sandstones. The study leads to four broad inferences: (1), there could be very large variation between two sandstones; e.g., here, sandstone S2, S4 & S5, vis-à-vis other two strong sandstones, is superior in all respects. (2), the four weak sandstones differ in respect of some – not all – properties and parameters. (3), none of the four weak sandstones is better than the other two in respect of all properties and parameters. (4), moderate sandstone shows higher values of shear strength parameters in comparison to all the sandstones (including stronger sandstones also) except S3 strong sandstone. In respect of individual properties, the grain density of all sandstones is similar, though their bulk densities, apparent porosity and water content show great variation. The weak, moderate and strong sandstones show qualitative difference in their uniaxial compressive strength and wave velocity (compression and shear, both); and the two are directly proportional. The study clearly demonstrates that there is no one-to-one correspondence between any two properties and parameters, but there is a diffused and/ or qualitative relationship between different sandstones, or certain properties and parameters of a particular variant.
DESIGN ANALYSIS AND FABRICATION OF MANUAL RICE TRANSPLANTING MACHINE | J4RV4I...Journal For Research
Need of rice transplanting machine is growing nowadays because of unique feature seeding in well sequence and well manners. This will save too much efforts of human being. Class of people who uses this kind of machine is farmers and they are having poor economic background. To feed growing population is a huge challenge. Importation of rice will lead to drain out the economy of the country. Mechanization of paddy sector will lead to higher productivity with releasing of work force to other sectors. The objective of this project is to design a paddy transplanting mechanism to transplant paddy seedling by small scale farmers in the country. Hence, this is considered as an activity that needed mechanization. For mechanization the modeling and simulation evaluated for hand operated rice seeding machine, which is help the farmers to planting more and more amount of rice in good quality with low energy consumption and less harm to the environment. India is predominately an agricultural country with rice as one of its main food crop. It Produce about 80 million tons rice annually which is about 22% of the world rice production. Culturally transplanting of young seeding is preferred over direct seeding for better yield and better crop management practice. But this operation requires large amount of manpower (about 400 Man-Hour/ha) and task is very laborious involving working in stopping posture and moving in muddy field.
AN OVERVIEW: DAKNET TECHNOLOGY - BROADBAND AD-HOC CONNECTIVITY | J4RV4I1009Journal For Research
DakNet, is an ad hoc network and an internet service planted on the applied science, which uses wireless technology to provide an asynchronous digital connectivity, it is the intermediate of wireless and asynchronous service that is the beginning of a technical way to universal broadband connectivity. The major process is it provides the broadband connectivity as wider. This paper broadly describes about the technology, architecture behind and its working principles.
Line following is one of the most important aspects of Robotics. A Line Follower Robot is an autonomous robot which is able to follow either a black or white line that is drawn on the surface consisting of a contrasting color. It is designed to move automatically and follow the made plot line. The path can be visible like a black line on a white surface or it can be invisible like a magnetic field. It will move in a particular direction Specified by the user and avoids the obstacle which is coming in the path. Autonomous Intelligent Robots are robot that can perform desired tasks in unstructured environments without continuous human guidance. It is an integrated design from the knowledge of Mechanical, Electrical, and Computer Engineering. LDR sensors based line follower robot design and Fabrication procedure which always direct along the black mark on the white surface. The robot uses several sensors to identify the line thus assisting the bot to stay on the track. The robot is driven by DC motors to control the movements of the wheels.
The project is to ask college related queries and get the responses through a chatbot an Artificial Conversational Entity. This System is a web application which provides answer to the query of the student. Students just have to query through the bot which is used for chatting. Students can chat using any format there is no specific format the user has to follow. This system helps the student to be updated about the college activities.
AN INTEGRATED APPROACH TO REDUCE INTRA CITY TRAFFIC AT COIMBATORE | J4RV4I1002Journal For Research
Coimbatore (11.0168°N,76.9558°E) is a fast developing cosmopolitan city with large number of industries and educational institutions. The development has lead to a large number of vehicles causing heavy traffic. The traffic congestion at Coimbatore has been a major problem which causes traffic jams and accidents. The major reason for traffic has been the mofussil buses that operate in the city. Around 1300 mofussil buses enter into the city, these buses play an important role in traffic congestion. The best solution is to construct a centralized bus stand at the outskirts of the city. This would reduce the traffic, accidents and also leads to development of the outskirts of the city. A suitable location near the city with sufficient road access to connecting cities has been chosen and the bus terminus has been designed, modeled with all facilities and features.
A REVIEW STUDY ON GAS-SOLID CYCLONE SEPARATOR USING LAPPLE MODEL | J4RV4I1001Journal For Research
Cyclone is the most commonly used device to separate dust particles from gas and dust flow. The performance of cyclone separator can be measured in terms of collection efficiency and pressure drop. Parameters like Inlet Flow velocity, the particle size distribution in feed, dimensions of inlet and outlet ducts and cyclone affects the performance of cyclone significantly. Various Mathematical models used for calculation of cut off diameter of separator, flow rate, target efficiency and no. of vortex inside the cyclone to design and study to check the performance of existing cyclone separator. Also new dimensions can be design with help of models. Here, in this study the efficiency achieved with Lapple model cumulatively 86.47%.
During past few years, brain tumor segmentation in CT has become an emergent research area in the field of medical imaging system. Brain tumor detection helps in finding the exact size and location of tumor. An efficient algorithm is proposed in this project for tumor detection based on segmentation and morphological operators. Firstly quality of scanned image is enhanced and then morphological operators are applied to detect the tumor in the scanned image. The problem with biopsy is that the patient has to be hospitalized and also the results (around 15%) give false negative. Scan images are read by radiologist but it's a subjective analysis which requires more experience. In the proposed work we segment the renal region and then classify the tumors as benign or malignant by using ANFIS, which is a non-invasive automated process. This approach reduces the waiting time of the patient.
USE OF GALVANIZED STEELS FOR AUTOMOTIVE BODY- CAR SURVEY RESULTS AT COASTAL A...Journal For Research
An extensive study of automotive body corrosion was conducted in Mumbai area to track corrosion performance of currently used materials of construction for automotive, especially cars with low end cost. The study consisted of a wide range of areas, starting from a closed car parking to several coastal and other humid regions such as Juhu Beach, Varsova beach and other adjoining areas. Data such as visible perforations, paint blisters, and surface rust were seen especially at vulnerable areas such as doors, mudguards, bonnet areas etc. Also, a comparison was done with low cost cars built with normal steel with those built using galvanized steels.
The main objective of our work is to deliver the goods at proper time by an unmanned drone. An Autonomous drone for delivering the goods such as bombs, medical kids, and foods mainly for military uses. This drone was used for dispatching the bombs and armed guns in battle field. And it is also used for delivering the medicines and foods for soldiers in our country borders.
SURVEY ON A MODERN MEDICARE SYSTEM USING INTERNET OF THINGS | J4RV3I12024Journal For Research
Since the population of the world is aging rapidly, how to provide appropriate health care to the elderly and unwell people becomes an important issue and draws high attention from medical, academic and industrial fields of the society. The Internet of Things (IoT) drives the evolution of the Internet and is regarded as a great potential to improve quality of life for the surging number of elderly people, significantly. As Android operating system gains immense popularity nowadays, it is a trend to make use of it for the wider access of IoT utility. This project presents a health monitoring system prototype based on IoT, with the increasing use of sensors by medical devices, remote and continuous monitoring of a patient’s health. This network of sensors and other mobile communication devices referred to as the Internet of Things for Medical Devices (IoT-MD), is poised to revolutionize the functioning of the healthcare industry. Untimed medicine administration can always show adverse effects on the health of the patients. The proposed system is designed to help these patients to take the required medicine in the right proportion at the right time. The basic ideology is integrating the principle of IoT with weight-based slot sensing on a normal pillbox. To make it more state-of-the-art, it is inbuilt with a Wi-Fi module for alerting the patient and also the chemist at the needed instant using IoT.
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
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Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
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This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
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When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
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About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
FOUR QUADRANT SPEED CONTROL OF DC MOTOR USING AT89S52 MICROCONTROLLER
1. Journal for Research| Volume 01| Issue 08 | October 2015
ISSN: 2395-7549
All rights reserved by www.ijirst.org 9
Four Quadrant Speed Control of DC Motor with
the Help of AT89S52 Microcontroller
Vikash Kumar Rekha Jha
M. Tech Student Assistant Professor
Department of Electrical Engineering Department of Electrical Engineering
BIT Sindri, Jharkhand,
India
BIT Sindri, Jharkhand,
India
Abstract
Speed control of a machine is the most vital and important part in any industrial organization. This paper is designed to develop a
four quadrant speed control system for a DC motor using microcontroller. The motor is operated in four quadrants i.e. clockwise,
counter clock-wise, forward brake and reverse brake. It also has a feature of speed control. The four quadrant operation of the dc
motor is best suited for industries where motors are used and as per requirement they can rotate in clockwise, counter-clockwise
and also apply brakes immediately in both the directions. In case of a specific operation in industrial environment, the motor
needs to be stopped immediately. In such scenario, this proposed system is very apt as forward brake and reverse brake are its
integral features. Instantaneous brake in both the directions happens as a result of applying a reverse voltage across the running
motor for a brief period and the speed control of the motor can be achieved with the PWM pulses generated by the
microcontroller. The microcontroller used in this project is from 8051 family. Push buttons are provided for the operation of the
motor which are interfaced to the microcontroller that provides an input signal to it and controls the speed of the motor through a
motor driver IC. The speed and direction of DC motor has been observed on digital CRO. Microcontroller programming has
been written in assembly language by using notepad and it has been converted in hex file by using micro vision Kiel. The
burning of programming in the 8051 microcontroller chip has been done by using positron boot loader software.
Keywords: DC motor, AT89S52 Microcontroller, Motor Driver (L293D), Voltage Regulator (LM7805), Push Buttons,
PWM.
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________
I. INTRODUCTION
DC machines play a very important role in industries and in our daily life. The outstanding advantage of DC machines is that
they offer easily controllable characteristics. This paper is designed to develop a four quadrant speed control system for a DC
motor using microcontroller. The motor is operated in four quadrants i.e. clockwise, counter clock-wise, forward brake and
reverse brake. It also has a feature of speed control.
The four quadrant operation of the dc motor is best suited for industries where motors are used and as per requirement they
can rotate in clockwise, counter-clockwise and also apply brakes immediately in both the directions. In case of a specific
operation in industrial environment, the motor needs to be stopped immediately. In such scenario, this proposed system is very
apt as forward brake and reverse brake are its integral features. In this work the concept of four quadrant speed control i.e.
clockwise movement, anticlockwise movement, instantaneous forward braking and instantaneous reverse braking of a dc motor
with the help of microcontroller through motor driver (L293D) has been proposed.
II. METHODOLOGY
The project work has been divided into two parts. In the first part simulation is done using proteus software and in second part a
prototype model is developed and the result is verified using a prototype hardware model.
System OverviewA.
The design was broken down into different modules to simplify the circuit design. Figure1 describes the block diagram of overall
system for the four quadrant speed control of dc motor.
2. Four Quadrant Speed Control of DC Motor with the Help of AT89S52 Microcontroller
(J4R/ Volume 01 / Issue 08 / 003)
All rights reserved by www.ijirst.org 10
Fig. 1: Block Diagram of the System
The circuit uses standard power supply comprising of a step down transformer from 230V to 12V and the four diodes forming
a bridge rectifier that delivers pulsating dc which is unregulated is regulated to constant 5V dc. The output of the power supply
which is 5V is connected to the 40pin of microcontroller and ground is connected to 20pin. Pin no 1 to 7 of port 1 are connected
to switches. Pin no 21, 22, 23 of microcontroller are connected to input 1,2, enable pins of motor driver L293D.Pin 3 and 6 are
connected to motor terminals.
Four Quadrant Operation of DC Motor:B.
There are four possible modes or quadrants of operation using a DC Motor which is depicted in Figure 2. When DC motor is
operating in the first and third quadrant, the supplied voltage is greater than the back emf which is forward motoring and reverse
motoring modes respectively, but the direction of current flow differs. When the motor operates in the second and fourth
quadrant the value of the back emf generated by the motor should be greater than the supplied voltage which are the forward
braking and reverse braking modes of operation respectively, here again the direction of current flow is reversed.
Fig. 2: Four Quadrants Of Operation
Pulse Width Modulation:C.
Pulse width Modulation (PWM) is the term used to describe using a digital signal to generate an analogue output signal. PWM is
one of the powerful techniques used in control systems today. This is usually used to control the average power to a load in a
motor speed control circuit. It is used in wide range of application which includes: speed control, power control, measurement
and communication.
3. Four Quadrant Speed Control of DC Motor with the Help of AT89S52 Microcontroller
(J4R/ Volume 01 / Issue 08 / 003)
All rights reserved by www.ijirst.org 11
Pulse-width modulation (PWM) is a commonly used technique for controlling power to an electrical device, made practical by
modern electronic power switches. The average value of voltage (and current) fed to the load is controlled by turning the switch
between supply and load on and off at a fast pace. The term duty cycle describes the proportion of on time to the regular interval
or period of time; a low duty cycle corresponds to low power, because the power is off for most of the time. Duty cycle is
expressed in percent, 100% being fully on.
The main advantage of PWM is that power loss in the switching devices is very low. When a switch is off there is practically
no current, and when it is on, there is almost no voltage drop across the switch. Power loss, being the product of voltage and
current, is thus in both cases close to zero. PWM works also well with digital controls, which, because of their on/off nature, can
easily set the needed duty cycle. PWM has also been used in certain communication systems where its duty cycle has been used
to convey information over a communications channel. The duty cycle determines the speed of the motor. The desired speed can
be obtained by changing the duty cycle. The PWM in microcontroller is used to control the duty cycle of DC motor. The PWM
pulses generated from the microcontroller are viewed for various duty cycles in the simulation done in proteous software.
Motor Driver IC:D.
L293D is a dual H-bridge motor driver integrated circuit (IC). Motor drivers act as current amplifiers since they take a low-
current control signal and provide a higher-current signal. This higher current signal is used to drive the motors.
L293D contains two inbuilt H-bridge driver circuits. In its common mode of operation, two DC motors can be driven
simultaneously, both in forward and reverse direction. The motor operations of two motors can be controlled by input logic at
pins 2 & 7 and 10 & 15. Input logic 00 or 11 will stop the corresponding motor. Logic 01 and 10 will rotate it in clockwise and
anticlockwise directions, respectively. Enable pins 1 and 9 (corresponding to the two motors) must be high for motors to start
operating. When an enable input is high, the associated driver gets enabled. As a result, the outputs become active and work in
phase with their inputs. Similarly, when the enable input is low, that driver is disabled, and their outputs are off and in the high-
impedance state.
III.COMPLETE DRIVE SYSTEM
To implement this project work three software have used. These are:
1) Kiel
2) Proteus
3) Flash Magic
Kiel:A.
Kiel compiler has been used to convert high level language into Hex code.
Proteus:B.
It has been used to simulate the result in software.
Positron Boot Loader:C.
It has been used to burn Hex code into microcontroller
The overall block of the system is implemented in the proteous software and the response and the operation of the motor is
viewed as in figure 3.
Fig. 3: System Tested In Software
4. Four Quadrant Speed Control of DC Motor with the Help of AT89S52 Microcontroller
(J4R/ Volume 01 / Issue 08 / 003)
All rights reserved by www.ijirst.org 12
The response of the motor connected can be seen visually according to the program fed into the microcontroller and the
operations are carried accordingly. It is the easiest way to check whether the hardware will get the desired output. The changes
can be made to get the desired output and the operation can be carried out accordingly.
IV.HARDWARE DESCRIPTION
The following procedures are carried out for the for the four quadrant DC motor speed control operation using microcontroller.
Here seven switches are interfaced to MC to control the speed of motor in four quadrants. When start switch is pressed the motor
starts rotating in full speed being driven by a motor driver IC L293D that receives control signal continuously from the
microcontroller. When clockwise switch is pressed the motor rotates in forward direction as per the logic provided by the
program from the microcontroller to the motor driver IC. While forward brake is pressed a reverse voltage is applied to the motor
by the motor driver IC by sensing reverse logic sent by the microcontroller for a short time period due to and reverse brake
switch is pressed the microcontroller delivers a logic to the motor driver IC that develops for very small time a reverse voltage
across the running motor due to which instantaneous brake situation happens to the motor. PWM switch is used to rotate the
motor at varying speed by delivering from the microcontroller a varying duty cycle to the enable pin of the motor driver IC. It
starts from 100% duty cycle and reduces in steps of 10% when it is pressed again and finally reaches to 10% duty cycle and the
process repeats. Stop button is used to switch OFF the motor by driving the enable pin to ground from the microcontroller
command accordingly.
V. PRACTICAL IMPLEMENTATION
The practical implementation of the four quadrant control of the DC motor is shown in figure 4. The hardware is designed and
the operation has been done based upon the program written in the microcontroller for the four quadrant operation of the DC
motor and the speed is also controlled by using PWM technique which instantaneous brake situation is applied to the motor.
Fig. 4: Complete Prototype Hardware Model
Similarly when motor is rotating in anti-clockwise direction by appropriate logic from the microcontroller to the motor driver IC.
5. Four Quadrant Speed Control of DC Motor with the Help of AT89S52 Microcontroller
(J4R/ Volume 01 / Issue 08 / 003)
All rights reserved by www.ijirst.org 13
Fig. 5: Flow Chart Diagram Of System
VI.EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
Simulation Results Using Proteus Software:A.
The simulated waveform of microcontroller based dc motor speed control for the four quadrant modes of operation i.e.
clockwise, anticlockwise movement, forward and reverse braking is given below.
Fig. 6: (A). Waveform Of Clock-Wise Movement Of Dc Motor
6. Four Quadrant Speed Control of DC Motor with the Help of AT89S52 Microcontroller
(J4R/ Volume 01 / Issue 08 / 003)
All rights reserved by www.ijirst.org 14
Fig. 6: (B). Waveform Of Anti-Clockwise Movement Of Dc Motor
Fig. 6: (C). Waveform Of Forward Braking Of Dc Motor
Fig. 6: (D). Waveform Of Reverse Braking Of Dc Motor
7. Four Quadrant Speed Control of DC Motor with the Help of AT89S52 Microcontroller
(J4R/ Volume 01 / Issue 08 / 003)
All rights reserved by www.ijirst.org 15
Hardware Implementation:B.
The hardware model has been designed and implemented for speed control of dc motor using AT89S52 microcontroller and the
waveform of input pulse given to dc motor from pin of microcontroller has been observed on digital CRO. And the waveforms
for four quadrant modes of operations are achieved for different duty cycle achieved.
Fig. 6: (E). Clockwise Movement Of DC Motor
Fig. 6: (F). Anti-Clockwise Movement of DC Motor
8. Four Quadrant Speed Control of DC Motor with the Help of AT89S52 Microcontroller
(J4R/ Volume 01 / Issue 08 / 003)
All rights reserved by www.ijirst.org 16
Fig. 6: (g). Waveform of Forward Braking
Fig. 6: (h). Waveform of Reverse Braking
Table - 1
Variation of Speed with Duty Cycle
RPM
Duty cycle
Clockwise Anti-clockwise
500 94.7% 96.1%
1000 96.1% 97.6%
1500 98.1% 98.1%
2000 98.5% 98.5%
From the table no.01, it has been observed that as the duty cycle of dc motor increases its speed also increases.
1) By using PWM method the average power delivered to a load and speed of the DC Motor can be easily controlled. As
the width of pulse varies, average voltage applied to motor varies and so the speed of dc motor also varies.
9. Four Quadrant Speed Control of DC Motor with the Help of AT89S52 Microcontroller
(J4R/ Volume 01 / Issue 08 / 003)
All rights reserved by www.ijirst.org 17
2) In this project the DC Motor is interfaced with AT89S52 Microcontroller using L293D Motor Driver. Push Button
switches are provided to control the speed of the dc motor. The average DC value delivered to motor can be varied by
varying the duty ratio of the PWM.
3) From the experiment it has been observed that in forward and reverse braking mode the dc motor runs for a short
duration and after this it stops.
VII. CONCLUSION
The prototype hardware model for the four quadrant dc motor speed control using microcontroller is designed. . A simulated
model has been developed by proteus software and then result has been verified using a prototype hardware model. In the
proposed model, the PWM technique has been used to control the speed of dc motor. By variation in duty cycle, applied voltage
varies therefore speed of dc motor can be controlled. The waveform of input pulse given to DC motor has been taken for
different values of duty cycle and it has been observed that speed of dc motor is directly proportional to duty cycle, i.e. as the on
time duty cycle increases the speed of dc motor also increases. The waveform of input pulse of dc motor has been taken for
forward and reverse braking mode and it has been observed that amplitude of waveform became high for very short duration and
after that amplitude becomes zero.
In the experimental result it has been observed that some harmonics are occurred. It is due to different nonlinear electronic
components such as diodes, transistors etc. present in the prototype developed model. It has been observed that amplitude of
waveform obtained in proteus simulated model is 5v while it is 3.5v for waveform obtained from experimental result i.e.
amplitude of waveform obtained from experimental result is less. It is due to the fact that some voltage drop has been taken place
across resisters used in the prototype developed model.
It is practical and highly feasible in economic point of view and has an advantage of running motors of higher ratings. It gives
a reliable, durable, accurate and efficient way of speed control of a DC motor. The program is found to be efficient and the
results with the designed hardware are promising. The developed control and power circuit functions properly and satisfies the
application requirements. The motor is able to operate in all the four quadrants successfully. Regenerative braking is also
achieved.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I would like to thank BIT Sindri for giving me the opportunity to use their resources and work in such a challenging
environment.
First and foremost I take this opportunity to express my deepest sense of gratitude to my guide Mrs. Rekha Jha for her able
guidance during my project work. This project would not have been possible without her help and the valuable time that he has
given me amidst her busy schedule. I would also like to extend my gratitude to my friends and senior students of this department
who have always encouraged and supported me in doing my work.
Last but not the least I would like to thank all the staff members of Department of Electrical Engineering who have been very
cooperative with us.
REFERENCES
[1] B.K Bose., Power electronics and motor drives recent technology advances, Proceedings of the IEEE International Symposium on Industrial Electronics,
IEEE, 2002, pp 22-25.
[2] Devika R. Yengalwar, Samiksha S. Zade, Dinesh L. Mute “Four Quadrant Speed Control Of Dc Motor Using Chopper” International Journal Of
Engineering Sciences & Research Technology,vol. 4 issue 2: February, 2015, ISSN: 2277-9655,pp 401-406.
[3] “DS1103 PPC Controller Board”, Germany: dSPACE, July 2008. Janice Gillispie Mazidi. “Books on Microcontroller: 8051 microcontroller and embedded
systems”
[4] Maiocchi.G., “Books on DC motors: Driving DC Motors “BL.Theraja. “DC Motors and drives “
[5] Muhammad Ali Mazidi and Janice Gillispie Mazidi, “The 8051 Microcontroller and Embedded Systems, Pearson Prentice Hall Publication”.
[6] Shruti Shrivastava1, Jageshwar Rawat2, Amit Agrawal “Controlling DC Motor using Microcontroller (PIC16F72) with PWM” International Journal of
Engineering Research (ISSN : 2319-6890),Volume No.1, Issue No.2, pp : 45-47 01 Dec. 2012.
[7] S.M.Rangdal1, Prof. G.P.Jain2 “Speed Control Of Dc Motor Using Microcontroller” International Journal of Advanced Technology in Engineering and
Science www.ijates.com Volume No.02, Issue No. 12, December 2014 ISSN (online): 2348 – 7550.
[8] Snehlata Sanjay Thakare and Prof. Santosh Kompelli “Design and implementation of dc motor speed control based on pic microcontroller” International
Journal of Engineering and Computer Science ISSN: 2319-7242, Volume - 3 Issue -9 September, 2014 Page No. 8075-8079.
[9] Valter Quercioli., “Books on PWM technique: Pulse Width Modulated Power supplies”.
[10] Y. S. E. Ali, S. B. M. Noor, S. M. Uashi and M. K Hassan” Microcontroller Performance for DC Motor Speed Control” O-7803-8208,2003 IEEE.