A sequential circuit is formed from a combinational circuit and storage elements. The circuit's state is defined by the information stored at any given time. The next state depends on the current inputs and state. A synchronous sequential circuit's behavior can be described at discrete time instances. It was designed as a Moore state machine to detect the "1101" sequence, with the output associated with the state. VHDL code implements it with a process changing the state variable based on the present state and input to determine the next state and output.
Shift registers are digital circuits composed of flip-flops that can shift data from one stage to the next. They can be configured for serial-in serial-out, serial-in parallel-out, parallel-in serial-out, or parallel-in parallel-out data movement. Common applications include converting between serial and parallel data, temporary data storage, and implementing counters. MSI shift registers like the 74LS164 and 74LS166 provide 8-bit shift register functionality.
This document discusses latches and flip flops, which are types of sequential logic circuits. It describes the basic components and functioning of latches like SR latches, D latches, and gated latches. For flip flops, it covers SR flip flops, D flip flops, JK flip flops, and master-slave flip flops. The key differences between latches and flip flops are that latches do not have a clock input while flip flops are edge-triggered by a clock signal. Latches and flip flops are used as basic storage elements in more complex sequential circuits and in computer components like registers and RAM.
This document provides information about different types of counters, including asynchronous counters, synchronous counters, MSI counters, and specific counter integrated circuits. It defines counters and describes their basic characteristics. It discusses asynchronous ripple counters and their timing. It provides examples of decade and binary counters. It describes synchronous counters and MSI counters like the 74LS163 4-bit synchronous counter. Finally, it provides truth tables, logic diagrams, and application information for common counter ICs like the 7490, 7492, 7493, and 74LS163.
Sequential circuits consist of combinational logic and memory elements like latches and flip-flops. There are different types of latches and flip-flops that differ in their trigger mechanisms and outputs, including SR latches, D latches, and edge-triggered flip-flops like SR, D, and JK flip-flops. Asynchronous inputs can directly set or reset flip-flop outputs independent of the clock signal.
This document provides examples of VHDL code for modeling basic logic gates and multiplexers. It begins with syntax for VHDL programs and then provides behavioral VHDL code for modeling common logic gates like AND, OR, NOR, NAND, XOR and XNOR gates. It also provides code for half adder, full adder, half subtractor and full subtractor. The document further contains VHDL code examples to model a 4-to-1 multiplexer and 1-to-4 demultiplexer using different types of statements like if-else, case, when-else and with-select.
Project report on the Digital clock using RTC and microcontroller 8051Maulik Sanchela
1. The document describes a project report for a digital clock circuit with time and alarm functions. The circuit uses an RTC chip to accurately display the time and date. It can set the time and alarm and displays it on an LCD.
2. The circuit diagram shows how the RTC connects to the microcontroller and how it continuously reads the RTC data and processes it to display the correct time on the LCD. It uses buttons to set the time and alarm.
3. The project aims to design an accurate digital clock with functions to set the time and alarm using common electronic components like a microcontroller, RTC, LCD, and buttons.
A sequential circuit is formed from a combinational circuit and storage elements. The circuit's state is defined by the information stored at any given time. The next state depends on the current inputs and state. A synchronous sequential circuit's behavior can be described at discrete time instances. It was designed as a Moore state machine to detect the "1101" sequence, with the output associated with the state. VHDL code implements it with a process changing the state variable based on the present state and input to determine the next state and output.
Shift registers are digital circuits composed of flip-flops that can shift data from one stage to the next. They can be configured for serial-in serial-out, serial-in parallel-out, parallel-in serial-out, or parallel-in parallel-out data movement. Common applications include converting between serial and parallel data, temporary data storage, and implementing counters. MSI shift registers like the 74LS164 and 74LS166 provide 8-bit shift register functionality.
This document discusses latches and flip flops, which are types of sequential logic circuits. It describes the basic components and functioning of latches like SR latches, D latches, and gated latches. For flip flops, it covers SR flip flops, D flip flops, JK flip flops, and master-slave flip flops. The key differences between latches and flip flops are that latches do not have a clock input while flip flops are edge-triggered by a clock signal. Latches and flip flops are used as basic storage elements in more complex sequential circuits and in computer components like registers and RAM.
This document provides information about different types of counters, including asynchronous counters, synchronous counters, MSI counters, and specific counter integrated circuits. It defines counters and describes their basic characteristics. It discusses asynchronous ripple counters and their timing. It provides examples of decade and binary counters. It describes synchronous counters and MSI counters like the 74LS163 4-bit synchronous counter. Finally, it provides truth tables, logic diagrams, and application information for common counter ICs like the 7490, 7492, 7493, and 74LS163.
Sequential circuits consist of combinational logic and memory elements like latches and flip-flops. There are different types of latches and flip-flops that differ in their trigger mechanisms and outputs, including SR latches, D latches, and edge-triggered flip-flops like SR, D, and JK flip-flops. Asynchronous inputs can directly set or reset flip-flop outputs independent of the clock signal.
This document provides examples of VHDL code for modeling basic logic gates and multiplexers. It begins with syntax for VHDL programs and then provides behavioral VHDL code for modeling common logic gates like AND, OR, NOR, NAND, XOR and XNOR gates. It also provides code for half adder, full adder, half subtractor and full subtractor. The document further contains VHDL code examples to model a 4-to-1 multiplexer and 1-to-4 demultiplexer using different types of statements like if-else, case, when-else and with-select.
Project report on the Digital clock using RTC and microcontroller 8051Maulik Sanchela
1. The document describes a project report for a digital clock circuit with time and alarm functions. The circuit uses an RTC chip to accurately display the time and date. It can set the time and alarm and displays it on an LCD.
2. The circuit diagram shows how the RTC connects to the microcontroller and how it continuously reads the RTC data and processes it to display the correct time on the LCD. It uses buttons to set the time and alarm.
3. The project aims to design an accurate digital clock with functions to set the time and alarm using common electronic components like a microcontroller, RTC, LCD, and buttons.
Presentation knock door bell project by namitNamit Sood
knock to ring bell project ppt by namit easily explained
contact me for all kinds of electronics project and web development,other software related problem
Registers are used to store binary numbers and consist of groups of flip flops, with one flip flop per bit. There are four basic types of registers: serial in serial out, serial in parallel out, parallel in serial out, and parallel in parallel out. Shift registers are groups of flip flops connected to allow data to be entered and shifted. Data can be shifted either serially or in parallel. Common integrated circuits used include the 74164 for serial in parallel out and 74191 for serial in serial out.
The document discusses the 8051 microcontroller. It describes the basic components of the 8051 including 4K bytes of internal ROM, 128 bytes of internal RAM, four 8-bit I/O ports, two 16-bit timers/counters, and one serial interface. It also provides details on the block diagram, important pins like ports and serial interface pins, and how to connect an external clock source to the 8051.
1. The 8254 contains three independent 16-bit counters/timers that can be programmed to operate in different modes.
2. Each counter can be programmed to count from 1 to 65535 and has a programmable control word to select the operating mode.
3. The 8254 supports various timer modes like one-shot, continuous square wave, event counter, and software/hardware triggered one-shot for applications like timing, delay generation, and pulse width modulation.
The document provides an overview of the Analog and Digital Electronics course taught at Matoshri College of Engineering & Research Centre. It includes information about the course's teaching scheme, examination scheme, objectives, and outcomes. The objectives are to design logical, sequential and combinational digital circuits using K-maps and to develop concepts related to operational amplifiers and rectifiers. The document also provides details of the topics to be covered in the first unit including Boolean algebra, K-maps, and the design of combinational circuits. It introduces concepts such as logic gates, number systems, and digital signals.
This document discusses different logic families including Resistor Transistor Logic (RTL), Diode Transistor Logic (DTL), Transistor-Transistor Logic (TTL), and Emitter Coupled Logic (ECL). It provides circuit diagrams and explanations of the working principles for each logic family. Key characteristics like fan-in, fan-out, propagation delay, noise immunity, and power dissipation are compared for each logic family.
Programmable logic devices (PLDs) allow users to implement digital logic designs on a single chip. PLDs have advantages over traditional integrated circuits like lower costs for lower production volumes and shorter design times. Common types of PLDs include simple programmable logic devices like PALs, GALs, and CPLDs. PLDs are configured using memory like SRAM, EPROM, EEPROM, or flash to store the programmed logic pattern. Reprogrammability allows PLDs to be reused for different logic functions.
This document describes an R-2R ladder digital-to-analog converter (DAC). It explains that an R-2R ladder DAC uses only two resistor values, R and 2R, to convert a binary input signal into an analog output voltage. The circuit diagram and working of the R-2R ladder is provided. A 4-bit R-2R ladder DAC is simulated showing the output combinations. Advantages like only needing two resistor values and ability to expand bits are discussed. Applications like audio amplifiers and motor control are also listed.
Group members for the project are Falah Hassan, Maidah Malik, and Maria Khan. The document discusses half adders and full adders. A half adder adds two binary digits and produces a sum and carry output. It is built from two logic gates. A full adder accepts two input bits and a carry input, and produces a sum and carry output. It is implemented using two half adders joined by an OR gate. The main difference between a half adder and full adder is that a full adder has three inputs and two outputs, allowing multiple adders to be chained to add more bits.
The document contains a list of 23 microprocessor lab programs and 6 interfacing programs for an electronics and communication course. The programs cover topics like data transfer, arithmetic operations, sorting, prime number generation, string operations, matrix multiplication and more. The document provides contents, program descriptions and assembly language code for some of the programs.
The document discusses interrupts for the PIC18 microcontroller. It explains that interrupts allow the microcontroller to instantly respond to events like pin changes or timer overflows. When an interrupt occurs, the microcontroller stops executing the main program and jumps to the interrupt service routine (ISR) to handle the interrupt. It provides details on enabling and disabling interrupts, the interrupt vector table, and examples of using interrupts for external pins, timers, and serial communication.
The 8051 microcontroller has an 8-bit CPU, 4K ROM, 128 bytes RAM, two 16-bit timers, 32 I/O lines, and serial port. It uses an accumulator, B register, program status word and stack pointer along with arithmetic logic unit and instruction decoder to perform operations. The memory includes internal ROM, RAM, and external memory accessed via a 16-bit data pointer and program counter.
This document discusses digital to analog converters (DACs). It explains that a DAC converts digital numbers into analog voltages or currents. The key components of a DAC are its digital input, analog output, and conversion process. Common DAC types include binary weighted resistor DACs and R-2R ladder DACs, which use resistors and switches to implement the conversion. Important DAC specifications are also outlined such as reference voltage, resolution, speed, settling time, and linearity. Common applications of DACs include function generators, digital oscilloscopes, and converting digital video signals to analog formats for display.
This document discusses different types of flip-flops including edge-triggered flip-flops like the S-R, D, and J-K flip-flops. It describes their characteristics such as how their output changes depending on the input and clock signal. The S-R flip-flop can be set or reset. The D flip-flop copies its input to the output on the clock edge. The J-K flip-flop can toggle its output. The T flip-flop is a single-input version of the J-K flip-flop that toggles its output. Flip-flops have applications in data transfer and frequency division.
A microcontroller is a single-chip microprocessor system consisting of a CPU, memory, and input/output ports. It can be considered a complete computer on a single chip. The 8051 was an early microcontroller developed by Intel for use in embedded systems. It had 4KB of program memory, 128 bytes of data memory, timers, counters, and I/O ports. The 8051 has separate memory spaces for program and data memory and its CPU, registers, timers and I/O ports allow it to monitor and control external devices.
Shift registers are constructed using flip-flops connected in a way to store and transfer digital data. Data is stored at the Q output of D flip-flops during a clock pulse. Shift registers allow data to be transferred between flip-flops upon a clock edge. There are four types of data movement: serial in serial out, serial in parallel out, parallel in serial out, and parallel in parallel out. Shift registers can be loaded serially or in parallel and are used in applications like pseudo random pattern generators, ring counters, and Johnson counters.
This document provides an introduction and overview of microcontrollers. It begins by defining a microcontroller as a single-chip computer containing a CPU, RAM, ROM, I/O ports, and other peripherals. It then discusses the 8051 microcontroller in more detail, outlining its addressing modes, block diagram, operation, features, applications, and advantages over microprocessors. Finally, it provides a pin description and diagram of the 8051 microcontroller.
Synchronous loadable up and down counter is a very important block in any complex digital system design. It is not just used for counting, it is also used for phase signal generation, clock division and for initiation of a process.
Microcontroller 8051 and its interfacingAnkur Mahajan
The document discusses microcontrollers and interfacing. It begins with definitions of microprocessors and microcontrollers, comparing their differences. It then focuses on the 8051 microcontroller, describing its features, block diagram, manufacturers, and addressing modes. The document outlines how to write programs for the 8051 and discusses real-world interfacing examples like LCDs, ADCs, relays, motors. It concludes with applications of the 8051 and contact information.
HDT Italia produces EDA tools for signal integrity, hardware modeling, and EMC/EMI analysis and validation. Their main product is PRESTO, which uses the SPRINT simulation engine to enable fast, exhaustive simulation of entire printed circuit boards. PRESTO can analyze signal integrity issues, EMC/EMI compliance, and validate design functionality. It produces detailed reports and can interface with measurement equipment for validation. HDT also provides consulting services and the EmiR tool for predicting radiated emissions from PCB designs.
EMCLO PROJECT: EMC DESIGN METHODOLOGY FOR LAYOUT OPTIMIZATIONPiero Belforte
This project aimed to develop and validate a prototype EMC simulation tool called PRESTO_CNT. The tool allows predictive analysis of EMC problems on PCBs and optimization of critical tracks through simulation. It was tested on a lights control PCB from Magneti Marelli, comparing simulations of injected noise to measurements. The results demonstrated the viability of the tool and showed good agreement between simulation and measurement. The tool and EMC modeling methodology developed in this project could help improve PCB design processes and reduce product development time at Magneti Marelli.
Presentation knock door bell project by namitNamit Sood
knock to ring bell project ppt by namit easily explained
contact me for all kinds of electronics project and web development,other software related problem
Registers are used to store binary numbers and consist of groups of flip flops, with one flip flop per bit. There are four basic types of registers: serial in serial out, serial in parallel out, parallel in serial out, and parallel in parallel out. Shift registers are groups of flip flops connected to allow data to be entered and shifted. Data can be shifted either serially or in parallel. Common integrated circuits used include the 74164 for serial in parallel out and 74191 for serial in serial out.
The document discusses the 8051 microcontroller. It describes the basic components of the 8051 including 4K bytes of internal ROM, 128 bytes of internal RAM, four 8-bit I/O ports, two 16-bit timers/counters, and one serial interface. It also provides details on the block diagram, important pins like ports and serial interface pins, and how to connect an external clock source to the 8051.
1. The 8254 contains three independent 16-bit counters/timers that can be programmed to operate in different modes.
2. Each counter can be programmed to count from 1 to 65535 and has a programmable control word to select the operating mode.
3. The 8254 supports various timer modes like one-shot, continuous square wave, event counter, and software/hardware triggered one-shot for applications like timing, delay generation, and pulse width modulation.
The document provides an overview of the Analog and Digital Electronics course taught at Matoshri College of Engineering & Research Centre. It includes information about the course's teaching scheme, examination scheme, objectives, and outcomes. The objectives are to design logical, sequential and combinational digital circuits using K-maps and to develop concepts related to operational amplifiers and rectifiers. The document also provides details of the topics to be covered in the first unit including Boolean algebra, K-maps, and the design of combinational circuits. It introduces concepts such as logic gates, number systems, and digital signals.
This document discusses different logic families including Resistor Transistor Logic (RTL), Diode Transistor Logic (DTL), Transistor-Transistor Logic (TTL), and Emitter Coupled Logic (ECL). It provides circuit diagrams and explanations of the working principles for each logic family. Key characteristics like fan-in, fan-out, propagation delay, noise immunity, and power dissipation are compared for each logic family.
Programmable logic devices (PLDs) allow users to implement digital logic designs on a single chip. PLDs have advantages over traditional integrated circuits like lower costs for lower production volumes and shorter design times. Common types of PLDs include simple programmable logic devices like PALs, GALs, and CPLDs. PLDs are configured using memory like SRAM, EPROM, EEPROM, or flash to store the programmed logic pattern. Reprogrammability allows PLDs to be reused for different logic functions.
This document describes an R-2R ladder digital-to-analog converter (DAC). It explains that an R-2R ladder DAC uses only two resistor values, R and 2R, to convert a binary input signal into an analog output voltage. The circuit diagram and working of the R-2R ladder is provided. A 4-bit R-2R ladder DAC is simulated showing the output combinations. Advantages like only needing two resistor values and ability to expand bits are discussed. Applications like audio amplifiers and motor control are also listed.
Group members for the project are Falah Hassan, Maidah Malik, and Maria Khan. The document discusses half adders and full adders. A half adder adds two binary digits and produces a sum and carry output. It is built from two logic gates. A full adder accepts two input bits and a carry input, and produces a sum and carry output. It is implemented using two half adders joined by an OR gate. The main difference between a half adder and full adder is that a full adder has three inputs and two outputs, allowing multiple adders to be chained to add more bits.
The document contains a list of 23 microprocessor lab programs and 6 interfacing programs for an electronics and communication course. The programs cover topics like data transfer, arithmetic operations, sorting, prime number generation, string operations, matrix multiplication and more. The document provides contents, program descriptions and assembly language code for some of the programs.
The document discusses interrupts for the PIC18 microcontroller. It explains that interrupts allow the microcontroller to instantly respond to events like pin changes or timer overflows. When an interrupt occurs, the microcontroller stops executing the main program and jumps to the interrupt service routine (ISR) to handle the interrupt. It provides details on enabling and disabling interrupts, the interrupt vector table, and examples of using interrupts for external pins, timers, and serial communication.
The 8051 microcontroller has an 8-bit CPU, 4K ROM, 128 bytes RAM, two 16-bit timers, 32 I/O lines, and serial port. It uses an accumulator, B register, program status word and stack pointer along with arithmetic logic unit and instruction decoder to perform operations. The memory includes internal ROM, RAM, and external memory accessed via a 16-bit data pointer and program counter.
This document discusses digital to analog converters (DACs). It explains that a DAC converts digital numbers into analog voltages or currents. The key components of a DAC are its digital input, analog output, and conversion process. Common DAC types include binary weighted resistor DACs and R-2R ladder DACs, which use resistors and switches to implement the conversion. Important DAC specifications are also outlined such as reference voltage, resolution, speed, settling time, and linearity. Common applications of DACs include function generators, digital oscilloscopes, and converting digital video signals to analog formats for display.
This document discusses different types of flip-flops including edge-triggered flip-flops like the S-R, D, and J-K flip-flops. It describes their characteristics such as how their output changes depending on the input and clock signal. The S-R flip-flop can be set or reset. The D flip-flop copies its input to the output on the clock edge. The J-K flip-flop can toggle its output. The T flip-flop is a single-input version of the J-K flip-flop that toggles its output. Flip-flops have applications in data transfer and frequency division.
A microcontroller is a single-chip microprocessor system consisting of a CPU, memory, and input/output ports. It can be considered a complete computer on a single chip. The 8051 was an early microcontroller developed by Intel for use in embedded systems. It had 4KB of program memory, 128 bytes of data memory, timers, counters, and I/O ports. The 8051 has separate memory spaces for program and data memory and its CPU, registers, timers and I/O ports allow it to monitor and control external devices.
Shift registers are constructed using flip-flops connected in a way to store and transfer digital data. Data is stored at the Q output of D flip-flops during a clock pulse. Shift registers allow data to be transferred between flip-flops upon a clock edge. There are four types of data movement: serial in serial out, serial in parallel out, parallel in serial out, and parallel in parallel out. Shift registers can be loaded serially or in parallel and are used in applications like pseudo random pattern generators, ring counters, and Johnson counters.
This document provides an introduction and overview of microcontrollers. It begins by defining a microcontroller as a single-chip computer containing a CPU, RAM, ROM, I/O ports, and other peripherals. It then discusses the 8051 microcontroller in more detail, outlining its addressing modes, block diagram, operation, features, applications, and advantages over microprocessors. Finally, it provides a pin description and diagram of the 8051 microcontroller.
Synchronous loadable up and down counter is a very important block in any complex digital system design. It is not just used for counting, it is also used for phase signal generation, clock division and for initiation of a process.
Microcontroller 8051 and its interfacingAnkur Mahajan
The document discusses microcontrollers and interfacing. It begins with definitions of microprocessors and microcontrollers, comparing their differences. It then focuses on the 8051 microcontroller, describing its features, block diagram, manufacturers, and addressing modes. The document outlines how to write programs for the 8051 and discusses real-world interfacing examples like LCDs, ADCs, relays, motors. It concludes with applications of the 8051 and contact information.
HDT Italia produces EDA tools for signal integrity, hardware modeling, and EMC/EMI analysis and validation. Their main product is PRESTO, which uses the SPRINT simulation engine to enable fast, exhaustive simulation of entire printed circuit boards. PRESTO can analyze signal integrity issues, EMC/EMI compliance, and validate design functionality. It produces detailed reports and can interface with measurement equipment for validation. HDT also provides consulting services and the EmiR tool for predicting radiated emissions from PCB designs.
EMCLO PROJECT: EMC DESIGN METHODOLOGY FOR LAYOUT OPTIMIZATIONPiero Belforte
This project aimed to develop and validate a prototype EMC simulation tool called PRESTO_CNT. The tool allows predictive analysis of EMC problems on PCBs and optimization of critical tracks through simulation. It was tested on a lights control PCB from Magneti Marelli, comparing simulations of injected noise to measurements. The results demonstrated the viability of the tool and showed good agreement between simulation and measurement. The tool and EMC modeling methodology developed in this project could help improve PCB design processes and reduce product development time at Magneti Marelli.
Optimization of Threshold Voltage for 65nm PMOS Transistor using Silvaco TCAD...IOSR Journals
This document summarizes research optimizing the threshold voltage (VTH) for a 65nm PMOS transistor using Silvaco TCAD simulation tools. The researchers varied three fabrication factors - gate oxide thickness, channel doping concentration, and channel implantation concentration - in the simulation. The simulation results showed a VTH value of -2.55427V for a 65nm PMOS transistor with a gate oxide thickness of 0.0025um, boron channel doping of 2x1015, and phosphorus implantation of 3.5x1013 atom/cm-1. Thicker gate oxides, higher channel doping, and increased implantation concentrations each caused higher VTH values in the simulation, consistent with theoretical expectations.
MERITA PROJECT:METHODOLOGY TO EVALUATE RADIATED EMISSION FROM HIGH DENSITY MU...Piero Belforte
1) The document describes a methodology for evaluating radiated emissions from multilayer printed circuit boards using a software tool called PRESTO_POWER.
2) PRESTO_POWER simulates high-speed PCBs taking into account electromagnetic compatibility phenomena like bouncing on power planes and evaluating power current loops.
3) It allows modeling of power and signal planes through a gridding algorithm to identify current loops and evaluate their impact on radiated emissions.
wireless charging of an electrical vechicle 4hari prasad
This presentation discusses wireless power transfer for electric vehicle charging systems. It introduces various wireless power transfer methods like electromagnetic induction and microwave radiation. Electromagnetic induction involves using a transmitter coil to generate a magnetic field that induces a voltage in a receiver coil. The presentation compares different techniques and outlines a project to design a wireless charging system using an inverter, transmitter and receiver coils, and rectifier. It also discusses components like ICs, Arduino, and coil design considerations. The expected outcomes are wireless battery charging for applications like pacemakers to eliminate regular operations and enabling electric vehicles to charge safely at regular distances.
IRJET- A Novel Design of Flip Flop and its Application in Up CounterIRJET Journal
1) The document proposes a novel design of flip flops and a 4-bit up counter using Quantum-Dot Cellular Automata (QCA) technology. QCA is an emerging nanotechnology that could overcome scaling limitations of CMOS.
2) In QCA, logic states are represented by the position of electrons in quantum dots rather than voltage as in CMOS. Basic logic gates like inverters and majority gates are constructed using QCA cells.
3) The document designs various flip flops like SR, JK, D, and T flip flops in QCA and uses them to build a 4-bit up counter. Power consumption is shown to be lower for the QCA designs compared to
Programmable ac power control system newAman Bharti
This document describes a student project to create a programmable AC power control system. It includes a list of components needed for the circuit as well as the modes of operation for the project, which involve controlling the speed and power output to a bulb. It also describes interfacing the system with sensors to detect over voltage and temperature problems and trigger alerts or automatic responses. The project aims to demonstrate concepts of power control, energy saving, and industrial automation using a microcontroller.
IBIS MODELING FOR WIDEBAND EMC APPLICATIONSPiero Belforte
1) The document discusses electrical modeling techniques for predicting signal integrity (SI) and electromagnetic emissions from printed circuit boards. Accurate models of device I/O characteristics are needed that consider minimum and maximum parameter values.
2) Measuring the dynamic transfer function (DTF) of device I/O using a time domain reflectometer is important for modeling the high frequency behavior that influences electromagnetic emissions, even for low speed circuits.
3) With an accurate DTF measurement and statistical ranges for key parameters, the models can correctly simulate signals and match measured emission levels, validating the modeling approach for design stage EMC predictions.
This document contains the lab manual for a digital electronics course. It outlines 10 experiments involving logic gates and circuits, including studying logic gates, universal gates, half and full adders/subtractors using logic gates, and designing 4-bit adders and subtractors using the IC 7483. The experiments are meant to help students learn about basic digital logic components and how to design circuits using gates to perform arithmetic operations like addition and subtraction.
In digital logic and computing, a counter is a device which stores the number of times a particular event or process has occurred, often in relationship to a clock signal. CMOS devices are designed for high noise immunity and low static power consumption. CMOS accomplishes current reduction by complementing every nMOSFET with a pMOSFET and connecting both gates and both drains together. A high voltage on the gates will cause the nMOSFET to conduct and the pMOSFET to not conduct, while a low voltage on the gate causes the reverse. This arrangement greatly reduces power consumption and heat generation .Finally we proposed counter using SRAM model, provides the best resolution, high output current and good output-input current linearity.
DEVELOP A SOUND SENSOR USING LM 324 AND MICROPHONE.pptxAshish Sadavarti
The document describes a microproject seminar on developing a sound sensor using an LM324 integrated circuit and microphone. It was guided by Miss Rita Pawade and involved team members Pritosh Khanwe, Rahul Warade, Shital Ganeshkar, Rohan Meshram, and Ruchika Bangale from the Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering department of NIT Polytechnic Nagpur. The objectives were to understand how a sound detector works and develop technical skills. The circuit diagram and working of the sound sensor are provided, along with applications such as security systems and skills developed like problem solving.
This document outlines the course Digital Electronics & Logic Design taught by Dr. Vivek Garg at S. V. National Institute of Technology. The course covers topics such as shift registers, counters, sequential circuit analysis, state reduction, and sequential circuit design. Shift registers are arrays of flip flops that can store bits in serial or parallel configurations. Counters are used to count clock pulses and for applications like frequency division. Sequential circuit analysis involves obtaining the state table or diagram. State reduction aims to minimize the number of states and flip flops. The design process for sequential circuits specifies the states and derives the logic diagram.
Implementing Electrical and Simulation Rule Checks to ensure Signal QualityEMA Design Automation
Join Matthew Harms as he discusses a unique multi-tiered strategy to board analysis & verification designed to enable designers of all skill levels to analyze their PCB designs early in the development cycle when the cost of change is the lowest. Matthew will show how Cadence has created a multi-tier analysis environment that lets designers start with a set of pre-defined Electrical Rule Checks (ERC) that can be run on the board to quickly identify areas of interest or concern all without the need for any complex models or configurations. Based on these initial 1st order results Matthew will show how design teams can then effectively target critical nets with 2nd order (Simulation Rule Checks) and 3rd order (Power Aware Signal Integrity) analysis as needed to simulate with greater detail and achieve complete electrical design signoff.
This document discusses the design and implementation of a sequential state machine using integrated circuit techniques. It begins with an introduction that provides an overview of digital systems and sequential system design. It then discusses various logic design techniques for implementing sequential circuits, including programmable logic devices (PLDs), gate arrays, and standard cell-based systems. The rest of the document will discuss the design process for a sequential state machine and its implementation using these techniques.
IRJET- Review on Performance of OTA StructureIRJET Journal
This document reviews several studies on operational transconductance amplifier (OTA) based analog filter circuits. It discusses OTA based single input single output, multi input single output, and single input multi output filter circuit topologies. It also summarizes key contributions from several papers that proposed new OTA based filter circuits, including biquad filters, oscillators, and rectifiers. The proposed circuits aim to achieve features like independently tunable frequency and quality factor responses, low component counts, and suitability for integrated circuit implementation. PSPICE simulation results confirming the theoretical analyses are also mentioned.
The document describes a PC-based oscilloscope that can display input waveforms on a computer screen. It includes a block diagram of the circuit which conditions input signals below 1 kHz and converts them to digital format for interfacing with a PC. Software written in Turbo C acquires and displays the data. The PC-based oscilloscope costs less than traditional models, can store multiple waveforms, and allows viewing on multiple PCs over a network. However, it has limitations such as low input frequency and voltage range and lacks multi-channel capability.
This document discusses limitations of traditional serial scan design for testing integrated circuits and proposes an alternative called Random Access Scan (RAS). RAS addresses three key limitations of serial scan: 1) test data volume, 2) test application time, and 3) test power. In RAS, flip-flops act as addressable memory elements during test mode, reducing time to set and observe flip-flop states compared to serial scan. While RAS requires more gates and test pins than serial scan, it significantly reduces switching activity and power consumption during testing.
Implementation of Reversable Logic Based Design using Submicron TechnologySai Viswanath
Reversible logic has emerged as a computing paradigm having application in low power CMOS, quantum and optical computing. Design of reversible logic gate is reversible operation, when we say reversible it performing computation in such a way that any previous state can be reconstructed at given a description of the current state. The classical set of gates such as AND, OR, and XOR are not reversible.
This presentation is a design of reversible logic gate used for reversible operation. When we say reversible computing, we mean performing computation in such a way that any previous state of the computation can always be reconstructed given a description of the current state. The classical set of gates such as AND, OR, and EXOR are not reversible. This paper also includes simulation results of forward & backward computation of reversible FREDKIN gate and TSG gate.
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digital electronics Design of 101 sequence detector without overlapping for mealy FSM and Perform cost analysis
1. Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
Raghu Engineering College (Autonomous)
CASE STUDY
ON
DIGITAL ELECTRONICS
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
Under the Supervision of
Mr.D. Bhaskar Rao
ASST.PROFESSER
Mr P.Eswar sai 18981A0237
Mr P.Mohan 18981A0238
Ms P.Supriya 18981A0239
Mr.P.Nithesh kumar 18981A0240
Mr.P.Sanjay Kumar 18981A0241
By
Head of the department
Dr.P.SASI KIRAN
Professor
2. CASE STUDY ON
• Design of 101 sequence detector without overlapping for mealy FSM
and Perform cost analysis
3. WHAT IS A SEQUENCE DETECTOR?
• sequence detector is a sequential state machine which takes an input
string of bits and generates an output 1 whenever the target
sequence has been detected.In a Mealy machine, output depends on
the present state and the external input (x). Hence in the diagram,
the output is written outside the states, along with inputs.
4. • Sequence detector is of two types:
1.Overlapping
2. Non-Overlapping
• In an overlapping sequence detector the last bit of one
sequence becomes the first bit of next sequence.However,
in non-overlapping sequence detector the last bit of one
sequence does not become the first bit of next sequence.In
this post, we’ll discuss the design procedure for non-
overlapping 101 Mealy sequence detector. Examples:
• For non overlapping case:
Input :0110101011001
Output:0000100010000
• For overlapping case
Input :0110101011001
6. STEP 1 : DEVELOP THE STATE DIAGRAM:-
• The state diagram of a Mealy machine for a 101 sequence
detector is:
7. STEP 2: CODE ASSIGNMENT:-
Rule 1 : States having the same next states for a given
input condition should have adjacent assignments.
Rule 2:States that are the next states to a single state must
be given adjacent assignments.
Rule 1 given preference over Rule 2.
8. • The state diagram after the code assignment is:
9. STEP 3: MAKE PRESENT STATE/ NEXT STATE
TABLE-
• We’ll use D-Flip Flops for design purpose.
12. THE COST ANALYSIS OF A IC’S IS :-
• Cost Evaluation for Fully Customized ASICs The ideal 3-D
fabrication gives the freedom that transistors can be built on
their optimal layers.
• In this case, we first use our early design estimation
methodology and the proposed cost model to demonstrate how
the cost of fully customized AS ICs can be reduced by 3-D
fabrication.
• In this section, we use the IBM common platform foundry cost
model as an example to perform a series of analysis for logic
circuitry
13. COST OF ICS WITH DIFFERENT NUMBER OF MANUFACTURING
COMPANIES
16. THE COST OF A DIFFERENT IC’S :-
Number of the ic description cost
7400 Quad two-input AND gate (four
AND gates)
22/-
7402 Quad two-input AND gate (four
AND gates)
45/-
7432 Quad two-input AND gate (four
AND gates)
13/-
4077 Quad two-input AND gate (four
NAND gates)
15/-
4081 Quad two-input XNOR gate
(four XNOR gates)
16/-
4011 Quad two-input XOR gate (four
XOR gates)
21/-
17. Cost analysis for nand gate
s.no Ic name company Cost per ic
1 DM74LS00 SHEIJKEY 21 /-
2 SN74HC00N CLOUDAILINDIA 25/-
3 7400IC JRE”S 22.5 /-
4 IC74AHCT00 SUN ROBOTICS 14.9/-
5 74VHC00N SHEIJKEY 27.8/-
6 74HC10N SHEIJKEY 23.5 /-
7 7410 IC DESTIAY REASERCH 47.5 /-
8 MC7400BCP REE52 49.9 /-
9 TF CHIN CD7400BE NAMEVIDHI WORLD DC PVT,LT 39.96
10 INVENTO 7400IC INVENTO SALES 29.9
18. Cost analysis for and gate
s.no Ic name company Cost per ic
1 TC7402HCAP SHEIJKEY 31/-
2 7402IC GURU ELECTRONICS 12/-
3 74S02QUAD SUN ROBOTIC 39.8/-
4 CD74001BE INVENTO SCALS 28/-
5 74LS02QUADE ROBOMART GURU ELECTRONICS 20/-
6 IC 7402 TECHNICAL HUT 33.8/-
7 7402 IC HOBBYTRONIC 23.8/-
8 CD400BEDIPIMOS AK ELECTRONIC 47/-
9 CD4078 8 INPUT NOR CHIPS N BOARDS 20/-
10 TISN74LSO2I GURU ELECTRONICS 49/-
19. • To overcome the barriers in technology scaling,3D ic’s is emerging as an attractive option for
future ic design.
• However fabrication cost is one of the important consideration for a wide adoption.
• To facilitate the system level cost analysis ,we study the design estimation method at the ear4ly
design stage and propose a cost analysis.
• Based on the cost analysis we design the circuits with ic’s.
CONCLUSION :