3. Characteristics of polymersCharacteristics of polymers
• Low densityLow density
• Low energy to processLow energy to process
• Corrosion resistantCorrosion resistant
• CheapCheap
12. Features of additivesFeatures of additives
1- Efficient1- Efficient
2- Cheap2- Cheap
3- Non toxic3- Non toxic
4- Stable under processing conditions4- Stable under processing conditions
5- Stable under service conditions5- Stable under service conditions
6- Should not bleed6- Should not bleed
13. FillersFillers
1- To extend the bulk (lower the cost)1- To extend the bulk (lower the cost)
2- To modify mechanical properties2- To modify mechanical properties
3- To improve flame retardant properties3- To improve flame retardant properties
4- Electrical properties or insulation4- Electrical properties or insulation
5- visual properties and colour5- visual properties and colour
21. Slection of plasticizerSlection of plasticizer
High compatibility with polymerHigh compatibility with polymer
Low volatility & migrationLow volatility & migration
Improve flexibility at low temp.Improve flexibility at low temp.
23. External lubricantsExternal lubricants
Possess polar gpsPossess polar gps
Low compatibility with polymerLow compatibility with polymer
Form thin film between polymerForm thin film between polymer
& machine (prevent sticking)& machine (prevent sticking)
28. EnergyEnergy
Energy required to raise the tempEnergy required to raise the temp
of fuel to its ignition temp.of fuel to its ignition temp.
29. Shortcoming of fireShortcoming of fire
triangletriangle
Covalent bonded organic cpdCovalent bonded organic cpd
extinguished using dry chemicalsextinguished using dry chemicals
30. Tetrahedron of fireTetrahedron of fire
FuelFuel
Energy (heat)Energy (heat)
Oxidizer (OOxidizer (O22))
Fuel (plastic)
C
hain
reaction
C
hain
reaction
O
fburning
O
fburning
31. Combustion mechanismCombustion mechanism
CHCH44 + O+ O22 COCO22 + H+ H22OO
1- O = O 21- O = O 2 ..
OO ..
2- CH2- CH44 4 H. +4 H. + ....
CC....
3-3- ....
CC.. + ... + .
OO..
CO (flammable gas)CO (flammable gas)
4-4- ....
CC.. +.. +
22 ..
OO..
COCO22
5- 2H +5- 2H + ..
OO..
HH22OO
55. Heat stabilizersHeat stabilizers
(Diethyl tin maleats)(Diethyl tin maleats)
PVC Degradation mechanismPVC Degradation mechanism
Cl H Cl H Cl
CH2-CH-CH-CH-CH-CH
CH2-CH=CH-CH=CH-CH2Cl
56. O
(C C)
H H
O
(C C)
H H
H
Cl
++ HClHCl
MYMY22 + HCl+ HCl MYCl + HYMYCl + HY
MM == Ca, Zn, Ba, Cd, PbCa, Zn, Ba, Cd, Pb YY == organic anionorganic anion
57. Blowing agentsBlowing agents
To obtain cellular polymerTo obtain cellular polymer
1-Chemical cpd decompose in processing stage1-Chemical cpd decompose in processing stage
to volatile cpdto volatile cpd
2- Low boiling liquids volatilize during processing2- Low boiling liquids volatilize during processing
3-Diffusion of gas in polymer under pressure3-Diffusion of gas in polymer under pressure
4- Powdered solid CO4- Powdered solid CO22 with PVC pastswith PVC pasts
58. Comments on ChemicalComments on Chemical
Blowing agentsBlowing agents
1-Gases evolved within a narrow temp range1-Gases evolved within a narrow temp range
2- Decomposition temp range should be2- Decomposition temp range should be
suitable for polymersuitable for polymer
3-Gas evolved should not corrode processing3-Gas evolved should not corrode processing
machinemachine
59. ColorantsColorants
Materials which provide color in polymerMaterials which provide color in polymer
DyesDyes
(Soluble(Soluble)
PigmentsPigments
(insoluble(insoluble)
OrganicOrganic
(C-Black)(C-Black)
InorganicInorganic
(TiO(TiO22 ))
60. ColorantsColorants
Organic Dyes & PigmentsOrganic Dyes & Pigments Inorganic PigmentsInorganic Pigments
•BrightBright
•BurnBurn
•Add in small quantityAdd in small quantity
•Very complex cpdVery complex cpd
•More expensiveMore expensive
•Small particle sizeSmall particle size
•OpaqueOpaque
•Flame retaddantFlame retaddant
•Resist light & heatResist light & heat
•Low conc. produceLow conc. produce
translucent colortranslucent color
•FeO, CoO, CdSFeO, CoO, CdS
62. Curing AgentsCuring Agents
• Captax (2-Mercaptobenzothiazole)Captax (2-Mercaptobenzothiazole)
• Santocure (2-Mercaptobenzothiazole sulfonamide)Santocure (2-Mercaptobenzothiazole sulfonamide)
Vulcanization of SBRVulcanization of SBR
63. Curing AgentsCuring Agents
• Initiators (Benzoyl Peroxide)Initiators (Benzoyl Peroxide)
Curing of polyestersCuring of polyesters
64. Curing AgentsCuring Agents
• Gama Ray or UVGama Ray or UV
Produce Polymer Free RadicalsProduce Polymer Free Radicals
Curing of the polymerCuring of the polymer
65. Curing AgentsCuring Agents
H H H H H H
C C C C C C
H H H H H H
H H H H H H
C C C C C C
H H H H H H C
C
C
..
C
..
UV
66. Curing AgentsCuring Agents
• OO22 + Heavy metals (Co, Pb, Mg)+ Heavy metals (Co, Pb, Mg)
Curing of unsaturatedCuring of unsaturated
polymerspolymers
67. Curing AgentsCuring Agents
H H H H H H
C C C C C C
H H H H H H
H H H H H H
C C C C C C
H H OOH H H H
OO22
H
H
H
H
H
H
C
C
C
C
C
C
H
H
O
..
H
H
H
CoCo
3+3+ ++
-- OHOH
CoCo
2+2+
69. Antistatic AgentsAntistatic Agents
Dissipation of staticDissipation of static
chargecharge
Applied to surfaceApplied to surface
More conductiveMore conductive
surfacesurface
Attract moistureAttract moisture
from airfrom air
Reduce static chargeReduce static charge
on the surfaceon the surface
Act as a lubricant onAct as a lubricant on
polymer surfacepolymer surface
Ex: Quaternary amm cpd,Ex: Quaternary amm cpd,
esters of fatty acids &esters of fatty acids &
polyhydric alcoholpolyhydric alcohol
73. CompatibilizersCompatibilizers
Compounds provide miscibility orCompounds provide miscibility or
compatibility to materials that arecompatibility to materials that are
immiscible or only partially miscibleimmiscible or only partially miscible
Homogeneous product does notHomogeneous product does not
separate into its componentsseparate into its components
74. Phase 1Phase 1
Phase 2Phase 2
Compatibilizer MechanismsCompatibilizer Mechanisms
Physical bond at interfacePhysical bond at interface
77. Coupling agentsCoupling agents
Used as surface treatment in composites toUsed as surface treatment in composites to
improve the interfacial bond between theimprove the interfacial bond between the
matrix(weak) and fiber(strong)matrix(weak) and fiber(strong)
Silans and TitanateSilans and Titanate