This document summarizes the synthesis and fabrication of polymers. It discusses polymerization methods including addition polymerization and condensation polymerization. It also describes common polymer additives like fillers, plasticizers, stabilizers and colorants. The document outlines several forming techniques for plastics, including molding methods, extrusion, blow molding and casting. Fabrication techniques for elastomers, fibers and films are also summarized.
Polymer - a long chain molecule made up of many small identical units of Monomer is known as Polymer.
Monomer - the smallest repeating unit is known as Monomer.
Polymer is a molecule is obtained by natural and synthetic origin having group of Smallest repeating unit is known as polymer.
Polymer is important for increasing the stability of drug molecule, it is important to influencing the solubility of drug molecule, it is important to maintain the Physicochemical properties, it is important to maintain the prolong stability of drug molecule in extended period of time, it is important for influencing the Bioavailability of drug.
Polymer is important for Pharmaceutical industries and research purpose.
The presentation gives a brief idea about polymers,its definition,types of polymers,common examples of polymers,polymerization and its types,polymer processing and applications of polymers.
Polymer - a long chain molecule made up of many small identical units of Monomer is known as Polymer.
Monomer - the smallest repeating unit is known as Monomer.
Polymer is a molecule is obtained by natural and synthetic origin having group of Smallest repeating unit is known as polymer.
Polymer is important for increasing the stability of drug molecule, it is important to influencing the solubility of drug molecule, it is important to maintain the Physicochemical properties, it is important to maintain the prolong stability of drug molecule in extended period of time, it is important for influencing the Bioavailability of drug.
Polymer is important for Pharmaceutical industries and research purpose.
The presentation gives a brief idea about polymers,its definition,types of polymers,common examples of polymers,polymerization and its types,polymer processing and applications of polymers.
Lecture notes on Structure and Properties of Engineering Polymers
Course Objectives:
The main objective is to introduce polymers as an engineering material and emphasize the basic concepts of their nature, production and properties. Polymers are introduced at three levels; namely, the molecular level, the micro level, and macro-level. Through knowledge of all three levels, student can understand and predict the properties of various polymers and their performance in different products. The course also aims at introducing the students to the principles of polymer processing techniques and considerations of design using engineering polymers.
* Introduction to polymers.
* Polymerization.
* Characteristics of an ideal polymer.
* Classification of polymer on different bases- Origin, Monomer,
Thermalresponse, Mode of formation,structure & Biodegradability
* Some other parameters of polymer classification - Crystallinity & BackboneAtom
* Conclusion
Polymerization Process and its Advantages , Disadvantage
1.Bulk Polymerization Process
2.Solution Polymerization Process
3.Suspension Polymerization Process
4.Emulsion Polymerization Process
Lecture notes on Structure and Properties of Engineering Polymers
Course Objectives:
The main objective is to introduce polymers as an engineering material and emphasize the basic concepts of their nature, production and properties. Polymers are introduced at three levels; namely, the molecular level, the micro level, and macro-level. Through knowledge of all three levels, student can understand and predict the properties of various polymers and their performance in different products. The course also aims at introducing the students to the principles of polymer processing techniques and considerations of design using engineering polymers.
* Introduction to polymers.
* Polymerization.
* Characteristics of an ideal polymer.
* Classification of polymer on different bases- Origin, Monomer,
Thermalresponse, Mode of formation,structure & Biodegradability
* Some other parameters of polymer classification - Crystallinity & BackboneAtom
* Conclusion
Polymerization Process and its Advantages , Disadvantage
1.Bulk Polymerization Process
2.Solution Polymerization Process
3.Suspension Polymerization Process
4.Emulsion Polymerization Process
The fabrication methodology of a composite part depends mainly on three factors:
(i) the characteristics of matrices and reinforcements,
(ii) the shapes, sizes and engineering details of products, and
(iii) end uses.
The composite products are too many and cover a very wide domain of applications ranging from an engine valve to an aircraft wing.
The fabrication technique varies from one product to the other.
This topic relates to polymer structure and types of plastic. It also explains the usage and mechanical properties of thermo plastic, thermosetting plastic and the process of making plastic products.
Ekeeda Provides Online Engineering Subjects Video Lectures and Tutorials of Mumbai University (MU) Courses. Visit us: https://ekeeda.com/streamdetails/University/Mumbai-University
Ekeeda Provides Online Engineering Subjects Video Lectures and Tutorials of Mumbai University (MU) Courses. Visit us: https://ekeeda.com/streamdetails/University/Mumbai-University
polymers include the familiar plastic and rubber materials, many of them are organic compounds that are chemically based on carbon ,hydrogen , and other nonmetallic elements , furthermore , they have very large molecular structure. these materials typically have low densities and maybe extremely flexible.
this presentation is for polymer processing and their applications. it includes diffrent process through which we process polymers and make use of them in our daily life.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
RAT: Retrieval Augmented Thoughts Elicit Context-Aware Reasoning in Long-Hori...
Synthesis and Fabrication of Polymers
1. SYNTHESIS AND FABRICATION
OF
POLYMERS
Polymerization
Polymer Additives
Forming Techniques for Plastics
Fabrication of Elastomers
Fabrication of Fibers and Films
2. POLYMERIZATION
The synthesis of the large molecular weight polymers is termed
polymerization; it is simply the process by which monomer units are joined over
and over, to generate each of the constituent giant molecules.
Two general classifications of polymerization:
• ADDITION POLYMERIZATION
Addition polymerization (sometimes called chain reaction polymerization)
is a process by which bifunctional monomer units are attached one at a time in
chainlike fashion to form a linear macromolecule; the composition of the resultant
product molecule is an exact multiple for that of the original reactant monomer.
Three distinct stages involved in addition polymerization:
o Initiation
o Propagation
o Termination
3. During the initiation step, an active center capable of propagation is formed by a
reaction between an initiator (or catalyst) species and the monomer unit. This
process has already been demonstrated for polyethylene, which is repeated as
follows:
Again, R represents the active initiator, and is an unpaired electron.
Propagation involves the linear growth of the molecule as monomer units
become attached to one another in succession to produce the chain molecule,
which is represented, again for polyethylene, as follows:
4. Propagation may end or terminate in different ways. First, the active ends of
two propagating chains may react or link together to form a nonreactive molecule,
as follows:
thus terminating the growth of each chain. Or, an active chain end may react with
an initiator or other chemical species having a single active bond, as follows:
with the resultant cessation of chain growth.
Addition polymerization is used in the synthesis of polyethylene, polypropylene,
polyvinyl chloride, and polystyrene, as well as many of the copolymers.
5. • CONDENSATION POLYMERIZATION
Condensation (or step reaction) polymerization is the formation of
polymers by stepwise intermolecular chemical reactions that normally involve more
than one monomer species; there is usually a small molecular weight by-product
such as water, which is eliminated. No reactant species has the chemical formula of
the mer repeat unit, and the intermolecular reaction occurs every time a mer repeat
unit is formed.
Example:
Consider the formation of a polyester from the reaction between ethylene glycol
and adipic acid; the intermolecular reaction is as follows:
This stepwise process is successively repeated, producing, in this case, a linear
Molecule.
6. The chemistry of the specific reaction is not important, but rather, the
condensation polymerization mechanism. Furthermore, reaction
times for condensation are generally longer than for addition
polymerization.
Condensation reactions often produce trifunctional monomers
capable of forming crosslinked and network polymers. The
thermosetting polyesters and phenolformaldehyde,
the nylons, and the polycarbonates are produced by condensation
polymerization. Some polymers, such as nylon, may be polymerized by
either technique
7. POLYMER ADDITIVES
Foreign substances called additives are intentionally introduced to enhance or
modify many of these properties — related to and controlled by the molecular
structure — and thus render a polymer more serviceable.
• FILLERS
Filler materials are most often added to polymers to improve tensile and
compressive strengths, abrasion resistance, toughness, dimensional and thermal
stability, and other properties.
• PLASTICIZERS
The flexibility, ductility, and toughness of polymers may be improved with the
aid of additives called plasticizers. Their presence also produces reductions in
hardness and stiffness.
• STABILIZERS
Additives that counteract deteriorative processes (Ultraviolet radiation and
Oxidation) are called stabilizers.
8. • COLORANTS
Colorants impart a specific color to a polymer; they may be added in the form of
dyes or pigments.
• FLAME RETARDANTS
The flammability resistance of the remaining combustible polymers may be
enhanced by additives called flame retardants.
9. FORMING TECHNIQUES FOR PLASTICS
The method used for a specific polymer depends on several factors:
(1) whether the material is thermoplastic or thermosetting;
(2) if thermoplastic, the temperature at which it softens;
(3) the atmospheric stability of the material being formed; and
(4) the geometry and size of the finished product.
Thermoplastics are formed above their glass transition temperatures, if amorphous,
or above their melting temperatures, if semicrystalline; an applied pressure must be
maintained as the piece is cooled so that the formed article will retain its shape.
Fabrication of thermosetting polymers is ordinarily accomplished in two stages.
First comes the preparation of a linear polymer (sometimes called a prepolymer)
as a liquid, having a low molecular weight. This material is converted into the final
hard and stiff product during the second stage, which is normally carried out in a
mold having the desired shape. This second stage, termed ‘‘curing,’’ may occur
during heating and/or by the addition of catalysts, and often under pressure.
10. Molding is the most common method for forming plastic polymers
• COMPRESSION AND TRANSFER MOLDING
For compression molding, the appropriate amounts of thoroughly mixed
polymer and necessary additives are placed between male and female mold
members, as illustrated in Figure 14.27.
11. In transfer molding, a variation of compression molding, the solid ingredients
are first melted in a heated transfer chamber. As the molten material is injected into the mold
chamber, the pressure is distributed more uniformly over all surfaces. This process is used
with thermosetting polymers and for pieces having complex geometries.
• INJECTION MOLDING
Injection molding, the polymer analogue of die casting for metals, is the most widely
used technique for fabricating thermoplastic materials. A schematic cross section
of the apparatus used is illustrated in Figure 14.28.
12. • EXTRUSION
The extrusion process is simply injection molding of a viscous thermoplastic
through an open-ended die, similar to the extrusion of metals. A mechanical
screw or auger propels through a chamber the pelletized material, which is
successively compacted, melted, and formed into a continuous charge of viscous
fluid.
• BLOW MOLDING
The blow molding process for the fabrication of plastic containers is similar to
that used for blowing glass bottles. First, a parison, or length of polymer tubing is
extruded. While still in a semimolten state, the parison is placed in a two-piece
mold having the desired container configuration. The hollow piece is formed by
blowing air or steam under pressure into the parison, forcing the tube walls to
conform to the contours of the mold.
13. • CASTING
Like metals, polymeric materials may be cast, as when a molten plastic material
is poured into a mold and allowed to solidify.
FABRICATION OF ELASTOMERS
Techniques used in the actual fabrication of rubber parts are essentially the
same as those discussed for plastics as described above, that is, compression
molding, extrusion, and so on.
14. FABRICATION OF FIBERS AND FILMS
• FIBERS
The process by which fibers are formed from bulk polymer material is termed
spinning.
o Melt Spinning
Fibers are spun from the molten state. The material to be spun is first heated until
it forms a relatively viscous liquid. Next, it is pumped down through a plate called
a spinnerette, which contains numerous small, round holes. As the molten
material passes through each of these orifices, a single fiber is formed, which
solidifies almost immediately upon passing into the air.
Drawing
-The mechanical elongation of a fiber in the direction of its axis
-The strength of fibers is improved by a postforming process called drawing.
15. • FILMS
Many films are simply extruded through a thin die slit; this may be followed by
a rolling operation that serves to reduce thickness and improve strength.
Alternatively, film may be blown: continuous tubing is extruded through an
annular die; then, by maintaining a carefully controlled positive gas pressure
inside the tube, wall thickness may be continuously reduced to produce a thin
cylindrical film, which may be cut and laid flat. Some of the newer films are
produced by coextrusion; that is, multilayers of more than one polymer type
are extruded simultaneously.