1. The document provides an introduction to synchronous sequential circuits, also known as finite state machines, explaining their behavior and design techniques for both manual and automated design. 2. It covers topics like Moore and Mealy state models for representing finite state machines, state minimization procedures, and algorithmic state machines. 3. Examples of designing synchronous sequential circuits like an arbiter and implementing them using Verilog code are also included to help students understand the concepts better.
This document discusses and compares combinational and sequential circuits. It provides examples of common combinational circuits like half adders, full adders, decoders, and multiplexers. It also discusses sequential circuits elements like flip flops and shift registers. The document then focuses on adders in more detail, explaining half adders, full adders, and ripple carry adders through diagrams and examples.
This document discusses sequential circuits and their analysis. It defines sequential logic as circuits whose outputs depend not only on current inputs but also past inputs, requiring some type of memory. There are two types of sequential circuits: synchronous use a clock for synchronization, while asynchronous can change output at any time. Analysis of sequential circuits involves obtaining a description of the input-output-state sequence over time using techniques like logic diagrams, state tables, characteristic tables, and state diagrams. Various flip-flop designs are presented, including the SR latch, D latch using transmission gates, and master-slave flip-flop. Timing considerations like clock period and setup time are also covered.
Sequential circuits consist of combinational logic and memory elements like latches and flip-flops. There are different types of latches and flip-flops that differ in their trigger mechanisms and outputs, including SR latches, D latches, and edge-triggered flip-flops like SR, D, and JK flip-flops. Asynchronous inputs can directly set or reset flip-flop outputs independent of the clock signal.
The document discusses sequential circuits and different types of flip flops and counters. It describes how sequential circuits have memory and their output depends on current and past inputs. There are two main types of sequential circuits - asynchronous which can change state at any time and synchronous which use a clock signal to control when the output can change state. Common types of flip flops described include SR, JK, D and T flip flops. Counters can be asynchronous with the clock signal rippling through or synchronous where all flip flops share the same clock.
The Reason Why we use master slave JK flip flop instead of simple level triggered flip flop is Racing condition which can be successfully avoided using two SR latches fed with inverted clocks.
The document discusses asynchronous sequential circuits. It begins by defining asynchronous sequential circuits as circuits that do not use clock pulses, with the internal state changing in response to input variable changes. It then covers different types of asynchronous sequential circuits including fundamental mode and pulse mode circuits. The document outlines the analysis and design procedures for both types of circuits. This includes determining next state equations, constructing state and transition tables, and deriving flow tables to analyze fundamental mode circuits. It also discusses how to analyze and design pulse mode circuits using state tables and flip-flops. Race conditions and stability considerations are reviewed. An example of analyzing and designing a gated latch circuit is provided.
This document discusses combinational logic circuits such as adders, subtractors, multipliers, decoders, and multiplexers. It provides circuit diagrams and truth tables for half adders, full adders, half subtractors, full subtractors, decoders, and multiplexers. It also describes how to build binary adders and subtractors using these basic components and how multiplication of binary numbers is performed.
This document discusses and compares combinational and sequential circuits. It provides examples of common combinational circuits like half adders, full adders, decoders, and multiplexers. It also discusses sequential circuits elements like flip flops and shift registers. The document then focuses on adders in more detail, explaining half adders, full adders, and ripple carry adders through diagrams and examples.
This document discusses sequential circuits and their analysis. It defines sequential logic as circuits whose outputs depend not only on current inputs but also past inputs, requiring some type of memory. There are two types of sequential circuits: synchronous use a clock for synchronization, while asynchronous can change output at any time. Analysis of sequential circuits involves obtaining a description of the input-output-state sequence over time using techniques like logic diagrams, state tables, characteristic tables, and state diagrams. Various flip-flop designs are presented, including the SR latch, D latch using transmission gates, and master-slave flip-flop. Timing considerations like clock period and setup time are also covered.
Sequential circuits consist of combinational logic and memory elements like latches and flip-flops. There are different types of latches and flip-flops that differ in their trigger mechanisms and outputs, including SR latches, D latches, and edge-triggered flip-flops like SR, D, and JK flip-flops. Asynchronous inputs can directly set or reset flip-flop outputs independent of the clock signal.
The document discusses sequential circuits and different types of flip flops and counters. It describes how sequential circuits have memory and their output depends on current and past inputs. There are two main types of sequential circuits - asynchronous which can change state at any time and synchronous which use a clock signal to control when the output can change state. Common types of flip flops described include SR, JK, D and T flip flops. Counters can be asynchronous with the clock signal rippling through or synchronous where all flip flops share the same clock.
The Reason Why we use master slave JK flip flop instead of simple level triggered flip flop is Racing condition which can be successfully avoided using two SR latches fed with inverted clocks.
The document discusses asynchronous sequential circuits. It begins by defining asynchronous sequential circuits as circuits that do not use clock pulses, with the internal state changing in response to input variable changes. It then covers different types of asynchronous sequential circuits including fundamental mode and pulse mode circuits. The document outlines the analysis and design procedures for both types of circuits. This includes determining next state equations, constructing state and transition tables, and deriving flow tables to analyze fundamental mode circuits. It also discusses how to analyze and design pulse mode circuits using state tables and flip-flops. Race conditions and stability considerations are reviewed. An example of analyzing and designing a gated latch circuit is provided.
This document discusses combinational logic circuits such as adders, subtractors, multipliers, decoders, and multiplexers. It provides circuit diagrams and truth tables for half adders, full adders, half subtractors, full subtractors, decoders, and multiplexers. It also describes how to build binary adders and subtractors using these basic components and how multiplication of binary numbers is performed.
This document discusses sequential logic circuits and their analysis. It defines combinational and sequential logic, and synchronous and asynchronous circuits. There are two main types of sequential logic models - Moore and Mealy machines. Analysis of sequential circuits involves deriving their state tables and state diagrams from the circuit description. Examples show how to analyze circuits using D flip-flops, JK flip-flops, and a serial adder circuit. Multiple input state machines have state tables where the next state depends on all present inputs.
A microprogrammed control unit stores control signals for executing instructions in a control memory rather than using dedicated logic. It has four main components: 1) a control memory that stores microinstructions specifying microoperations, 2) a control address register that selects microinstructions, 3) a sequencer that generates the next address, and 4) a pipeline register that holds the selected microinstruction. Microprograms are sequences of microinstructions that are executed to carry out machine-level instructions. Microinstructions can implement conditional branching to alter the control flow.
Shift registers are constructed using flip-flops connected in a way to store and transfer digital data. Data is stored at the Q output of D flip-flops during a clock pulse. Shift registers allow data to be transferred between flip-flops upon a clock edge. There are four types of data movement: serial in serial out, serial in parallel out, parallel in serial out, and parallel in parallel out. Shift registers can be loaded serially or in parallel and are used in applications like pseudo random pattern generators, ring counters, and Johnson counters.
A combinational circuit is a logic circuit whose output is solely determined by the present input. It has no internal memory and its output depends only on the current inputs. A half adder is a basic combinational circuit that adds two single bits and produces a sum and carry output. A full adder adds three bits and produces a sum and carry like the half adder. Other combinational circuits discussed include half and full subtractors, decoders, encoders, and priority encoders.
The document discusses counters and time delays in microprocessors. It defines counters as circuits used to keep track of events and time delays as important for setting timing between events. It then provides details on designing counters and time delays using registers, loops, and instructions. It discusses different techniques for creating longer time delays using register pairs, nested loops, and inserting dummy instructions. Example programs are given to count hexadecimal numbers and generate pulse waveforms with delays. Common errors in programming counters and delays are also outlined.
This document discusses different types of flip-flops including SR, JK, D, and T flip-flops. It explains that flip-flops have two stable states (high and low) and can switch between these states under a control signal like a clock. The document provides truth tables and diagrams to illustrate the working of each flip-flop type and their applications in storing data and transferring data between registers.
Finite-State Machine
The document discusses finite-state machines (FSM), which model sequential logic circuits. It describes two types of FSMs: Mealy and Moore machines. Mealy machines output depends on the present state and input, changing asynchronously with the clock. Moore machines' output depends only on the present state, changing synchronously with state changes and clock. The document provides an example of designing an FSM to output 0 if an even number of 1's have been received on the input, and 1 for odd. It shows solutions as both a Mealy and Moore machine using state transition tables and logic diagrams.
This document provides an overview of different digital logic families. It begins by introducing logic gates and integrated circuits. It then classifies logic families as either bipolar or unipolar, and lists examples of each. Key specifications of digital ICs are defined, including propagation delay, fan-in/fan-out, input/output logic levels, and noise margin. Transistor-transistor logic (TTL) and complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) circuits are described. The TTL NAND gate uses multiple emitter transistors while the CMOS NAND gate uses both P-channel and N-channel MOSFETs. Emitter-coupled logic (ECL) provides the fastest
Latches are asynchronous electronic logic circuits with two stable output states. There are four main types of latches: D, T, SR, and JK latches. An SR latch has two inputs - SET (S) and RESET (R) - and two complementary outputs (Q and Q'). The state of the latch depends on whether input S or R is activated. A D latch similarly has one data input and two complementary outputs, but removes invalid states that can occur in an SR latch. Latches can be either active-high or active-low, depending on whether a high or low input triggers a state change.
The document discusses the design and analysis of a D-flip flop. It begins by introducing flip flops and their use for storing state information. It then discusses the need for a D-flip flop due to limitations in the basic SR flip flop. A D-flip flop overcomes these limitations using a gated SR flip flop with an inverter between the S and R inputs, allowing a single data input. The circuit and working of the D-flip flop are shown, noting it will store and output the data input while the clock is high.
This document discusses counters, which are digital circuits used for counting pulses. It describes asynchronous and synchronous counters, and different types including up/down counters, decade counters, ring counters, and Johnson counters. Examples of counter applications are given such as in kitchen appliances, washing machines, microwaves, and programmable logic controllers. Counters are used for tasks like time measurement, frequency division, and digital signal generation.
This document discusses latches and flip flops, which are types of sequential logic circuits. It describes the basic components and functioning of latches like SR latches, D latches, and gated latches. For flip flops, it covers SR flip flops, D flip flops, JK flip flops, and master-slave flip flops. The key differences between latches and flip flops are that latches do not have a clock input while flip flops are edge-triggered by a clock signal. Latches and flip flops are used as basic storage elements in more complex sequential circuits and in computer components like registers and RAM.
This document provides an overview of digital logic circuits and sequential circuits. It discusses various logic gates like OR, AND, NOT, NAND, NOR and XOR gates. It explains their truth tables and symbols. It also covers Boolean algebra, map simplification using K-maps, combinational circuits like multiplexers, demultiplexers, encoders and decoders. Finally, it describes different types of flip-flops like SR, D, JK and T flip-flops which are used to build sequential circuits that have memory and can store past states.
Low power VLSI design has become an important discipline due to increasing device densities, operating frequencies, and proliferation of portable electronics. Power dissipation, which was previously neglected, is now a primary design constraint. There are several sources of power dissipation in CMOS circuits, including switching power due to charging and discharging capacitances, short-circuit power during signal transitions, and leakage power from subthreshold and gate leakage currents. Designers have some control over power consumption by optimizing factors such as activity levels, clock frequency, supply voltage, transistor sizing and architecture.
This document discusses finite state machines (FSMs), specifically Moore and Mealy machines. It defines FSMs as circuits with a combinational block and memory block that can exist in multiple states, transitioning between states based on inputs. Moore machines output depends solely on the current state, while Mealy machines output depends on both the current state and inputs. Moore machines are safer since output only changes at clock edges, while Mealy machines are faster since output relies on inputs. Choosing between them depends on factors like whether synchronous/asynchronous operation is needed and whether speed or safety is a higher priority.
The document provides an introduction to microcontrollers, specifically focusing on the Intel 8051 microcontroller. It defines microcontrollers and distinguishes them from microprocessors by noting that microcontrollers contain peripherals like RAM, ROM, I/O ports and timers on a single chip, while microprocessors require external circuitry. It then describes the architecture and features of the Intel 8051 microcontroller, including its 4KB program memory, 128 bytes of data memory, 32 general purpose registers, two timers, interrupts and I/O ports. Development tools for microcontrollers like editors, assemblers, compilers and debuggers/simulators are also discussed.
This document discusses different types of semiconductor memory used in computing systems. It describes volatile memory like static RAM (SRAM) and dynamic RAM (DRAM), as well as non-volatile memory such as ROM, MRAM, and flash memory. The basic unit of semiconductor memory is the memory cell, which can store a single bit using MOS or CMOS fabrication. Memory architectures are organized in arrays or hierarchies to store large amounts of data within computer systems.
A microcontroller is an integrated circuit that can be programmed to control electronic devices. It contains a processor, memory, and input/output ports on a single chip. Microcontrollers come in various sizes based on their word length and internal bus width, from 4-bit to 32-bit. They also differ based on their memory architecture and instruction set. A microcontroller allows easy programming to control devices in embedded systems and provides advantages like low cost, small size, and flexibility.
This document describes the features and pin diagram of the 8085 microprocessor. It is an 8-bit processor that operates on a 5V power supply. It has 40 pins, including an 8-bit multiplexed address and data bus. The pin functions described include the address bus (A8-A15), data bus (AD0-AD7), control signals like RD and WR, status signals like IO/M and S0-S1, power supply pins VCC and VSS, interrupt pins like TRAP and INTR, externally initiated signals like INTA and RESET, serial I/O signals SOD and SID, and clock signals X1, X2, and CLK OUT.
Design System Design-ASM and Asynchronous Sequential CircuitsIndira Priyadarshini
Algorithmic State Machines (ASMs): ASM chart, ASM block, simplifications and timing considerations with design example. ASMD chart for binary multiplier and Verilog HDL code, one hot state controller.
Asynchronous Sequential logic: Analysis procedure-Transition table, flow table, race conditions. Hazards with design example of Vending-Machine Controller
Design of Synchronous Sequential Circuits - State
Table and State Diagram - Design of Mealy and
Moore FSM
• Overlapping & Non-overlapping Sequence
detector
• Hazards - Hazard free realization - Case study on
Vending Machine FSM.
This document discusses sequential logic circuits and their analysis. It defines combinational and sequential logic, and synchronous and asynchronous circuits. There are two main types of sequential logic models - Moore and Mealy machines. Analysis of sequential circuits involves deriving their state tables and state diagrams from the circuit description. Examples show how to analyze circuits using D flip-flops, JK flip-flops, and a serial adder circuit. Multiple input state machines have state tables where the next state depends on all present inputs.
A microprogrammed control unit stores control signals for executing instructions in a control memory rather than using dedicated logic. It has four main components: 1) a control memory that stores microinstructions specifying microoperations, 2) a control address register that selects microinstructions, 3) a sequencer that generates the next address, and 4) a pipeline register that holds the selected microinstruction. Microprograms are sequences of microinstructions that are executed to carry out machine-level instructions. Microinstructions can implement conditional branching to alter the control flow.
Shift registers are constructed using flip-flops connected in a way to store and transfer digital data. Data is stored at the Q output of D flip-flops during a clock pulse. Shift registers allow data to be transferred between flip-flops upon a clock edge. There are four types of data movement: serial in serial out, serial in parallel out, parallel in serial out, and parallel in parallel out. Shift registers can be loaded serially or in parallel and are used in applications like pseudo random pattern generators, ring counters, and Johnson counters.
A combinational circuit is a logic circuit whose output is solely determined by the present input. It has no internal memory and its output depends only on the current inputs. A half adder is a basic combinational circuit that adds two single bits and produces a sum and carry output. A full adder adds three bits and produces a sum and carry like the half adder. Other combinational circuits discussed include half and full subtractors, decoders, encoders, and priority encoders.
The document discusses counters and time delays in microprocessors. It defines counters as circuits used to keep track of events and time delays as important for setting timing between events. It then provides details on designing counters and time delays using registers, loops, and instructions. It discusses different techniques for creating longer time delays using register pairs, nested loops, and inserting dummy instructions. Example programs are given to count hexadecimal numbers and generate pulse waveforms with delays. Common errors in programming counters and delays are also outlined.
This document discusses different types of flip-flops including SR, JK, D, and T flip-flops. It explains that flip-flops have two stable states (high and low) and can switch between these states under a control signal like a clock. The document provides truth tables and diagrams to illustrate the working of each flip-flop type and their applications in storing data and transferring data between registers.
Finite-State Machine
The document discusses finite-state machines (FSM), which model sequential logic circuits. It describes two types of FSMs: Mealy and Moore machines. Mealy machines output depends on the present state and input, changing asynchronously with the clock. Moore machines' output depends only on the present state, changing synchronously with state changes and clock. The document provides an example of designing an FSM to output 0 if an even number of 1's have been received on the input, and 1 for odd. It shows solutions as both a Mealy and Moore machine using state transition tables and logic diagrams.
This document provides an overview of different digital logic families. It begins by introducing logic gates and integrated circuits. It then classifies logic families as either bipolar or unipolar, and lists examples of each. Key specifications of digital ICs are defined, including propagation delay, fan-in/fan-out, input/output logic levels, and noise margin. Transistor-transistor logic (TTL) and complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) circuits are described. The TTL NAND gate uses multiple emitter transistors while the CMOS NAND gate uses both P-channel and N-channel MOSFETs. Emitter-coupled logic (ECL) provides the fastest
Latches are asynchronous electronic logic circuits with two stable output states. There are four main types of latches: D, T, SR, and JK latches. An SR latch has two inputs - SET (S) and RESET (R) - and two complementary outputs (Q and Q'). The state of the latch depends on whether input S or R is activated. A D latch similarly has one data input and two complementary outputs, but removes invalid states that can occur in an SR latch. Latches can be either active-high or active-low, depending on whether a high or low input triggers a state change.
The document discusses the design and analysis of a D-flip flop. It begins by introducing flip flops and their use for storing state information. It then discusses the need for a D-flip flop due to limitations in the basic SR flip flop. A D-flip flop overcomes these limitations using a gated SR flip flop with an inverter between the S and R inputs, allowing a single data input. The circuit and working of the D-flip flop are shown, noting it will store and output the data input while the clock is high.
This document discusses counters, which are digital circuits used for counting pulses. It describes asynchronous and synchronous counters, and different types including up/down counters, decade counters, ring counters, and Johnson counters. Examples of counter applications are given such as in kitchen appliances, washing machines, microwaves, and programmable logic controllers. Counters are used for tasks like time measurement, frequency division, and digital signal generation.
This document discusses latches and flip flops, which are types of sequential logic circuits. It describes the basic components and functioning of latches like SR latches, D latches, and gated latches. For flip flops, it covers SR flip flops, D flip flops, JK flip flops, and master-slave flip flops. The key differences between latches and flip flops are that latches do not have a clock input while flip flops are edge-triggered by a clock signal. Latches and flip flops are used as basic storage elements in more complex sequential circuits and in computer components like registers and RAM.
This document provides an overview of digital logic circuits and sequential circuits. It discusses various logic gates like OR, AND, NOT, NAND, NOR and XOR gates. It explains their truth tables and symbols. It also covers Boolean algebra, map simplification using K-maps, combinational circuits like multiplexers, demultiplexers, encoders and decoders. Finally, it describes different types of flip-flops like SR, D, JK and T flip-flops which are used to build sequential circuits that have memory and can store past states.
Low power VLSI design has become an important discipline due to increasing device densities, operating frequencies, and proliferation of portable electronics. Power dissipation, which was previously neglected, is now a primary design constraint. There are several sources of power dissipation in CMOS circuits, including switching power due to charging and discharging capacitances, short-circuit power during signal transitions, and leakage power from subthreshold and gate leakage currents. Designers have some control over power consumption by optimizing factors such as activity levels, clock frequency, supply voltage, transistor sizing and architecture.
This document discusses finite state machines (FSMs), specifically Moore and Mealy machines. It defines FSMs as circuits with a combinational block and memory block that can exist in multiple states, transitioning between states based on inputs. Moore machines output depends solely on the current state, while Mealy machines output depends on both the current state and inputs. Moore machines are safer since output only changes at clock edges, while Mealy machines are faster since output relies on inputs. Choosing between them depends on factors like whether synchronous/asynchronous operation is needed and whether speed or safety is a higher priority.
The document provides an introduction to microcontrollers, specifically focusing on the Intel 8051 microcontroller. It defines microcontrollers and distinguishes them from microprocessors by noting that microcontrollers contain peripherals like RAM, ROM, I/O ports and timers on a single chip, while microprocessors require external circuitry. It then describes the architecture and features of the Intel 8051 microcontroller, including its 4KB program memory, 128 bytes of data memory, 32 general purpose registers, two timers, interrupts and I/O ports. Development tools for microcontrollers like editors, assemblers, compilers and debuggers/simulators are also discussed.
This document discusses different types of semiconductor memory used in computing systems. It describes volatile memory like static RAM (SRAM) and dynamic RAM (DRAM), as well as non-volatile memory such as ROM, MRAM, and flash memory. The basic unit of semiconductor memory is the memory cell, which can store a single bit using MOS or CMOS fabrication. Memory architectures are organized in arrays or hierarchies to store large amounts of data within computer systems.
A microcontroller is an integrated circuit that can be programmed to control electronic devices. It contains a processor, memory, and input/output ports on a single chip. Microcontrollers come in various sizes based on their word length and internal bus width, from 4-bit to 32-bit. They also differ based on their memory architecture and instruction set. A microcontroller allows easy programming to control devices in embedded systems and provides advantages like low cost, small size, and flexibility.
This document describes the features and pin diagram of the 8085 microprocessor. It is an 8-bit processor that operates on a 5V power supply. It has 40 pins, including an 8-bit multiplexed address and data bus. The pin functions described include the address bus (A8-A15), data bus (AD0-AD7), control signals like RD and WR, status signals like IO/M and S0-S1, power supply pins VCC and VSS, interrupt pins like TRAP and INTR, externally initiated signals like INTA and RESET, serial I/O signals SOD and SID, and clock signals X1, X2, and CLK OUT.
Design System Design-ASM and Asynchronous Sequential CircuitsIndira Priyadarshini
Algorithmic State Machines (ASMs): ASM chart, ASM block, simplifications and timing considerations with design example. ASMD chart for binary multiplier and Verilog HDL code, one hot state controller.
Asynchronous Sequential logic: Analysis procedure-Transition table, flow table, race conditions. Hazards with design example of Vending-Machine Controller
Design of Synchronous Sequential Circuits - State
Table and State Diagram - Design of Mealy and
Moore FSM
• Overlapping & Non-overlapping Sequence
detector
• Hazards - Hazard free realization - Case study on
Vending Machine FSM.
Correlative Study on the Modeling and Control of Boost Converter using Advanc...IJSRD
DC-DC converters are switched power converters. The converters are most widely used in research and industrial applications. The DC-DC Boost Converters are used to step-up the supply voltage given to the plant model. The main advantage of using the Boost Converters is that it works in the low voltage according to the design specifications. In order to regulate the uncontrolled supply of voltage, a controller has to be designed and modeled to stabilize the output voltage. Since the convectional controllers cannot work under dynamic operating conditions, advanced controllers are to be designed to overcome the problems. In this article, the advanced controllers such as NARMA-L2, Fuzzy Logic (FLC) and Sliding Mode Controllers (SMC) are implemented and their responses are compared using MATLAB.
Modeling and Simulation of an Active Disturbance Rejection Controller Based o...IJRES Journal
1) The document describes the modeling and simulation of an Active Disturbance Rejection Controller (ADRC) using MATLAB/Simulink.
2) The author establishes a user-defined ADRC block library in Simulink through subsystem packaging and M-function files to define nonlinear functions. This makes the ADRC model graphic and parameters easy to modify.
3) The key components of ADRC - Tracking Differentiator, Extended State Observer, and Nonlinear State Error Feedback - are modeled as subsystems and packaged into a new library.
4) The performance of the ADRC model is demonstrated through simulations of a sample system with disturbances. The simulations show the ADRC can estimate and compensate for disturbances in
The document describes modeling and simulating DC-DC power converters using MATLAB/Simulink. It presents:
1) Models for basic DC-DC converters like buck, boost, buck-boost and Cuk using state-space equations implemented in Simulink blocks.
2) A procedure for obtaining system models including determining state variables and semiconductor states.
3) Open-loop simulations of the converter models showing inductor current and capacitor voltage responses.
4) A closed-loop simulation of a boost converter using cascaded control with stable output despite line and load variations.
The document describes the design of a serial-to-parallel converter using a Moore finite state machine approach. It begins with an informal description of the desired functionality. It then determines that a Moore machine model is appropriate since the outputs depend only on the current state, not the inputs. The design process involves constructing a state table and state diagram with 4 states - Reset (S0), Load 1st bit (S1), Load 2nd bit (S2), Load 3rd bit (S3), and Load 4th bit (S4). The state diagram fully specifies the state transitions and outputs for this serial-to-parallel conversion Moore finite state machine.
This document presents a new method for detecting DC voltage faults in switched reluctance motor (SRM) drives. The method uses K-means clustering to analyze torque waveform data and classify faults using support vector machines (SVM). Simulation results show that torque ripple patterns change with different DC voltage levels. The proposed approach clusters the torque data and uses SVM to detect and classify DC voltage faults, which enables intelligent fault identification and diagnosis in SRM drives.
Design of Adaptive Sliding Mode Control with Fuzzy Controller and PID Tuning ...IRJET Journal
This document presents a control system that combines fuzzy sliding mode control and PID tuning to control uncertain systems. A fuzzy logic controller is proposed using two inputs (error and derivative of error) and simple membership functions and rules. An adaptive sliding mode controller with PID tuning is also designed. The PID gains are systematically and continuously updated according to adaptive laws. This combined fuzzy sliding mode controller with PID tuning is applied to control a brushless DC motor. Simulation results show the system achieves good trajectory tracking performance while eliminating chattering through the use of a boundary layer.
Classification of voltage disturbance using machine learning Mohan Kashyap
This document describes a study that uses machine learning classifiers to classify different types of voltage disturbances. A Simulink model was created to simulate various electrical faults and extract relevant features from the simulated data. Support vector machines (SVM), gradient boosting, AdaBoost and random forest classifiers were then implemented and evaluated on the extracted feature data. Evaluation metrics like confusion matrices are presented showing the performance of the different classifiers. The goal is to automatically classify voltage disturbance data to help specialists more efficiently analyze power quality issues.
This document discusses the design and implementation of a sequential state machine using integrated circuit techniques. It begins with an introduction that provides an overview of digital systems and sequential system design. It then discusses various logic design techniques for implementing sequential circuits, including programmable logic devices (PLDs), gate arrays, and standard cell-based systems. The rest of the document will discuss the design process for a sequential state machine and its implementation using these techniques.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
This document presents the dynamic modeling of a zeta converter using state-space averaging technique. It describes developing state-space models for the two switching states of the converter and averaging them to obtain an overall state-space model. The converter is modeled with equivalent series resistances on the capacitors and inductors. Full-state feedback control is then implemented on the converter model to regulate the output voltage. Simulation results are presented to verify the accuracy of the modeling and performance under input/load disturbances.
This document describes the modeling and control of a helicopter (CE 150) system connected to a computer. It includes:
1) An overview of the helicopter hardware, software environments, and its two degrees of freedom (elevation and azimuth).
2) The development of nonlinear and linear mathematical models from balancing forces and moments. System parameters are identified.
3) Details on the hardware (I/O cards) and software used to control the helicopter from a computer in real-time, including MATLAB and Simulink.
4) The design of PID and state feedback controllers using pole placement to control the helicopter dynamics.
The document describes experiments to be conducted in the VLSI Design laboratory at K J Somaiya College of Engineering. The experiments include SPICE simulation of various NMOS inverter circuits, layout and simulation of CMOS inverter, NAND/NOR gates using Magic and SPICE, Boolean expression and transmission gate layout using Microwind, and Verilog programming and simulation of multiplexers, decoders, flip-flops, counters and state machines. The document also provides theory and methodology for each experiment.
This document describes a case study where students designed, simulated, and implemented a decade counter using Multisim software and hardware components. The sequential design of the decade counter is explained, including developing state diagrams and tables. The design was then simulated in Multisim before being physically implemented. Analysis showed timing issues during certain state transitions. The document also discusses a student outreach program to encourage enrollment in electronics engineering programs.
Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptxDr Ramhari Poudyal
Three-day training on academic research focuses on analytical tools at United Technical College, supported by the University Grant Commission, Nepal. 24-26 May 2024
Use PyCharm for remote debugging of WSL on a Windo cf5c162d672e4e58b4dde5d797...shadow0702a
This document serves as a comprehensive step-by-step guide on how to effectively use PyCharm for remote debugging of the Windows Subsystem for Linux (WSL) on a local Windows machine. It meticulously outlines several critical steps in the process, starting with the crucial task of enabling permissions, followed by the installation and configuration of WSL.
The guide then proceeds to explain how to set up the SSH service within the WSL environment, an integral part of the process. Alongside this, it also provides detailed instructions on how to modify the inbound rules of the Windows firewall to facilitate the process, ensuring that there are no connectivity issues that could potentially hinder the debugging process.
The document further emphasizes on the importance of checking the connection between the Windows and WSL environments, providing instructions on how to ensure that the connection is optimal and ready for remote debugging.
It also offers an in-depth guide on how to configure the WSL interpreter and files within the PyCharm environment. This is essential for ensuring that the debugging process is set up correctly and that the program can be run effectively within the WSL terminal.
Additionally, the document provides guidance on how to set up breakpoints for debugging, a fundamental aspect of the debugging process which allows the developer to stop the execution of their code at certain points and inspect their program at those stages.
Finally, the document concludes by providing a link to a reference blog. This blog offers additional information and guidance on configuring the remote Python interpreter in PyCharm, providing the reader with a well-rounded understanding of the process.
ACEP Magazine edition 4th launched on 05.06.2024Rahul
This document provides information about the third edition of the magazine "Sthapatya" published by the Association of Civil Engineers (Practicing) Aurangabad. It includes messages from current and past presidents of ACEP, memories and photos from past ACEP events, information on life time achievement awards given by ACEP, and a technical article on concrete maintenance, repairs and strengthening. The document highlights activities of ACEP and provides a technical educational article for members.
KuberTENes Birthday Bash Guadalajara - K8sGPT first impressionsVictor Morales
K8sGPT is a tool that analyzes and diagnoses Kubernetes clusters. This presentation was used to share the requirements and dependencies to deploy K8sGPT in a local environment.
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming PipelinesChristina Lin
Traditionally, dealing with real-time data pipelines has involved significant overhead, even for straightforward tasks like data transformation or masking. However, in this talk, we’ll venture into the dynamic realm of WebAssembly (WASM) and discover how it can revolutionize the creation of stateless streaming pipelines within a Kafka (Redpanda) broker. These pipelines are adept at managing low-latency, high-data-volume scenarios.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELgerogepatton
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
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Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
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Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...
Synchronous sequential Circuits
1. MATRUSRI ENGINEERING COLLEGE
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION
ENGINEERING
SUBJECT NAME: DIGITAL ELECTONICS
FACULTY NAME: Mrs. B. Indira Priyadarshini
MATRUSRI
ENGINEERING COLLEGE
2. INTRODUCTION:
GIVES A DETAILED PRESENTATION OF SYNCHRONOUS SEQUENTIAL
CIRCUITS (FINITE STATE MACHINES). IT EXPLAINS THE BEHAVIOR OF THESE
CIRCUITS AND DEVELOPS PRACTICAL DESIGN TECHNIQUES FOR BOTH
MANUAL AND AUTOMATED DESIGN. DEALS WITH A GENERAL CLASS OF
CIRCUITS IN WHICH THE OUTPUTS DEPEND ON THE PAST BEHAVIOR OF THE
CIRCUIT, AS WELL AS ON THE PRESENT VALUES OF INPUTS. THEY ARE
CALLED SEQUENTIAL CIRCUITS. IN MOST CASES A CLOCK SIGNAL IS USED TO
CONTROL THE OPERATION OF A SEQUENTIAL CIRCUIT; SUCH A CIRCUIT IS
CALLED A SYNCHRONOUS SEQUENTIAL CIRCUIT.
UNIT-V
OUTCOMES:
After successful completion of this Unit students should be able to
Analyze, design and implement sequential logic circuits in terms of state
machines.
Solve ASM for simple application
MATRUSRI
ENGINEERING COLLEGE
3. CONTENTS:
BASIC DESIGN STEPS
FSM REPRESENTATION USING MOORE STATE MODELS
FSM REPRESENTATION USING MEALY STATE MODELS
OUTCOMES:
Students will be able to design Mealy and Moore FSM models for completely
and incompletely specified circuits.
MODULE-I: Synchronous Sequential
Circuits
MATRUSRI
ENGINEERING COLLEGE
4. Synchronous Sequential Circuits
MATRUSRI
ENGINEERING COLLEGE
A circuit whose output(s) depend on past behaviour, and present inputs
•Clock is used => synchronous sequential circuits
•No clock => asynchronous sequence circuits
Also called Finite state machine (FSM)
State elements in synchronous sequential circuits are edge triggered
•To ensure state changes only once in a single cycle.
6. Basic Design Steps
MATRUSRI
ENGINEERING COLLEGE
The procedure for designing synchronous sequential circuits can be
summarized by a list of recommended steps.
1. From the word description and specifications of the desired operation,
derive a state diagram for the circuit.
2. Reduce the number of states if necessary.
3. Assign binary values to the states.
4. Obtain the binary-coded state table.
5. Choose the type of flip-flops to be used.
6. Derive the simplified flip-flop input equations and output equations.
7. Draw the logic diagram
7. FSM representation using Moore state
models
MATRUSRI
ENGINEERING COLLEGE
Suppose that we want a circuit with the following characteristics:
• One input w, and one output z
• Positive-edge-triggered design
• z = 1, if w = 1 during two consecutive clock cycles
Notes: using only input, we can not find an expression for output
•Hence need a state information – FSM
8. Develop State Diagram
MATRUSRI
ENGINEERING COLLEGE
The conceptually simplest method is to use a pictorial representation in the
form of a state diagram.
Optional to develop
One form to represent a FSM:
• How many states: States are circles
• Transitions between states: Transitions are directed edges
• Starting state: i.e. after reset/clear
Note in figure, reset is not treated as input: To simplify figure.
9. Develop State Table
MATRUSRI
ENGINEERING COLLEGE
Another way to describe a FSM
When implemented in a logic circuit, each state is represented by a particular
valuation (combination of values) of state variables.
It contains information on:
• States of the machine
• Transitions from all states, for all possible inputs
• Output values
• Reset information ignored: State A is assumed to be “start” state
10. Develop State Assignment
MATRUSRI
ENGINEERING COLLEGE
Find number of flip/flops needed to represent state
•No. of FFs = log2(no. of states)
Assign each state a combination of values of state variables
• “State assigned table”
• All unused variable combination are normally used as don’t cares
Below is the resulting table after state assignment
Notice that:
•Output depends on current state only - Moore type
•2 state variables are sufficient to represent 3 states
•Y1 & Y2 are next-state variables, y1&y2 are present-state variables
Need to decide type of FF to use as state element
Use D-FF since it is easiest
D1 = Y1, and D2 = Y2
For every next state and output, derive their function from present state and
input
11. Develop State Assignment
MATRUSRI
ENGINEERING COLLEGE
Y1 = w.y1y2
Y2 = w(y1+y2 )
z = y2
•State assignments has direct relation to the cost of derived implementation
Some state assignments are better than others
•Using the new state assignment a more cost effective realization in possible
Y1 = w, cheaper
Y2 = wy1, cheaper
z = y2 , same cost
Present state
y2
y1
Next state Output
Z
w = 0 w = 1
Y2
Y1
Y2
Y1
A
B
C
D
00
01
10
11
00 01
00 10
00 10
d d
0
0
1
d
Present state
y2
y1
Next state Output
Z
w = 0 w = 1
Y2
Y1
Y2
Y1
A
B
C
D
00
01
11
10
00 01
00 10
00 10
d d
0
0
1
d
15. FSM representation using Mealy state
models
MATRUSRI
ENGINEERING COLLEGE
Output values are generated using state & present inputs
State diagram State Table
State Assigned Table Logic Diagram
Y = D = w z = wy
16. Timing Diagram of Mealy Machine
MATRUSRI
ENGINEERING COLLEGE
Mealy implementation is more cost effective than Moore implementation
•However, circuit can be modified so that it behaves like a Moore machine
Note how output change based on state and input
17. 1. Moore machine produces an output over the change of transition states.
2. In mealy machine, the O/P depends upon present states and inputs.
3. The relationship that exists among the inputs, outputs, present states and
next states can be specified by either the state table or the state diagram.
4. A state-transition table is a table showing what state a finite-state
machine will move to, based on the current state and other inputs.
Questions & Answers
MATRUSRI
ENGINEERING COLLEGE
19. State Minimization
MATRUSRI
ENGINEERING COLLEGE
Two states Si and Sj are said to be equivalent if and only if for every possible
input sequence, the same output sequence will be produced regardless of
whether Si or Sj is the initial state.
Lower no. of states => lower no. of FFs
Solved using “partitioning minimization procedure”
Partition: A set of states
A partition consists of one or more blocks, where each block comprises a
subset of states that may be equivalent, but the states in a given block are
definitely not equivalent to the states in other blocks.
States in a partition may be equivalent.
Not equivalent to states in other partitions
20. State Minimization
MATRUSRI
ENGINEERING COLLEGE
•P1 = (ABCDEFG)
Partition based on output z
•P2 = (ABD)(CEFG),
Partition based on 0- & 1-successor for
block (ABD) & (CEFG)
•P3 = (ABD)(CEG)(F),
Partition based on 0- & 1-successor for
block (ABD) & (CEG),
•P4 = (AD)(B)(CEG)(F)
Partition based on 0- & 1-successor for block
(AD) & (CEG), => Final
•Final Partitions: P5 = (AD)(B)(CEG)(F)
2 FFs are sufficient after state minimization instead of 3
21. Incompletely Specified FSMs
MATRUSRI
ENGINEERING COLLEGE
The partitioning scheme for minimization of states works well when all
entries in the state table are specified. FSMs of this type are said to be
completely specified.
If one or more entries in the state table are not specified, corresponding to
don’t-care conditions, then the FSM is said to be incompletely specified.
Affects the number of minimized states
Assume x’s are zeros:
P1 = (ABCDEFG)
P2 = (ABDG)(CEF),
P3 = (AB)(D)(G)(CE)(F),
P4 = (A)(B)(D)(G)(CE)(F),
P5 = P4 => 6 states
Assume x’s are ones:
P1 = (ABCDEFG)
P2 = (AD)(BCEFG),
P3 = (AD)(B)(CEFG),
P4 = (AD)(B)(CEG)(F),
P5 = P4 => 4 states
22. 1. State Minimizing reduces the number of flips-flops used in the FSM.
2. State Minimizing reduces the complexity of the combinational circuit
needed in the FSM.
3. By state minimization, two different FSMs may exhibit identical behavior
in terms of the outputs produced in response to all possible inputs.
4. If one or more entries in the state table are not specified, corresponding to
don’t-care conditions, then the FSM is said to be incompletely specified.
Questions & Answers
MATRUSRI
ENGINEERING COLLEGE
23. CONTENTS:
ASM CHART
ASM BLOCK
SIMPLIFICATIONS AND TIMING CONSIDERATIONS WITH DESIGN EXAMPLE.
OUTCOMES:
Students will be able to design algorithmic state machines.
MODULE-V: ALGORITHMIC STATE
MACHINES (ASMs)
MATRUSRI
ENGINEERING COLLEGE
24. ASM
MATRUSRI
ENGINEERING COLLEGE
The design of the logic of a digital system can be divided into two distinct
efforts.
One part is concerned with designing the digital circuits that perform the
data-processing operations.
The other part is concerned with designing the control circuits that determine
the sequence in which the various manipulations of data are performed.
25. ASM Chart
MATRUSRI
ENGINEERING COLLEGE
ASM chart resembles a conventional flowchart describes the sequence of
events, i.e., the ordering of events in time, as well as the timing relationship
between the states of sequence controller and the events that occur while
going from one sate to the next.
An ASM chart is composed of three basic elements:
State box: Conditional box:
Decision box:
27. ASM Block
MATRUSRI
ENGINEERING COLLEGE
An ASM block is a structure consisting of one state box and all the decision and
conditional boxes connected to its exit path.
An ASM block has one entrance and any number of exit paths represented by
the structure of the decision boxes.
An ASM chart consists of one or more interconnected blocks.
Example:
28. Simplifications
MATRUSRI
ENGINEERING COLLEGE
State diagram equivalent to the ASM chart:
Decision box can be simplified by labelling only the edge corresponding to the
asserted decision variable and leaving the other edge without a label.
A further it omits the edges corresponding to the state transitions that occur
when a reset condition is asserted.
•Output signals that are not asserted are not shown on the chart.
•Presence of the name of an output signal indicates that it is asserted.
29. Timing Considerations
MATRUSRI
ENGINEERING COLLEGE
Transition between states:
The timing for all registers and flip-flops in a digital system is controlled by a
master- clock generator.
The clock pulses are applied not only to the registers of the datapath, but also
to all the flip-flops in the state machine implementing the control unit.
30. 1. While converting a FSM state diagram to an ASM chart, every FSM state
will map into an ASM Block.
2. What are the three basic elements in an ASM chart?
Ans: State Box, Decision Box, Conditional box
3. Difference in conventional flowchart and ASM chart is time relationship.
4. State box without decision and conditional box is simple block.
5. In ASM design flip-flops are considered to be positive edge triggered.
Questions & Answers
MATRUSRI
ENGINEERING COLLEGE
32. A Simple Arbiter
MATRUSRI
ENGINEERING COLLEGE
When various devices need to use the resource, they have to request to do so.
These requests are handled by an arbiter circuit.
Arbitration structure
Handshake signaling
Communication between two entities in the asynchronous environment,
known as handshake signaling.
35. A Simple Arbiter
MATRUSRI
ENGINEERING COLLEGE
An alternative for avoiding a critical race
Flow Table
Excitation Table
Y1
= r1
y2
Y2
= r1
r2
y1
+ r2
y2
g1
= y1
g2
= y2
36. A Simple Arbiter
MATRUSRI
ENGINEERING COLLEGE
Mealy model for the arbiter FSM
State diagram:
Flow Table:
Excitation Table:
Y = r2
r1
+ r1
y + r2
y
g1
= r1
y
g2
= r2
y
37. 1. When various devices need to use the resource, then requests are handled
by an arbiter circuit.
2. Each device communicates with the arbiter by means of two
signals—Request and Grant.
3. Communication between two entities in the asynchronous environment,
known as handshake signaling.
4. The time elapsed between the changes in the cause-effect signals depends
on the specific implementation of the circuit.
Questions & Answers
MATRUSRI
ENGINEERING COLLEGE
38. Question Bank
MATRUSRI
ENGINEERING COLLEGE
Short Answer Question
S.No Question
Blooms
Taxonomy
Level
Course
Outcome
1 Define ASM Block and explain with example. L2 CO4
2 Draw ASM chart for the arbiter FSM. L1 CO4
3 Explain transition and flow table in asynchronous
sequential circuit.
L2 CO4
4 List out the elements of ASM chart and their operation. L1 CO4
5 Draw ASM chart for vending machine. L1 CO4
6 Explain Hazards in combinational circuits with examples. L2 CO4
7 Differentiate between state table and flow table. L3 CO4
8 Draw ASM chart for given FSM model
shown below.
L1 CO4
9 Differentiate between ASM and ASMD chart. L3 CO4
10 Explain simplifications and timing considerations. L2 CO4
PS Input X
0 1
A
B
C
D
E
B/0 E/0
A/1 C/1
B/0 C/1
C/0 E/0
D/1 A/0
39. Question Bank
MATRUSRI
ENGINEERING COLLEGE
Long Answer Question
S.No Question
Blooms
Taxonomy
Level
Course
Outcome
1 Design vending machine controller and implement its verilog
code.
L5 CO4
2 Analyze given asynchronous sequential circuit and obtain its
state table and timing diagram.
L5 CO4
3 Explain controller design with one hot design. L2 CO4
4 With neat ASM chart and Verilog code, explain Binary
multiplier.
L2 CO4
5 Describe steps involved in an analysis procedure of
asynchronous sequential circuits.
L5 CO4
40. Question Bank
MATRUSRI
ENGINEERING COLLEGE
Long Answer Question
S.No Question
Blooms
Taxonomy
Level
Course
Outcome
6 Derive a flow table that describes the behaviour of the as
shown
L3 CO4
7 Analyze the given asynchronous sequential circuit. L5 CO4
41. Assignment Questions
MATRUSRI
ENGINEERING COLLEGE
1. Analyze given asynchronous sequential circuit and obtain its state table
and timing diagram.
2. With the help of block diagram, explain fundamental mode asynchronous
sequential machine.
3. Explain one hot state controller design.
4. Explain Binary multiplier with neat ASMD chart and write a verilog code.
5. Design vending machine controller. Draw its ASM chart and implement its
verilog code.