This document presents the dynamic modeling of a zeta converter using state-space averaging technique. It describes developing state-space models for the two switching states of the converter and averaging them to obtain an overall state-space model. The converter is modeled with equivalent series resistances on the capacitors and inductors. Full-state feedback control is then implemented on the converter model to regulate the output voltage. Simulation results are presented to verify the accuracy of the modeling and performance under input/load disturbances.
Dynamic model of zeta converter with full state feedback controller implement...eSAT Journals
Abstract Zeta converter is a fourth order dc-dc converter that can increases (step-up) or decreases (step-down) the input voltage. By considering dynamic model of the converter, the accuracy of the converter’s modeling and simulation are increased thus make it easier to produce the hardware version of the converter. State-space approach is a time-domain method for modeling, analyzing, and designing a wide range of systems which can be described by differential equations or difference equations. This gives great advantages because it particularly suited for digital computer implementation for their time-domain approach and vector-matrix description. The converter needs feedback control to regulate its output voltage. This paper presents the dynamic model of zeta converter. The converter is modeled using state-space averaging (SSA) technique. Full-state feedback controller is implemented on the converter to regulate the output voltage. The simulation results are presented to verify the accuracy of the modeling and the steady-state performance subjected to input and load disturbances. Index Terms: Modeling, Zeta converter, SSA technique, Full-state feedback controller
Convergence analysis of the triangular-based power flow method for AC distribu...IJECEIAES
This paper addresses the convergence analysis of the triangular-based power flow (PF) method in alternating current radial distribution networks. The PF formulation is made via upper-triangular matrices, which enables finding a general iterative PF formula that does not require admittance matrix calculations. The convergence analysis of this iterative formula is carried out by applying the Banach fixed-point theorem (BFPT), which allows demonstrating that under an adequate voltage profile the triangular-based PF always converges. Numerical validations are made, on the well-known 33 and 69 distribution networks test systems. Gauss-seidel, newton-raphson, and backward/forward PF methods are considered for the sake of comparison. All the simulations are carried out in MATLAB software.
Modified T-type topology of three-phase multi-level inverter for photovoltaic...IJECEIAES
In this article, a three-phase multilevel neutral-point-clamped inverter with a modified t-type structure of switches is proposed. A pulse width modulation (PWM) scheme of the proposed inverter is also developed. The proposed topology of the multilevel inverter has the advantage of being simple, on the one hand since it does contain only semiconductors in reduced number (corresponding to the number of required voltage levels), and no other components such as switching or flying capacitors, and on the other hand, the control scheme is much simpler and more suitable for variable frequency and voltage control. The performances of this inverter are analyzed through simulations carried out in the MATLAB/Simulink environment on a threephase inverter with 9 levels. In all simulations, the proposed topology is connected with R-load or RL-load without any output filter.
This document presents an implementation of space vector modulation (SVM) for a two-level three-phase inverter using a dSPACE DS1104 controller. It describes the principles of SVM, including voltage vector modeling, sector detection, and pulse generation. Hardware experiments were conducted to validate a SVM control algorithm developed in Simulink. Results showed line voltages from the real hardware matched simulation. THD comparisons confirmed SVM provides lower distortion and higher fundamental output than sinusoidal PWM. The dSPACE system allows real-time testing of control algorithms on actual hardware.
Improvement the voltage stability margin of Iraqi power system using the opti...IJECEIAES
The detection of potential voltage collapse in power systems is essential to maintain the voltage stability in heavy load demand. This paper proposes a method to detect weak buses in power systems using two stability indices: the voltage stability margin factor (dS/dY) and the voltage collapse prediction index (VCPI). Hence, the paper aims to improve the voltage stability of Iraqi transmission grid by allocating FACTS devices in the optimal locations and optimal sizes. Two types of FACTS are used in this paper which are Thyristor controlled series compensator (TCSC) and static var compensator (SVC). The objective function of the problem is fitted using particle swarm optimization (PSO). The proposed method is verified using simulation test on Diyala-132 kV network which is a part of the Iraqi power system. The results observed that improvement the voltage stability margin, the voltage profile of Diyala-132 kV is increased and the power losses is decreased.
State space vector based advanced direct power control of matrix converter as...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
The document describes two improved direct torque control (DTC) methods for a three-level inverter-fed induction motor drive. Method I selects voltage vectors based on torque and flux demands while inserting intermediate vectors to ensure neutral point balance and smooth switching. Method II uses discrete space vector modulation to synthesize vectors, decoupling vector selection from circuit limitations and solving neutral point and switching issues. Both methods were validated through MATLAB simulation and experiments to enhance DTC performance for three-level inverters while considering their unique challenges.
Impact of hybrid FACTS devices on the stability of the Kenyan power system IJECEIAES
Flexible alternating current transmission system (FACTS) devices are deployed for improving power system’s stability either singly or as a combination. This research investigates hybrid FACTS devices and studies their impact on voltage, small-signal and transient stability simultaneously under various system disturbances. The simulations were done using five FACTS devices-static var compensator (SVC), static synchronous compensator (STATCOM), static synchronous series compensators (SSSC), thyristor controlled series compensator (TCSC) and unified power flow controller (UPFC) in MATLAB’s power system analysis toolbox (PSAT). These five devices were grouped into ten pairs and tested on Kenya’s transmission network under specific contingencies: the loss of a major generating machine and/or transmission line. The UPFC-STATCOM pair performed the best in all the three aspects under study. The settling times were 3 seconds and 3.05 seconds respectively for voltage and rotor angle improvement on the loss of a major generator at normal operation. The same pair gave settling times of 2.11 seconds and 3.12 seconds for voltage and rotor angle stability improvement respectively on the loss of a major transmission line at 140% system loading. From the study, two novel techniques were developed: A performance-based ranking system and classification for FACTS devices.
Dynamic model of zeta converter with full state feedback controller implement...eSAT Journals
Abstract Zeta converter is a fourth order dc-dc converter that can increases (step-up) or decreases (step-down) the input voltage. By considering dynamic model of the converter, the accuracy of the converter’s modeling and simulation are increased thus make it easier to produce the hardware version of the converter. State-space approach is a time-domain method for modeling, analyzing, and designing a wide range of systems which can be described by differential equations or difference equations. This gives great advantages because it particularly suited for digital computer implementation for their time-domain approach and vector-matrix description. The converter needs feedback control to regulate its output voltage. This paper presents the dynamic model of zeta converter. The converter is modeled using state-space averaging (SSA) technique. Full-state feedback controller is implemented on the converter to regulate the output voltage. The simulation results are presented to verify the accuracy of the modeling and the steady-state performance subjected to input and load disturbances. Index Terms: Modeling, Zeta converter, SSA technique, Full-state feedback controller
Convergence analysis of the triangular-based power flow method for AC distribu...IJECEIAES
This paper addresses the convergence analysis of the triangular-based power flow (PF) method in alternating current radial distribution networks. The PF formulation is made via upper-triangular matrices, which enables finding a general iterative PF formula that does not require admittance matrix calculations. The convergence analysis of this iterative formula is carried out by applying the Banach fixed-point theorem (BFPT), which allows demonstrating that under an adequate voltage profile the triangular-based PF always converges. Numerical validations are made, on the well-known 33 and 69 distribution networks test systems. Gauss-seidel, newton-raphson, and backward/forward PF methods are considered for the sake of comparison. All the simulations are carried out in MATLAB software.
Modified T-type topology of three-phase multi-level inverter for photovoltaic...IJECEIAES
In this article, a three-phase multilevel neutral-point-clamped inverter with a modified t-type structure of switches is proposed. A pulse width modulation (PWM) scheme of the proposed inverter is also developed. The proposed topology of the multilevel inverter has the advantage of being simple, on the one hand since it does contain only semiconductors in reduced number (corresponding to the number of required voltage levels), and no other components such as switching or flying capacitors, and on the other hand, the control scheme is much simpler and more suitable for variable frequency and voltage control. The performances of this inverter are analyzed through simulations carried out in the MATLAB/Simulink environment on a threephase inverter with 9 levels. In all simulations, the proposed topology is connected with R-load or RL-load without any output filter.
This document presents an implementation of space vector modulation (SVM) for a two-level three-phase inverter using a dSPACE DS1104 controller. It describes the principles of SVM, including voltage vector modeling, sector detection, and pulse generation. Hardware experiments were conducted to validate a SVM control algorithm developed in Simulink. Results showed line voltages from the real hardware matched simulation. THD comparisons confirmed SVM provides lower distortion and higher fundamental output than sinusoidal PWM. The dSPACE system allows real-time testing of control algorithms on actual hardware.
Improvement the voltage stability margin of Iraqi power system using the opti...IJECEIAES
The detection of potential voltage collapse in power systems is essential to maintain the voltage stability in heavy load demand. This paper proposes a method to detect weak buses in power systems using two stability indices: the voltage stability margin factor (dS/dY) and the voltage collapse prediction index (VCPI). Hence, the paper aims to improve the voltage stability of Iraqi transmission grid by allocating FACTS devices in the optimal locations and optimal sizes. Two types of FACTS are used in this paper which are Thyristor controlled series compensator (TCSC) and static var compensator (SVC). The objective function of the problem is fitted using particle swarm optimization (PSO). The proposed method is verified using simulation test on Diyala-132 kV network which is a part of the Iraqi power system. The results observed that improvement the voltage stability margin, the voltage profile of Diyala-132 kV is increased and the power losses is decreased.
State space vector based advanced direct power control of matrix converter as...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
The document describes two improved direct torque control (DTC) methods for a three-level inverter-fed induction motor drive. Method I selects voltage vectors based on torque and flux demands while inserting intermediate vectors to ensure neutral point balance and smooth switching. Method II uses discrete space vector modulation to synthesize vectors, decoupling vector selection from circuit limitations and solving neutral point and switching issues. Both methods were validated through MATLAB simulation and experiments to enhance DTC performance for three-level inverters while considering their unique challenges.
Impact of hybrid FACTS devices on the stability of the Kenyan power system IJECEIAES
Flexible alternating current transmission system (FACTS) devices are deployed for improving power system’s stability either singly or as a combination. This research investigates hybrid FACTS devices and studies their impact on voltage, small-signal and transient stability simultaneously under various system disturbances. The simulations were done using five FACTS devices-static var compensator (SVC), static synchronous compensator (STATCOM), static synchronous series compensators (SSSC), thyristor controlled series compensator (TCSC) and unified power flow controller (UPFC) in MATLAB’s power system analysis toolbox (PSAT). These five devices were grouped into ten pairs and tested on Kenya’s transmission network under specific contingencies: the loss of a major generating machine and/or transmission line. The UPFC-STATCOM pair performed the best in all the three aspects under study. The settling times were 3 seconds and 3.05 seconds respectively for voltage and rotor angle improvement on the loss of a major generator at normal operation. The same pair gave settling times of 2.11 seconds and 3.12 seconds for voltage and rotor angle stability improvement respectively on the loss of a major transmission line at 140% system loading. From the study, two novel techniques were developed: A performance-based ranking system and classification for FACTS devices.
A hybrid algorithm for voltage stability enhancement of distribution systems IJECEIAES
This paper presents a hybrid algorithm by applying a hybrid firefly and particle swarm optimization algorithm (HFPSO) to determine the optimal sizing of distributed generation (DG) and distribution static compensator (D-STATCOM) device. A multi-objective function is employed to enhance the voltage stability, voltage profile, and minimize the total power loss of the radial distribution system (RDS). Firstly, the voltage stability index (VSI) is applied to locate the optimal location of DG and D-STATCOM respectively. Secondly, to overcome the sup-optimal operation of existing algorithms, the HFPSO algorithm is utilized to determine the optimal size of both DG and D-STATCOM. Verification of the proposed algorithm has achieved on the standard IEEE 33-bus and Iraqi 65-bus radial distribution systems through simulation using MATLAB. Comprehensive simulation results of four different cases show that the proposed HFPSO demonstrates significant improvements over other existing algorithms in supporting voltage stability and loss reduction in distribution networks. Furthermore, comparisons have achieved to demonstrate the superiority of HFPSO algorithms over other techniques due to its ability to determine the global optimum solution by easy way and speed converge feature.
Passivity Based Control for PV Applications by Using a Buck Power Converter
The use of power converters for everyday applications is becoming more and more important. Current technological applications simultaneously demand a high level of precision and performance, so DC-DC converters have a very important role in systems requiring energy level conversion and adaptation. As part of the work of this paper, we are interested in an analysis of modeling and control law synthesis approaches to ensure stability and a certain level of performance in the entire operating domain. The objective of our research work is therefore to propose a control law whose synthesis is based on a formalized (modeling & control) approach with a view to obtaining a control law adapted to the operating point. The principles used are based on the control and observation by the theory of passivity for the synthesis of control law of buck power converter for PV Applications.
Parametric estimation in photovoltaic modules using the crow search algorithmIJECEIAES
The problem of parametric estimation in photovoltaic (PV) modules considering man- ufacturer information is addressed in this research from the perspective of combinatorial optimization. With the data sheet provided by the PV manufacturer, a non-linear non-convex optimization problem is formulated that contains information regarding maximum power, open-circuit, and short-circuit points. To estimate the three parameters of the PV model (i.e., the ideality diode factor (a) and the parallel and series resistances (R p and R )), the crow search algorithm (CSA) is employed, which is a metaheuristic optimization technique inspired by the behavior of the crows searching food deposits. The CSA allows the exploration and exploitation of the solution space through a simple evolution rule derived from the classical PSO method. Numerical simulations reveal the effectiveness and robustness of the CSA to estimate these parameters with objective function values lower than 1 10 s 28 and processing times less than 2 s. All the numerical simulations were developed in MATLAB 2020a and compared with the sine-cosine and vortex search algorithms recently reported in the literature.
Modified SVPWM Algorithm for 3-Level Inverter Fed DTC Induction Motor DriveIJPEDS-IAES
In this paper, a modified space vector pulse width modulation (MSVPWM)
algorithm is developed for 3-level inverter fed direct torque controlled
induction motor drive (DTC-IMD). MSVPWM algorithm simplifies
conventional space vector pulse width modulation (CSVPWM) algorithm for
multilevel inverter (MLI), whose complexity lies in sector/subsector/subsubsector
identification; which will commensurate with number of levels. In
the proposed algorithm sectors are identified as in two level inverter
and subsectors/sub-subsectors are identified by shifting the original reference
vector to sector 1 (S1). This is valid due to the fact that a three level space
vector plane is a composition of six two level space planes, and are
symmetrical with reference to six pivot states. Switching state/sequence
selection is also very important while dealing with SVPWM strategy for
MLI. In the proposed algorithm out of 27 available switching states apt
switching state is selected based on sector and subsector number, such that
voltage ripple is considerably less. To validate the proposed algorithm, it is
tested on a three level neutral point clamped (NPC) inverter fed DTC-IMD.
The performance of the MSVPWM algorithm is analyzed by comparing no
load stator current ripple of the three level DTC-IMD with two level
DTC-IMD. Significant reduction in steady state torque and flux ripple is
observed. Hence, reduced acoustic noise is a distinctive facet of the proposed
method.
The strategy is based on an autonomous distributed control
scheme in which the DC bus voltage level is used as an indicator of the power balance in the
microgrid. The autonomous control strategy does not rely on communication links or a
central controller, resulting in reduced costs and enhanced reliability. As part of the control
strategy, an adaptive droop control technique is proposed for PV sources in order to
maximize the utilization of power available from these sources while ensuring acceptable
levels of system voltage regulation
Benchmarking study between capacitive and electronic load technic to track I-...IJECEIAES
To detect defects of solar panel and understand the effect of external parameters such as fluctuations in illumination, temperature, and the effect of a type of dust on a photovoltaic (PV) panel, it is essential to plot the Ipv=f(Vpv) characteristic of the PV panel, and the simplest way to plot this I-V characteristic is to use a variable resistor. This paper presents a study of comparison and combination between two methods: capacitive and electronic loading to track I-V characteristic. The comparison was performed in terms of accuracy, response time and instrumentation cost used in each circuit, under standard temperature and illumination conditions by using polycrystalline solar panel type SX330J and monocrystalline solar panels type ET-M53630. The whole system is based on simple components, less expensive and especially widely used in laboratories. The results will be between the datasheet of the manufacturer with the experimental data, refinements and improvements concerning the number of points and the trace time have been made by combining these two methods.
This document presents the small-signal AC modeling and closed-loop control of a three-phase interleaved boost converter. It begins with an introduction to boost converters and motivates the use of multiphase interleaved topologies. It then describes the development of a state-space averaged model for the three-phase converter by identifying the different circuit states over a switching period and deriving the corresponding state equations. These are then linearized around an operating point to obtain the small-signal AC model. Finally, it discusses the use of a Type III compensator in the closed-loop control system to improve frequency response and regulate the output voltage under load variations.
Master slave vector controlled double induction motor using unity power facto...eSAT Journals
Abstract
In the recent days most of the industries uses Induction motors as the primary loads. In order to meet the total load requirement
multiple motors are used. In this paper two Vector Controlled (VC) Induction Motors and a double closed loop PWM rectifier are
used to explain the operation of Master Slave Configuration. The work mainly concentrates on the operation of a Unity Power factor
Controlled (UPFC) PWM Rectifier as the input source for both the Vector Controlled Induction Motors. This UPFC PWM Rectifier
uses two closed loop pi control algorithms the inner loop controls the current and the outer loop controls the DC voltage. The
proposed model is simulated in Matlab/ Simulink and the results shows good synchronization for two induction motors operated in
master slave configuration.
Keywords: Vector Control, Induction Motor, PWM Rectifier, and Unity Power Factor Control
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Static VAR Compensators (SVCs) is a Flexible Alternating Current Transmission System (FACTS) device that can control the power flow in transmission lines by injecting capacitive or inductive current components at the midpoint of interconnection line or in load areas. This device is capable of minimizing the overall system losses and concurrently improves the voltage stability. A line index, namely SVSI becomes indicator for the placement of SVC and the parameters of SVCs are tuned by using the multi-objective evolutionary programming technique, effectively able to control the power. The algorithm was tested on IEEE-30 Bus Reliability Test System (RTS). Comparative studies were conducted based on the performance of SVC in terms of their location and sizing for installations in power system.
The strategy is based on an autonomous distributed control
scheme in which the DC bus voltage level is used as an indicator of the power balance in the
microgrid. The autonomous control strategy does not rely on communication links or a
central controller, resulting in reduced costs and enhanced reliability. As part of the control
strategy, an adaptive droop control technique is proposed for PV sources in order to
maximize the utilization of power available from these sources while ensuring acceptable
levels of system voltage regulation
This document proposes a sensorless estimator for speed, armature temperature, and resistance in brushed DC machines using a cascade-forward neural network (CFNN) and quasi-Newton BFGS backpropagation. A thermal model is used to estimate temperature without a thermal sensor. Simulation results show the CFNN estimates match the model outputs, estimating speed with less than 2% error. This approach provides sensorless simultaneous estimation of multiple parameters without some limitations of prior methods like the extended Kalman filter.
MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF WIND TURBINE IN GRID-OFF SYSTEM Mellah Hacene
Abstract
This paper deals with the construction of a mathematical model of a wind turbine, which is one of the sources in the Grid-Off
system.
Keywords: mathematical model, wind turbine, Grid-Off system, electric generator, wind conditions.
1 Introduction
As one of the power sources of the Grid-Off system is a wind turbine. It is advantageous to work with a
mathematical model for the need of experimental research. In Fig. 1 is a schematic connection of a wind turbine
to a container, which is a Grid-Off system. [1-4]
Comparison of cascade P-PI controller tuning methods for PMDC motor based on ...IJECEIAES
In this paper, there are two contributions: The first contribution is to design a robust cascade P-PI controller to control the speed and position of the permanent magnet DC motor (PMDC). The second contribution is to use three methods to tuning the parameter values for this cascade controller by making a comparison between them to obtain the best results to ensure accurate tracking trajectory on the axis to reach the desired position. These methods are the classical method (CM) and it requires some assumptions, the genetic algorithm (GA), and the particle swarm optimization algorithm (PSO). The simulation results show the system becomes unstable after applying the load when using the classical method because it assumes cancellation of the load effect. Also, an overshoot of about 3.763% is observed, and a deviation from the desired position of about 12.03 degrees is observed when using the GA algorithm, while no deviation or overshoot is observed when using the PSO algorithm. Therefore, the PSO algorithm has superiority as compared to the other two methods in improving the performance of the PMDC motor by extracting the best parameters for the cascade P-PI controller to reach the desired position at a regular speed.
Simulation of 3 Phase to 3 Phase Power Conversion Using Matrix Converter with...IJERA Editor
This paper proposes a new approach of design and implementation of 3 phase to 3 phase conversion using
matrix converter. It includes the design, modeling and implementation. The entire matrix converter circuits are
developed by mathematical model so as to reduce computational time and performances of the converter are
evaluated using MATLAB/SIMULINK for RL Load. The mathematical expressions relating the input and
output of the three phase matrix converter are implemented by using simulink block set. The duty cycles of the
matrix converter bidirectional switches are calculated using modified venturini algorithm for maximum (0.866)
and minimum (0.5) voltage transfer ratio.
The strategy is based on an autonomous distributed control
scheme in which the DC bus voltage level is used as an indicator of the power balance in the
microgrid. The autonomous control strategy does not rely on communication links or a
central controller, resulting in reduced costs and enhanced reliability. As part of the control
strategy, an adaptive droop control technique is proposed for PV sources in order to
maximize the utilization of power available from these sources while ensuring acceptable
levels of system voltage regulation
IRJET - Optimizing a High Lateral Misalignment Tolerance of the Short-Ra...IRJET Journal
This document analyzes different capacitive compensation topologies for optimizing lateral misalignment tolerance in inductive wireless power transfer systems. It compares the series-series, parallel-series, series-parallel, and parallel-parallel topologies through analytical and experimental methods. The results show that the series-series topology provides the best optimization as it has independence of resonance frequency from misalignment, high voltage and current gains, and zero phase shift at any misalignment, leading to lower switching losses.
The hardware implementation of sensorless brushless direct current motor drive incorporating H-infinity control strategy with optimized weights by particle swarm optimization in the speed control is carried out in this work. The methodology involved in the design of brushless direct current (BLDC) motor control with sensorless position detection technique, the design of H-infinity speed controller, steps involved in particle swarm optimization for optimizing coefficients of its weights and the hardware implementation is discussed in detail in this paper. Texas Instruments microcontroller board C2000 Delfino Launchpad LAUNCHXL F28377S and driver BOOSTXL DRV8301 are used for realization of the speed controller. The code is developed using C2000 hardware support package in MATLAB/SIMULINK platform. A comprehensive performance analysis is accomplished during starting of the motor and during the fast application and removal of load. This strategy is found to be robust resulting in faster load disturbance rejection and better reference speed tracking. The experimental results of the proposed strategy are compared with that of conventional proportional-integral (PI) controller. The time domain parameters are also compared. It is found that the proposed strategy exhibits better performance characteristics during transients and sudden disturbances in load.
The optimal solution for unit commitment problem using binary hybrid grey wol...IJECEIAES
The aim of this work is to solve the unit commitment (UC) problem in power systems by calculating minimum production cost for the power generation and finding the best distribution of the generation among the units (units scheduling) using binary grey wolf optimizer based on particle swarm optimization (BGWOPSO) algorithm. The minimum production cost calculating is based on using the quadratic programming method and represents the global solution that must be arriving by the BGWOPSO algorithm then appearing units status (on or off). The suggested method was applied on “39 bus IEEE test systems”, the simulation results show the effectiveness of the suggested method over other algorithms in terms of minimizing of production cost and suggesting excellent scheduling of units.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Active vibration control of smart piezo cantilever beam using pid controllereSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
A hybrid algorithm for voltage stability enhancement of distribution systems IJECEIAES
This paper presents a hybrid algorithm by applying a hybrid firefly and particle swarm optimization algorithm (HFPSO) to determine the optimal sizing of distributed generation (DG) and distribution static compensator (D-STATCOM) device. A multi-objective function is employed to enhance the voltage stability, voltage profile, and minimize the total power loss of the radial distribution system (RDS). Firstly, the voltage stability index (VSI) is applied to locate the optimal location of DG and D-STATCOM respectively. Secondly, to overcome the sup-optimal operation of existing algorithms, the HFPSO algorithm is utilized to determine the optimal size of both DG and D-STATCOM. Verification of the proposed algorithm has achieved on the standard IEEE 33-bus and Iraqi 65-bus radial distribution systems through simulation using MATLAB. Comprehensive simulation results of four different cases show that the proposed HFPSO demonstrates significant improvements over other existing algorithms in supporting voltage stability and loss reduction in distribution networks. Furthermore, comparisons have achieved to demonstrate the superiority of HFPSO algorithms over other techniques due to its ability to determine the global optimum solution by easy way and speed converge feature.
Passivity Based Control for PV Applications by Using a Buck Power Converter
The use of power converters for everyday applications is becoming more and more important. Current technological applications simultaneously demand a high level of precision and performance, so DC-DC converters have a very important role in systems requiring energy level conversion and adaptation. As part of the work of this paper, we are interested in an analysis of modeling and control law synthesis approaches to ensure stability and a certain level of performance in the entire operating domain. The objective of our research work is therefore to propose a control law whose synthesis is based on a formalized (modeling & control) approach with a view to obtaining a control law adapted to the operating point. The principles used are based on the control and observation by the theory of passivity for the synthesis of control law of buck power converter for PV Applications.
Parametric estimation in photovoltaic modules using the crow search algorithmIJECEIAES
The problem of parametric estimation in photovoltaic (PV) modules considering man- ufacturer information is addressed in this research from the perspective of combinatorial optimization. With the data sheet provided by the PV manufacturer, a non-linear non-convex optimization problem is formulated that contains information regarding maximum power, open-circuit, and short-circuit points. To estimate the three parameters of the PV model (i.e., the ideality diode factor (a) and the parallel and series resistances (R p and R )), the crow search algorithm (CSA) is employed, which is a metaheuristic optimization technique inspired by the behavior of the crows searching food deposits. The CSA allows the exploration and exploitation of the solution space through a simple evolution rule derived from the classical PSO method. Numerical simulations reveal the effectiveness and robustness of the CSA to estimate these parameters with objective function values lower than 1 10 s 28 and processing times less than 2 s. All the numerical simulations were developed in MATLAB 2020a and compared with the sine-cosine and vortex search algorithms recently reported in the literature.
Modified SVPWM Algorithm for 3-Level Inverter Fed DTC Induction Motor DriveIJPEDS-IAES
In this paper, a modified space vector pulse width modulation (MSVPWM)
algorithm is developed for 3-level inverter fed direct torque controlled
induction motor drive (DTC-IMD). MSVPWM algorithm simplifies
conventional space vector pulse width modulation (CSVPWM) algorithm for
multilevel inverter (MLI), whose complexity lies in sector/subsector/subsubsector
identification; which will commensurate with number of levels. In
the proposed algorithm sectors are identified as in two level inverter
and subsectors/sub-subsectors are identified by shifting the original reference
vector to sector 1 (S1). This is valid due to the fact that a three level space
vector plane is a composition of six two level space planes, and are
symmetrical with reference to six pivot states. Switching state/sequence
selection is also very important while dealing with SVPWM strategy for
MLI. In the proposed algorithm out of 27 available switching states apt
switching state is selected based on sector and subsector number, such that
voltage ripple is considerably less. To validate the proposed algorithm, it is
tested on a three level neutral point clamped (NPC) inverter fed DTC-IMD.
The performance of the MSVPWM algorithm is analyzed by comparing no
load stator current ripple of the three level DTC-IMD with two level
DTC-IMD. Significant reduction in steady state torque and flux ripple is
observed. Hence, reduced acoustic noise is a distinctive facet of the proposed
method.
The strategy is based on an autonomous distributed control
scheme in which the DC bus voltage level is used as an indicator of the power balance in the
microgrid. The autonomous control strategy does not rely on communication links or a
central controller, resulting in reduced costs and enhanced reliability. As part of the control
strategy, an adaptive droop control technique is proposed for PV sources in order to
maximize the utilization of power available from these sources while ensuring acceptable
levels of system voltage regulation
Benchmarking study between capacitive and electronic load technic to track I-...IJECEIAES
To detect defects of solar panel and understand the effect of external parameters such as fluctuations in illumination, temperature, and the effect of a type of dust on a photovoltaic (PV) panel, it is essential to plot the Ipv=f(Vpv) characteristic of the PV panel, and the simplest way to plot this I-V characteristic is to use a variable resistor. This paper presents a study of comparison and combination between two methods: capacitive and electronic loading to track I-V characteristic. The comparison was performed in terms of accuracy, response time and instrumentation cost used in each circuit, under standard temperature and illumination conditions by using polycrystalline solar panel type SX330J and monocrystalline solar panels type ET-M53630. The whole system is based on simple components, less expensive and especially widely used in laboratories. The results will be between the datasheet of the manufacturer with the experimental data, refinements and improvements concerning the number of points and the trace time have been made by combining these two methods.
This document presents the small-signal AC modeling and closed-loop control of a three-phase interleaved boost converter. It begins with an introduction to boost converters and motivates the use of multiphase interleaved topologies. It then describes the development of a state-space averaged model for the three-phase converter by identifying the different circuit states over a switching period and deriving the corresponding state equations. These are then linearized around an operating point to obtain the small-signal AC model. Finally, it discusses the use of a Type III compensator in the closed-loop control system to improve frequency response and regulate the output voltage under load variations.
Master slave vector controlled double induction motor using unity power facto...eSAT Journals
Abstract
In the recent days most of the industries uses Induction motors as the primary loads. In order to meet the total load requirement
multiple motors are used. In this paper two Vector Controlled (VC) Induction Motors and a double closed loop PWM rectifier are
used to explain the operation of Master Slave Configuration. The work mainly concentrates on the operation of a Unity Power factor
Controlled (UPFC) PWM Rectifier as the input source for both the Vector Controlled Induction Motors. This UPFC PWM Rectifier
uses two closed loop pi control algorithms the inner loop controls the current and the outer loop controls the DC voltage. The
proposed model is simulated in Matlab/ Simulink and the results shows good synchronization for two induction motors operated in
master slave configuration.
Keywords: Vector Control, Induction Motor, PWM Rectifier, and Unity Power Factor Control
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Static VAR Compensators (SVCs) is a Flexible Alternating Current Transmission System (FACTS) device that can control the power flow in transmission lines by injecting capacitive or inductive current components at the midpoint of interconnection line or in load areas. This device is capable of minimizing the overall system losses and concurrently improves the voltage stability. A line index, namely SVSI becomes indicator for the placement of SVC and the parameters of SVCs are tuned by using the multi-objective evolutionary programming technique, effectively able to control the power. The algorithm was tested on IEEE-30 Bus Reliability Test System (RTS). Comparative studies were conducted based on the performance of SVC in terms of their location and sizing for installations in power system.
The strategy is based on an autonomous distributed control
scheme in which the DC bus voltage level is used as an indicator of the power balance in the
microgrid. The autonomous control strategy does not rely on communication links or a
central controller, resulting in reduced costs and enhanced reliability. As part of the control
strategy, an adaptive droop control technique is proposed for PV sources in order to
maximize the utilization of power available from these sources while ensuring acceptable
levels of system voltage regulation
This document proposes a sensorless estimator for speed, armature temperature, and resistance in brushed DC machines using a cascade-forward neural network (CFNN) and quasi-Newton BFGS backpropagation. A thermal model is used to estimate temperature without a thermal sensor. Simulation results show the CFNN estimates match the model outputs, estimating speed with less than 2% error. This approach provides sensorless simultaneous estimation of multiple parameters without some limitations of prior methods like the extended Kalman filter.
MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF WIND TURBINE IN GRID-OFF SYSTEM Mellah Hacene
Abstract
This paper deals with the construction of a mathematical model of a wind turbine, which is one of the sources in the Grid-Off
system.
Keywords: mathematical model, wind turbine, Grid-Off system, electric generator, wind conditions.
1 Introduction
As one of the power sources of the Grid-Off system is a wind turbine. It is advantageous to work with a
mathematical model for the need of experimental research. In Fig. 1 is a schematic connection of a wind turbine
to a container, which is a Grid-Off system. [1-4]
Comparison of cascade P-PI controller tuning methods for PMDC motor based on ...IJECEIAES
In this paper, there are two contributions: The first contribution is to design a robust cascade P-PI controller to control the speed and position of the permanent magnet DC motor (PMDC). The second contribution is to use three methods to tuning the parameter values for this cascade controller by making a comparison between them to obtain the best results to ensure accurate tracking trajectory on the axis to reach the desired position. These methods are the classical method (CM) and it requires some assumptions, the genetic algorithm (GA), and the particle swarm optimization algorithm (PSO). The simulation results show the system becomes unstable after applying the load when using the classical method because it assumes cancellation of the load effect. Also, an overshoot of about 3.763% is observed, and a deviation from the desired position of about 12.03 degrees is observed when using the GA algorithm, while no deviation or overshoot is observed when using the PSO algorithm. Therefore, the PSO algorithm has superiority as compared to the other two methods in improving the performance of the PMDC motor by extracting the best parameters for the cascade P-PI controller to reach the desired position at a regular speed.
Simulation of 3 Phase to 3 Phase Power Conversion Using Matrix Converter with...IJERA Editor
This paper proposes a new approach of design and implementation of 3 phase to 3 phase conversion using
matrix converter. It includes the design, modeling and implementation. The entire matrix converter circuits are
developed by mathematical model so as to reduce computational time and performances of the converter are
evaluated using MATLAB/SIMULINK for RL Load. The mathematical expressions relating the input and
output of the three phase matrix converter are implemented by using simulink block set. The duty cycles of the
matrix converter bidirectional switches are calculated using modified venturini algorithm for maximum (0.866)
and minimum (0.5) voltage transfer ratio.
The strategy is based on an autonomous distributed control
scheme in which the DC bus voltage level is used as an indicator of the power balance in the
microgrid. The autonomous control strategy does not rely on communication links or a
central controller, resulting in reduced costs and enhanced reliability. As part of the control
strategy, an adaptive droop control technique is proposed for PV sources in order to
maximize the utilization of power available from these sources while ensuring acceptable
levels of system voltage regulation
IRJET - Optimizing a High Lateral Misalignment Tolerance of the Short-Ra...IRJET Journal
This document analyzes different capacitive compensation topologies for optimizing lateral misalignment tolerance in inductive wireless power transfer systems. It compares the series-series, parallel-series, series-parallel, and parallel-parallel topologies through analytical and experimental methods. The results show that the series-series topology provides the best optimization as it has independence of resonance frequency from misalignment, high voltage and current gains, and zero phase shift at any misalignment, leading to lower switching losses.
The hardware implementation of sensorless brushless direct current motor drive incorporating H-infinity control strategy with optimized weights by particle swarm optimization in the speed control is carried out in this work. The methodology involved in the design of brushless direct current (BLDC) motor control with sensorless position detection technique, the design of H-infinity speed controller, steps involved in particle swarm optimization for optimizing coefficients of its weights and the hardware implementation is discussed in detail in this paper. Texas Instruments microcontroller board C2000 Delfino Launchpad LAUNCHXL F28377S and driver BOOSTXL DRV8301 are used for realization of the speed controller. The code is developed using C2000 hardware support package in MATLAB/SIMULINK platform. A comprehensive performance analysis is accomplished during starting of the motor and during the fast application and removal of load. This strategy is found to be robust resulting in faster load disturbance rejection and better reference speed tracking. The experimental results of the proposed strategy are compared with that of conventional proportional-integral (PI) controller. The time domain parameters are also compared. It is found that the proposed strategy exhibits better performance characteristics during transients and sudden disturbances in load.
The optimal solution for unit commitment problem using binary hybrid grey wol...IJECEIAES
The aim of this work is to solve the unit commitment (UC) problem in power systems by calculating minimum production cost for the power generation and finding the best distribution of the generation among the units (units scheduling) using binary grey wolf optimizer based on particle swarm optimization (BGWOPSO) algorithm. The minimum production cost calculating is based on using the quadratic programming method and represents the global solution that must be arriving by the BGWOPSO algorithm then appearing units status (on or off). The suggested method was applied on “39 bus IEEE test systems”, the simulation results show the effectiveness of the suggested method over other algorithms in terms of minimizing of production cost and suggesting excellent scheduling of units.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Active vibration control of smart piezo cantilever beam using pid controllereSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Stegnography of high embedding efficiency by using an extended matrix encodin...eSAT Publishing House
This document summarizes an extended matrix encoding algorithm for steganography proposed in a research paper. The algorithm aims to improve the embedding efficiency and rate of the classic F5 steganography system. It does this by extending the hash function used in matrix encoding to multiple layers, allowing more secret bits to be embedded into each carrier cell while still only modifying one bit. The encoding is represented by a quad (dmax, n, k, L) where L indicates the maximum extension layer. Secret bits are tested against specific extended codes up to layer L, and if they match, additional bits can be embedded into the carrier cell. Experimental results showed the extended algorithm performs better than the classic F5 system.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Biochemical and molecular characterization of antagonistic bacteria against y...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
The document discusses a study on the properties of banana fiber reinforced composites. Banana fibers were treated with sodium hydroxide and used to reinforce both epoxy and vinyl ester resin matrices. Coconut shell powder was also used along with the fibers. Various mechanical properties including tensile strength, flexural strength, and impact strength were tested for the untreated and treated fiber composites. The treated fiber composites showed improved mechanical properties compared to the untreated fibers due to better adhesion between the fiber and matrix. A hybrid composite containing both banana fiber and coconut shell powder showed higher strength values than the banana fiber only composite.
Modeling of laminar flow tubular reactor using velocity profileeSAT Publishing House
This document describes a new model for modeling laminar flow tubular reactors (LFTRs) without using residence time distribution (RTD) data. The model divides the reactor into 3D grid cells that each act as continuous stirred tank reactors (CSTRs) in series. The velocity profile within the LFTR is used to calculate flow rates and residence times for each cell. Conversion is then determined for each cell assuming ideal CSTR behavior. The model was tested on LFTRs and showed good agreement with established analytical methods without requiring computationally intensive simulations. The number of grid cells was optimized to balance accuracy and processing time.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Planning of intermediate transport system for bengaluru metropolitan city to ...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
State-space averaged modeling and transfer function derivation of DC-DC boost...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This paper presents dynamic analysis of a boost type DC-DC converter for high-brightness LED (HBLED) driving applications. The steady state operation in presence of all system parasitics has been discussed for continuous conduction mode (CCM). The state-space averaging, energy conservation principle and standard linearization are used to derive ac small signal control to inductor current open-loop transfer function of the converter. The derived transfer function can be further used in designing a robust feed-back control network for the system. In the end frequency and transient responses of the derived transfer function are obtained for a given set of component values, hence to provide a useful guide for control design engineers.
Control of inverters to support bidirectional power flow in grid connected sy...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
An improved luo converter for high power applicationseSAT Journals
Abstract
Power conversion is one of the major requirements in various industries and in daily life. Among various types of power
conversion, DC-DC conversion has greater importance. DC-DC conversion can be reliably performed using luo converter. It
employs voltage lift technique so that output voltage is increased stage by stage, in arithmetic progression. Luo converter can be
incorporated with the Z network or impedance network so as to ensure simple start up and smooth power conversion. An
impedance network consist of two identical inductors and two identical capacitors connected in ‘X’ shape. Besides power
conversion it also offers filtering operation. The luo converter in this scheme is of switched capacitor type. It helps to provide
regulated output voltage from an unregulated source of power supply. The major benefits of this proposed scheme is that it
combines the advantages of the switched capacitor, voltage lift technique and the impedance network. Hence the proposed scheme
has various advantages such as high power density, larger range of output DC voltage, lower or no inrush current, lower
harmonic injection, simple circuit, high voltage transfer gain, can process upto several tens of watts of power. The simulation
analysis and the hardware implementation shows that the output voltage obtained is higher than the expected theoretical value.
i.e, it is the highly boosted voltage output.
Keywords: Z-network, boost voltage, voltage lift technique
Modelling of fuzzy logic controller for variable step mppt in photovoltaic sy...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The output power of photovoltaic electrical systems is highly dynamic and non-linear in nature. In order to extract maximum power
from such systems, maximum power point tracking (MPPT) technique is required. MPPT techniques with variable step-size of
perturbation track the maximum power point (MPP) with more efficiency. In this paper, a model of a fuzzy logic controller (FLC) for
determining the step-size of perturbation in duty-cycle of a photovoltaic electrical system to track MPP is presented. The model is
simulated in MATLAB/Simulink®.
Keywords: Maximum power point tracking, perturb and observe, boost converter, fuzzy logic control, membership
function, crisp universe, centre of area, pulse width modulation
Design and analysis of boost converter with cld celleSAT Journals
Abstract
In this paper, the output voltage in renewable energy sources is improved by using DC-DC converter topology. Basically Boost
converter is used for improving the voltage gain. In this converter switching frequency is limited, hence the output voltage is
reduced. To overcome this issue, by using the boost converter with CLD cell is proposed .In this proposed paper for comparing
the voltage stress and efficiency by using two converters topology. For the duty ratio of 0.5 the output voltage is compared with
the conventional boost converter.
Keywords- Boost Converter, Boost Converter with CLD, Voltage Stress
State space vector based advanced direct power control of matrix converter as...eSAT Journals
Abstract This paper presents state space vector analysis for three-phase matrix converters operating as unified power flow controllers (UPFCs). It allows direct ac/ac power conversion without dc energy storage links; therefore, It reduces volume, cost, capacitor power losses, together with higher reliability. The line active and reactive power, together with ac supply reactive power, can be directly controlled by selecting an appropriate matrix converter switching state guaranteeing good steady-state and dynamic responses. This advanced control of MC guarantee faster responses without overshoot and no steady- state error, presenting no cross-coupling in dynamic and steady-state responses. Simulations are carried out, showing the effectiveness of the proposed method in steady-state and transient conditions. Keywords: Direct power control (DPC), matrix converter (MC), unified power flow controller (UPFC), state space vectors.
This document describes a fuzzy logic controller (FLC) model for determining the step size of perturbation in the duty cycle of a photovoltaic system to track the maximum power point (MPP). The FLC uses the slope of the power-voltage curve and the perturbation from the previous step as inputs to determine the step size. The FLC model is simulated in MATLAB/Simulink. Simulation results show that the variable step size MPPT technique using FLC extracts maximum power more efficiently under changing environmental conditions compared to fixed step size techniques.
Three inverters are operated in parallel using P-V/Q-F droop control to share load proportionally in a microgrid. The droop control principle ties the inverter output active power to voltage frequency and reactive power to voltage amplitude, allowing proportional load sharing without communication between inverters. A mathematical model of a three-phase inverter with LC filter is derived based on voltage and current dual control loops. Simulation results in Matlab/Simulink indicate the droop control scheme effectively balances voltage magnitude and frequency for proportional power sharing between parallel inverters.
High gain dc dc converter with load regulationeSAT Journals
Abstract High gain dc-dc converters are gaining importance due to the latest trends in extracting power from renewable energies. The most commonly available renewable energy resources are wind and solar. The voltage developed while tapping energy from these sources are very low. Often the load requires larger than the voltage developed by the renewable sources which necessitates a high gain DC-DC converter with moderate duty ratio. Conventional boost converter cannot achieve ultra high voltage gain at moderate duty ratio. The aim of designing engineers is to obtain converters with high gain with moderate duty ratio, reduced switch stress, and cost. Here a single switch non isolated dc-dc converter with capacitor-diode voltage multiplier topology is presented. A 30W prototype of the converter is designed and closed loop simulation is conducted to explain the effectiveness of the controller at different load condition to obtain regulated output. Keywords: — Boost Converter, Single Switch Converter, PI-controller, Voltage Regulation.
Simulation of photovoltaic system connected with full bridge inverter using m...eSAT Journals
Abstract
When sunlight shines on a PV cell, the absorbed light produces electricity. Though PV technologies use both direct and dispersed
sunlight to create electricity, harnessing efficiency is 68% eventually against the claim of 85% by the various manufacturers
worldwide. Power Electronics Interface are incorporated with Photovoltaic (PV) System to intensify the efficiency of the PV
system and undoubtedly we have reached to the goalmouth. There are two stages where power electronics converter are used.
First DC-DC converter stage in which lower level PV voltage is boosted-up at the required higher level; and second DC-AC
inverter stage in which increased DC link voltage is efficiently converted into AC. Purpose of this paper is to elaborate the Full-
Bridge inverter used in PV System and switching schemes adopted for the operation and to realize the best switching scheme.
Simulation results are taken at various stages to visualize the effect of interface. For whole PV system simulation, PV module is
connected to the converter system. The output of the Buck Boost converter is connected to the single-phase inverter and the
inverter output is fed to the AC grid.
Key Words: H- Bridge Inverter, Switching Scheme, PV module, Converter, Simulink block-sets.
Design of integrated multistage dc dc convrtereSAT Journals
Abstract Due to the functionality increase of modern battery powered portable devices, the battery life is an important issue. To extend the battery life, an efficient voltage regulator (VR) is required. In this paper discusses the employment of two-stage architecture on the design of point-of-load (POL) Dc- Dc converters. At first, the paper discusses the benefits of an integrated two-stage step-down converter with example to clarify the benefits of the design over one-stage approach. The results of two-stage converter are to be compared with the one-stage approach in addition to size and cost reduction. Then, the benefits of replacing boost converters by integrated two-stage step-up converters are discussed followed by a design example for two-stage step-up converter. The circuits are to be simulated and compared with the help of MATLAB/SIMULINK. Keywords: voltage regulator (VR), point-of-load (POL), MATLAB/SIMULINK
A modified Cuk DC-DC converter for DC microgrid systemsTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
A new efficient step-updirect current-direct current (DC-DC) power converter that is suitable for DC microgrid systems is proposed in this paper. The proposed step-up DC-DC converter is derived from the conventional Cuk DC-DC power converter. Output voltage analysis that is useful to predict the conduction losses is presented. It is shown that the proposed step-up DC-DC converter is more efficient than the conventional DC-DC boost power converter. Current ripple analysis that is useful to determine the required inductors and capacitors is also presented. Experimental results are included to show the validity of the proposed step-up DC-DC power converter.
Design and development of grid tie inverter with closed loop spwm single stag...eSAT Journals
Abstract The project aims the devise topology of single stage, three switch, closed loop SPWM control photovoltaic inverter for grid tie residential application. Predictable buck-boost GTI used in photovoltaic application are of manifold stage inverter systems, encompass dc-ac-dc converters added to achieve a raised dc voltage before inversion. Additional stage require more power machinery and also more power loss results, Even though a two-stage buck-boost inverter can reach significantly high power capability, which introduces circuit density as well as adds up the cost. In disparity with existing system project proposes the intend of a three-switch single stage grid connected buck-boost inverter, where switching losses to a great extent reduced as number of switches and also flyback, buck boost function principles are applied to match up with solar energy accessibility variation. For switching power circuit blend of square wave and SPWM is used, with kind of combination switching frequency reduces to such a level where switching losses significantly reduced. To realize Grid synchronization Strategy sine wave beginning from grid will be used as orientation signal for SPWM. To regulate inverter immediate ac output closed loop control scheme is engaged. Implementation of simple controller format with which output is stabilized as fast as probable. Advantages of this method are established by simulation of a grid-connected single-stage three switch, closed loop SPWM buck-boost inverter.. Keywords: GTI, Buck-Boost, SPWM, and Square wave etc…
A dc-dc zeta converter is a switch mode dc-dc converter that can either step-up or step-down dc input voltage. In order to regulate the dc output voltage, a control subsystem needs to be deployed for the dc-dc zeta converter. This paper presents the dc-dc zeta converter control. Unlike conventional dc-dc zeta converter control which produces a controller based on the nominal value model, we propose a convex polytope model of the dc-dc zeta converter which takes into account parameter uncertainty. A linear matrix inequality (LMI) is formulated based on the linear quadratic regulator (LQR) problem to find the state-feedback controller for the convex polytope model. Simulation results are presented to compare the control performance between the conventional LQR and the proposed LMI based controller on the dc-dc zeta converter. Furthermore, the reduction technique of the convex polytope is proposed and its effect is investigated.
This paper presents a comprehensive and systematic approach in developing a new switching look-up table for direct power control (DPC) strategy applied to the three-phase grid connected three-level neutral-point clamped (3L-NPC) pulse width modulated (PWM) rectifier. The term of PWM rectifier used in this paper is also known as AC-DC converter. The approach provides detailed information regarding the effects of each multilevel converter space vector to the distribution of input active and reactive power in the converter system. Thus, the most optimal converter space vectors are able to be selected by the switching look-up table, allowing smooth control of the active and reactive powers for each sector. In addition, the proposed DPC utilizes an NPC capacitor balanced strategy to enhance the performance of front-end AC-DC converter during load and supply voltage disturbances. The steady state as well as the dynamic performances of the proposed DPC are presented and analyzed by using MATLAB/Simulink software. The results show that the AC-DC converter utilizing the new look-up table is able to produce almost sinusoidal line currents with lower current total harmonic distortion, unity power factor operation, adjustable DC-link output voltage and good dynamic response during load disturbance.
Lclr filter design and modelling for harmonic mitigation in interconnected mi...eSAT Journals
Abstract Today many people are attracted towards distribution generation (DG) because of low energy cost power supply, local generation, highly reliable system, supply with good power quality. Increasing attention and investment in renewable energy that is DG energy sources give rise to rapid development of high penetration renewable energy sources like solar energy, wind energy, hydro energy. Out of this most important and best is the solar energy. There are multiple ways to interface PV arrays with the power grid, but in there is problem of power quality. Today’s important concern of the power system is the power quality in case of renewable energy sources. The power quality improvement in the interconnected micro grid systems and grid interconnection with Distribution Generation (DGs) is the challenging task and to overcome the power quality problem passive filters are the best and cost effective solution. In this paper the LCLR filter is implemented between inverter and grid. The complete system consists of photovoltaic cell (PV), DC-DC boost converter, DC-AC inverter, LCLR filter and the grid. This paper also consists of complete MATLAB simulation of PV cell, DC-DC boost converter and inverter with LCLR filter. Key Words: Renewable energy, PV module, DC-DC boost converter, DGs, LCLR filter, power quality, micro grid (MG) and THD
The document presents a new bridgeless single-phase AC-DC converter based on a single-ended primary inductance converter (SEPIC) topology. The proposed rectifier utilizes a bidirectional switch and two fast diodes. It has less conduction losses compared to existing power factor correction rectifiers due to fewer components conducting during each switching cycle. Experimental results show the converter can achieve a high power factor under universal input voltage conditions and provide regulated output voltage for resistive and incandescent lamp loads. Future work may include further optimizing the design for applications requiring high power quality input power.
PID Compensator Control Scheme of Synchronous Buck DC-DC Converter with ZVS L...IJRES Journal
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Dynamic model of zeta converter with full state
1. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 02 Issue: 08 | Aug-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 34
DYNAMIC MODEL OF ZETA CONVERTER WITH FULL-STATE
FEEDBACK CONTROLLER IMPLEMENTATION
Hafez Sarkawi1
, Mohd Hafiz Jali2
, Tarmizi Ahmad Izzuddin3
, Mahidzal Dahari4
1
Lecturer, Faculty of Electronics and Computer Engineering (FKEKK), University Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM),
Melaka, Malaysia, hafez@utem.edu.my
2, 3
Lecturer, 4
Senior Lecturer, Faculty of Electrical Engineering (FKE), University Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM),
Melaka, Malaysia, mohd.hafiz@utem.edu.my, tarmizi@utem.edu.my, mahidzal@um.edu.my
Abstract
Zeta converter is a fourth order dc-dc converter that can increases (step-up) or decreases (step-down) the input voltage. By
considering dynamic model of the converter, the accuracy of the converter’s modeling and simulation are increased thus make it
easier to produce the hardware version of the converter. State-space approach is a time-domain method for modeling, analyzing, and
designing a wide range of systems which can be described by differential equations or difference equations. This gives great
advantages because it particularly suited for digital computer implementation for their time-domain approach and vector-matrix
description. The converter needs feedback control to regulate its output voltage. This paper presents the dynamic model of zeta
converter. The converter is modeled using state-space averaging (SSA) technique. Full-state feedback controller is implemented on
the converter to regulate the output voltage. The simulation results are presented to verify the accuracy of the modeling and the
steady-state performance subjected to input and load disturbances.
Index Terms: Modeling, Zeta converter, SSA technique, Full-state feedback controller
-----------------------------------------------------------------------***-----------------------------------------------------------------------
1. INTRODUCTION
Nowadays, dc-dc converter is widely used as a power supply
in electronic system. In the battery-operated portable devices,
when not connected to the AC mains, the battery provides an
input voltage to the converter, which then converts it into the
output voltage suitable for use by the electronic load. The
battery voltage can vary over a wide range, depending on a
charge level. At the low charge level, it may drop below the
load voltage. Hence, to continue supplying the constant load
voltage over the entire battery voltage range, the converter
must be able to work in both buck and boost modes. The dc-dc
converters that meet this operational requirement are buck-
boost, Cuk, sepic, and zeta converters. For this paper, zeta
converter is selected because it has given the least attention.
Zeta converter is fourth order dc-dc converters that can step-
up or step-down the input voltage. The converter is made up
of two inductors and two capacitors. Modeling plays an
important role to provide an inside view of the converter’s
behavior. Besides that, it provides information for the design
of the compensator. The most common modeling method for
the converter is state-space averaging technique (SSA). It
provides a systematic way to model the converter which is a
matrix-based technique. This state-space approach is a time-
domain model where the system is described by differential or
difference equation. It allows greatly simplified mathematical
representation of the systems which is vector-matrix
differential equation. This poses great advantage because it
particularly suited for digital computer implementation due to
their time-domain approach and vector matrix description.
Open-loop system has some disadvantages where the output
cannot be compensated or controlled if there is variation or
disturbance at the input. For the case of zeta converter, the
changes in the input voltage and/or the load current will cause
the converter’s output voltage to deviate from desired value.
This is a disadvantage because when the converter is used as
power supply in electronic system, problem could be
happened in such that it could harm other sensitive electronic
parts that consume the power supply. To overcome this
problem, a closed-loop system is required. The existence of
this feedback loop along with the controller would enable the
control and regulation of the output voltage to the desirable
value.
Full-state feedback controller is one of the compensator used
in closed-loop system. Compared to other compensator such
as PID, full-state feedback controller is time-domain approach
which makes the controller design is less complicated than
PID approach which is based on frequency-domain approach.
This is due to the modeling process is based on state-space
matrices technique.
2. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 02 Issue: 08 | Aug-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 35
2. OVERVIEW OF SSA TECHNIQUE
State-space averaging (SSA) is a well-known method used in
modeling switching converters [1]. For a system with a single
switching component with a nominal duty cycle, a model may
be developed by determining the state and measurement
equations for each of the two switch states, then calculating a
weighted average of the two sets of equations using the
nominal values of the time spent in each state as the weights.
To develop the state space averaged model, the equations for
the rate of inductor current change along with the equations
for the rate of capacitor voltage change that are used.
A state variable description of a system is written as follow:
BuAxx +=′
EuCxvO +=
Where A is n x n matrix, B is n x m matrix, C is m x n matrix
and E is m x m matrix. Take note that capital letter E is used
instead of commonly used capital letter D. This is because D
is reserved to represent duty cycle ratio (commonly used in
power electronics).
For a system that has a two switch topologies, the state
equations can be describe as [2]:
Switch closed
uBxAx 11 +=′
uExCvO 11 +=
Switch open
uBxAx 22 +=′
uExCvO 22 +=
For switch closed for the time dT and open for (1-d)T, the
weighted average of the equations are:
( )[ ] ( )[ ]udBdBxdAdAx −++−+=′ 11 2121
( )[ ] ( )[ ]udEdExdCdCvO −++−+= 11 2121
By assuming that the variables are changed around steady-
state operating point (linear signal), the variables can now be
written as:
OOO vVv
uUu
dDd
xXx
~
~
~
~
+=
+=
+=
+=
Where X, D, and U represent steady-state values, and x͂ , d͂ , and
ũ represent small signal values.
During steady-state, the derivatives (x’) and the small signal
values are zeros. Equation (1) can now be written as:
BUAX +=0
BUAX 1−
−=
While Equation (2) can be written as:
EUBUCAVO +−= −1
The matrices are weighted averages as:
( )
( )
( )DCDCC
DBDBB
DADAA
−+=
−+=
−+=
1
1
1
21
21
21
For the small signal analysis, the derivatives of the steady-
state component are zero:
xxxXx ′=′+=′+′=′ ~~0~
Substituting steady-state and small signal quantities in
Equation (5) into Equation (3), the equation can be written as:
( ) ( )( )[ ]( ) ( ) ( )( )[ ]( )uUdDBdDBxXdDAdDAx ~~
1
~~~
1
~~
2121 ++−+++++−++=′
If the products of small signal terms x͂ d͂ can be neglected, the
equation can be written as:
( )[ ] ( )[ ] ( ) ( )[ ]dUBBXAAuDBDBxDADAx
~~1~1~
21212121 −+−+−++−+=′
or in simplified form,
( ) ( )[ ]dUBBXAAuBxAx
~~~~
2121 −+−++=′
Similarly, the output from Equation (4) can be written as:
( )[ ] ( )[ ] ( ) ( )[ ]dUEEXCCudEdExdCdCvO
~~1~1~
21212121 −+−+−++−+=
or in simplified form,
( ) ( )[ ]dUEEXCCuExCvO
~~~~
2121 −+−++=
3. MODELING OF ZETA CONVERTER BY SSA
TECHNIQUE
The schematic of zeta converter is presented in Fig -1. The
converter presented here is a dynamic model where they
consist of Equivalent Series Resistance (ESR) at both
capacitors and DC Resistance (DCR) at both inductors.
Basically the converter are operated in two-states; ON-state (Q
turns on) and OFF-state (Q turns off). When Q is turning on
(ON-state), the diode is off. This is shown as an open circuit
(for diode) and short circuit (for Q) in Fig -2. During this state,
inductor L1 and L2 are in charging phase. These mean that the
inductor current iL1 and iL2 increase linearly. When Q is
turning off (OFF-state), the diode is on. Opposite to previous
(1)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(8)
(9)
(10)
(7)
3. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 02 Issue: 08 | Aug-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 36
ON-state, the equivalent circuit shows that the diode is short
circuit and Q is open circuit as presented in Fig -3. At this
state, inductor L1 and L2 are in discharge phase. Energy in L1
and L2 are discharged to capacitor C1 and output part,
respectively. As a result, inductor current iL1 and iL2 is
decreasing linearly.
To ensure the inductor current iL1 and iL2 increases and
decreases linearly on respective state, the converter must
operate in Continuous Conduction Mode (CCM). CCM means
the current flows in inductors remains positive for the entire
ON-and-OFF states. Fig -4 shows the waveform of iL1 and
iL2 in CCM mode. To achieve this, the inductor L1 and L2
must be selected appropriately. According to [3], the formula
for selection the inductor values for dynamic model zeta
converter are as follow:
( )
( )
−
++
−
>
DR
Dr
R
r
Df
RD
L CL
1
1
2
1 12
2
1
( )
+
−
>
R
r
f
RD
L L2
2 1
2
1
Fig -1: Dynamic model of zeta converter
Fig -2: Equivalent zeta converter circuit when Q turns on
Fig -3: Equivalent zeta converter circuit when Q turns off
Fig -4: iL1 (left) and iL2 (right) waveform in CCM [3]
3.1 State-Space Description of Zeta Converter
ON-state (Q turns on)
Voltage across inductor L1 can be written as:
SLL
L
L vir
dt
di
Lv +−== 11
1
11
Or
1
1
1
11
L
v
i
L
r
dt
di S
L
LL
+−=
Voltage across inductor L2 can be written as:
Z
C
C
SC
C
CL
C
C
CL
L
L i
Rr
Rr
vv
Rr
R
vi
Rr
Rr
rr
dt
di
Lv
+
++
+
−+
+
++−==
2
2
2
2
12
2
2
12
2
22
Or
( ) ( ) Z
C
C
SC
C
CL
C
C
CL
L
i
RrL
Rr
v
L
v
RrL
R
v
L
i
Rr
Rr
rr
Ldt
di
+
++
+
−+
+
++−=
22
2
2
2
22
1
2
2
2
2
12
2
2 111
Current flows in capacitor C1 can be written as:
2
1
11 L
C
C i
dt
dv
Ci −==
Or
2
1
1 1
L
C
i
Cdt
dv
−=
Current flows in capacitor C2 can be written as:
Z
C
C
C
L
C
C
C i
Rr
R
v
Rr
i
Rr
R
dt
dv
Ci
+
−
+
−
+
==
2
2
2
2
2
2
22
1
Or
( ) ( ) ( ) Z
C
C
C
L
C
C
i
RrC
R
v
RrC
i
RrC
R
dt
dv
+
−
+
−
+
=
22
2
22
2
22
2 1
Output voltage can be written as:
Z
C
C
C
C
L
C
C
O i
Rr
Rr
v
Rr
R
i
Rr
Rr
v
+
−
+
+
+
=
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
Equation (11) to (14) are combined and rewritten in matrix
form as:
(11)
(12)
(13)
(14)
(15)
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( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
+
−
++
+
−
+
−
+
−
+
++−
−
=
Z
S
C
C
C
C
C
L
L
CC
CC
C
CL
L
C
C
L
L
i
v
RrC
R
RrL
Rr
L
L
v
v
i
i
RrCRrC
R
C
RrL
R
LRr
Rr
rr
L
L
r
dt
dv
dt
dv
dt
di
dt
di
22
22
2
2
1
2
1
2
1
2222
1
2222
2
12
2
1
1
2
1
2
1
0
00
1
0
1
1
00
00
1
0
11
0
000
Equation (15) which is the output equation can be written in
matrix form as:
+
−+
++
=
Z
S
C
C
C
C
L
L
CC
C
O
i
v
Rr
Rr
v
v
i
i
Rr
R
Rr
Rr
v
2
2
2
1
2
1
22
2
000
The state-space matrices of zeta converter for ON-state are
therefore:
( )
( ) ( )
+
−
+
−
+
−
+
++−
−
=
RrCRrC
R
C
RrL
R
LRr
Rr
rr
L
L
r
A
CC
CC
C
CL
L
2222
1
2222
2
12
2
1
1
1
1
00
00
1
0
11
0
000
( )
( )
+
−
+=
RrC
R
RrL
Rr
L
L
B
C
C
C
22
22
2
2
1
1
0
00
1
0
1
++
=
Rr
R
Rr
Rr
C
CC
C
22
2
1 00
+
−=
Rr
Rr
E
C
C
2
2
1 0
OFF-state (Q turns off)
Voltage across inductor L1 can be written as:
( ) 1111
1
11 CLLC
L
L virr
dt
di
Lv −+−==
Or
( ) 1
1
111
1
1 11
CLLC
L
v
L
irr
Ldt
di
−+−=
Voltage across inductor L2 can be written as:
Z
C
C
C
C
L
C
C
L
L
L i
Rr
Rr
v
Rr
R
i
Rr
Rr
r
dt
di
Lv
+
+
+
−
+
+−==
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
22
Or
( ) ( ) Z
C
C
C
C
L
C
C
L
L
i
RrL
Rr
v
RrL
R
i
Rr
Rr
r
Ldt
di
+
+
+
−
+
+−=
22
2
2
22
2
2
2
2
2
2 1
Current through capacitor C1 can be written as:
1
1
11 L
C
C i
dt
dv
Ci ==
Or
1
1
1 1
L
C
i
Cdt
dv
=
Current through capacitor C2 can be written as:
Z
C
L
C
C
C i
Rr
R
i
Rr
R
dt
dv
Ci
+
−
+
==
2
2
2
2
22
Or
( ) ( ) ( ) Z
C
C
C
L
C
C
i
RrC
R
v
RrC
i
RrC
R
dt
dv
+
−
+
−
+
=
22
2
22
2
22
2 1
Output voltage can be written as:
Z
C
C
C
C
L
C
C
O i
Rr
Rr
v
Rr
R
i
Rr
Rr
v
+
−
+
+
+
=
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
Equation (16) to (19) are combined and rewritten in matrix
form as:
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
+
−
++
+
−
+
+
−
+
+−
−+−
=
Z
S
C
C
C
C
C
L
L
CC
CC
C
L
LC
C
C
L
L
i
v
RrC
R
RrL
Rr
L
L
v
v
i
i
RrCRrC
R
C
RrL
R
Rr
Rr
r
L
L
rr
L
dt
dv
dt
dv
dt
di
dt
di
22
22
2
2
1
2
1
2
1
2222
1
222
2
2
2
1
11
1
2
1
2
1
0
00
1
0
1
1
00
000
1
0
1
0
0
1
0
1
The output equation in Equation (20) can be written in matrix
form as:
+
−+
++
=
Z
S
C
C
C
C
L
L
CC
C
O
i
v
Rr
Rr
v
v
i
i
Rr
R
Rr
Rr
v
2
2
2
1
2
1
22
2
000
The state-space matrices of zeta converter for OFF-state are
therefore:
(16)
(17)
(18)
(19)
(20)
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( )
( )
( ) ( )
+
−
+
+
−
+
+−
−+−
=
RrCRrC
R
C
RrL
R
Rr
Rr
r
L
L
rr
L
A
CC
CC
C
L
LC
2222
1
222
2
2
2
1
11
1
2
1
00
000
1
0
1
0
0
1
0
1
( )
( )
+
−
+
=
RrC
R
RrL
Rr
B
C
C
C
22
22
2
2
0
00
0
00
++
=
Rr
R
Rr
Rr
C
CC
C
22
2
2 00
+
−=
Rr
Rr
E
C
C
2
2
2 0
Equation (8) is revisited and the state-space matrices derived
previously for ON and OFF-state are used, the weighted
average matrices are:
( )DADAA −+= 121
( )( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
+
−
+
−
−
+
−
+
+++
−
−
−
+−
−
=
RrCRrC
R
C
D
C
D
RrL
R
L
D
RrL
RrDrrRr
L
D
L
rDr
A
CC
CC
CCLC
LC
2222
11
22222
2122
11
11
1
00
00
1
0
0
1
0
)1(
( )
( )
+
−
+=−+=
RrC
R
RrL
Rr
L
D
L
D
DBDBB
C
C
C
22
22
2
2
1
21
0
00
0
)1(
++
=−+=
Rr
R
Rr
Rr
DCDCC
CC
C
22
2
21 00)1(
+
−=−+=
Rr
Rr
DEDEE
C
C
2
2
21 0)1(
3.2 Zeta Converter Steady-state
U is consisted of two input variables which are VS and IZ.
However, for the steady-state output equation, the goal is to
find the relationship between output and input voltage. Thus
only variable VS is used for the derivation. However for IZ
multiplication, matrices B and E are included. For this reason,
B and E matrices need to be separated into two matrices; BS,
ES (for input variable VS) and BZ, EZ (for input variable IZ)
which are presented as follow:
[ ] ( )
( )
+
−
+==
RrC
R
RrL
Rr
L
D
L
D
BBB
C
C
C
ZS
22
22
2
2
1
0
00
0
Thus,
=
0
0
2
1
L
D
L
D
BS
( )
( )
+
−
+
=
RrC
R
RrL
Rr
B
C
C
C
Z
22
22
2
0
0
Also,
[ ]
+
−==
Rr
Rr
EEE
C
C
ZS
2
2
0
Thus,
[ ]0=SE
+
−=
Rr
Rr
E
C
C
Z
2
2
Equation (7) is revisited,
EUBUCAVO +−= −1
To get an equation that relates the output and input voltage,
the above equation needs to be modified by replacing U=VS,
B=BS and E=ES=0:
SSO VBCAV 1−
−=
Or in circuit parameters form [1]:
−
+
−
++
−
= 2
112
11
1
1
1
D
D
R
r
D
D
R
r
R
rD
D
VV
LCL
SO
3.3 Zeta Converter Small-signal
Equation (6) is substituted into (9), thus the small signal state-
space equation can be written as:
(21)
(22)
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( ) ( )[ ]dUBBBUAAAuBxAx
~~~~
21
1
21 −+−−++=′ −
Or
dBuBxAx d
~~~~ ++=′
Where,
( ) ( )UBBBUAAABd 21
1
21 −+−−= −
in circuit parameters form [4]:
( )
( )( )( )[ ]
( )( ) ( )( )[ ]
( )[ ]
−+−
+−−+−
−++−
−
+
−
++−
=
0
1
1
11
1
1
1
11
11
1
1
112
1
112
1
2
1122
ZS
ZLCSL
ZLSCL
LCL
d
IDRDV
C
RIDrDrVrRD
L
RIDrVDrrRD
L
D
D
R
r
D
D
R
r
R
r
DR
B
(24)
Equation (10) is recalled, the small signal output equation is
written as
( ) ( )[ ]dUEEXCCuExCvO
~~~~
2121 −+−++=
Since C1=C2 and E1=E2, the equation above is simplified as:
uExCvO
~~~ +=
4. CONTROL OF ZETA CONVERTER USING
FULL-STATE FEEDBACK CONTROLLER
(FSFBC)
For a system that is completely controllable and where all the
states are accessible, feedback of all of the states through a
gain matrix can be used. The control law used for state
feedback is:
Kxu −=
Where K is the feedback gain matrix This type of compensator
is said to employ full-state feedback controller as presented in
Fig -5.
Fig -5: Full-state feedback controller implementation
The closed-loop system in the state-space representation can
be gathered by substituting Equation (26) into Equation (1)
and (2):
( )xBKAx −=′
( )xEKCy −=
Stability depends on eigenvalues of A−BK. Thus to ensure the
system is stable, the feedback gain matrix, K needs to be
calculated. There are two methods that will be presented in
this thesis to find the feedback gain matrix K; pole placement
and optimal control technique.
4.1 FSFBC Based On Pole Placement Technique
As the name suggested, pole placement is a technique where
poles are placed at desired location on the complex plane. For
a full-state feedback controller, the matrix K (m x n) is used to
place the poles of the system to desired location. The poles of
the zeta converter are the eigenvalues of the state matrix A.
The zeros of the system are unchanged although full-state
feedback controller is used. The pole placement strategy is to
improve the undesirable aspects of open-loop response such as
overshoot, rising time, settling time and steady-state error. For
this thesis, only the later aspect is considered for the
compensator design.
Desired poles must be placed further to the left handside (on s-
plane) of the system’s dominant poles location to improve the
system steady-state error response. A good rule of thumb is
that the desired poles are placed five to ten times further than
the system’s dominant poles location [5].
For the full-state feedback controller, the closed-loop
characteristic equation can be determined by:
( ) 0=−− BKAIλ
To determine the value of gain matrix K, the desired poles
need to be placed. The number of desired poles depends on the
system order. For a system that has an n-order, the poles are n,
and the characteristic equation can be written as:
( )( )( ) ( ) 0321 =−−−− npspspsps L
Matrix K therefore can be determined by comparing the
coefficients between characteristic equation in Equation (27)
and (28).
4.2 FSFBC Based On Optimal Control Technique
Optimal control (also known as linear quadratic optimal
control) is used to determine the feedback gain matrix, K other
than pole placement. This method is different compared to
pole placement technique since there is no need to determine
where to place the desired poles. For optimal control, the
(23)
(25)
u
(26)
(27)
(28)
7. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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control input, u is determined such that the performance of the
system is optimum with respect to some performance
criterion. Basically, the goal is to design control elements that
meet a wide variety of requirements in the best possible
manner.
To optimally control the control effort within performance
specifications, a compensator is sought to provide a control
effort for input that minimizes a cost function:
( )∫
∞
+=
0
dtRuuQxxJ TT
Which is subjected to the constraint of the state equation.
BuAxx +=′
This is known as the linear quadratic regulator (LQR)
problem. The weight matrix Q is an n x n positive semi-
definite matrix (for a system with n states) that penalizes
variation of the state from the desired state. The weight matrix
R is an m x m positive definite matrix that penalizes control
effort [3].
To solve the optimization problem over a finite time interval,
the algebraic Ricatti equation is the most commonly used:
01
=+−+ −
QPBPBRPAPA TT
PBRK T1−
=
Where P is symmetric, positive definite matrix and K is the
optimal gain matrix that is used in full-state feedback
controller.
Since the weight matrices Q and R are both included in the
summation term within the cost function, it is really the
relative size of the weights within each quadratic form which
are important. Holding one weight matrix constant while
varying either the individual elements or a scalar multiplier of
the other is an acceptable technique for iterative design. It is
good to maintain an understanding of the effects of
manipulating individual weights, however. In general, raising
the effective penalty a single state or control input by
manipulating its individual weight will tighten the control over
the variation in that parameter, however it may do so at the
expense of larger variation in the other states or inputs [6].
5. SIMULATION MODEL
Table -1 shows the parameters that are used for the zeta
converter circuit. By substituting all the parameters in the state
equations derived previously, the state matrices can be
gathered as presented. Also, the eigenvalues for the zeta
converter system can be calculated. Table -2 shows the pole
placement group. Poles 3x, Poles 5x and Poles 7x refer to the
pole location at 3 times, 5 times and 7 times further than the
most dominant eigenvalues that is at -7x103 (real s-plane).
FSFBC gain, K for various pole location and cost function
weight are calculated for the closed-loop compensation and
are shown in Table -3 and Table -4, respectively. As for the
Simulink model, the zeta converter open-loop and closed
model with the implementation of full-state feedback
controller is shown in Fig -6 to Fig -8.
Table -1: Zeta converter circuit parameters
−
−
−−
−−
=
23
33
444
33
1060.101049.40
001045.71055.2
1045.11010.11043.10
01055.201038.2
xx
xx
xxx
xx
A
[ ]
−
=
3
34
3
1049.40
00
1008.5102.1
01045.7
x
xx
x
BB ZS
[ ]11
1088.901046.30 −−
= xxC
[ ] [ ]1
1046.30 −
−= xEE ZS
−
=
0
1036.3
1075.4
1050.3
4
5
5
x
x
x
Bd
( ) 3
2,1 1091.900.7 xjp ±−=
( ) 3
4,3 1009.142.1 xjp ±−=
Table -2: Pole placement group
8. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 02 Issue: 08 | Aug-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 41
Table -3: FSFBC gain for various pole placement
Table -4: FSFBC gain for various cost function weight
Fig -6: Open-loop zeta converter steady-state signal model
Fig -7: Open-loop zeta converter small-signal model
Fig -8: Closed-loop zeta converter model using full-state
feedback controller
6. RESULTS
Table -5 shows the design requirement for the zeta converter.
The desired output is 24V when the disturbances are within
the allowable limit. Fig -9 to Fig -11 show the open-loop
response for the zeta converter without any disturbance. For
the open-loop, when subjected to input voltage disturbance of
ṽS=1V, the output increased significantly to approximately
27V (Fig -12). While for load current disturbance of ĩZ=1A,
the output decreased to about 21.6V (Fig -13). This response
to disturbance is very undesirable.
Table -5: Zeta converter design requirement
To reduce the effect of the disturbances, full-state feedback
controller is used. The controller is designed based on pole
placement and optimal control technique. When subjected to
input disturbance of ṽS=1V, the response is shown in Fig -14.
In Fig -14(a), the pole location that yield the best
compensation is Poles 7x with output voltage of 24.006V.
while in Fig -14(b), cost function weight iL22, 100vC22
produced the best compensator with the output voltage of
24.002V. on the other hand, when subjected to load current
disturbance of ĩZ=1A, again Poles 7x (23.95V) and iL22,
100vC22 (23.95V) produced the best results as shown in Fig -
16(a) and Fig -16(b), respectively.
Table -6 shows the summary of the voltage regulation when
subjected to input voltage disturbance and/or load current
disturbance for FSFSC based on pole placement and optimal
control technique. It is required that the VR is ≤ ± 1% (in
Table -5). For pole placement technique, only pole location at
Poles 7x can achieve this requirement while for optimal
control technique, iL22, 100vC22 can be used for the output
voltage regulation requirement. Since both pole placement and
optimal control technique can achieve required voltage
regulation requirement, it is up to individual to choose their
preference technique.
Fig -9: Open-loop output voltage, VO response
9. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 02 Issue: 08 | Aug-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 42
Fig -10: Open-loop inductors current (iL1, iL2) response
Fig -11: Open-loop capacitor voltage (vC1, vC2) response
Fig -12: Open-loop output voltage, VO response to
disturbance ṽS=1V
Fig -13: Open-loop output voltage, VO response to
disturbance ĩZ=1A
(a)
(b)
Fig -14: Compensated output voltage, VO response to
disturbance ṽS=1V using FSFBC based on:
(a) pole placement (b) optimal control technique
(a)
(b)
Fig -15: Compensated output voltage, VO response to
disturbance ĩZ=1A using FSFBC based on:
(a) pole placement technique (b) optimal control technique
10. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 02 Issue: 08 | Aug-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 43
Table -6: Output voltage regulation using FSFBC based on
pole placement and optimal control technique comparison
CONCLUSIONS
In this paper, modeling and control of a zeta converter
operating in Continuous Conduction Mode (CCM) has been
presented. The state-space averaging (SSA) technique was
applied to find the steady-state equations and small-signal
linear dynamic model of the converter. To ensure the output
voltage maintain at the desired voltage regulation requirement,
full-state observer and controller are used as the controller. To
compensate the output voltage from the input voltage and load
current disturbances, feedback controller gain for Poles 7x and
(iL22, 100vC22) is proven to produce the best compensated
output voltage for FSFBC based on pole placement and
optimal control technique, respectively.
AFFILIATION
Department of Industrial Electronics, Faculty of Electronics
and Computer Engineering (FKEKK), Universiti Teknikal
Malaysia Melaka (UTeM), Hang Tuah Jaya, 76100 Melaka,
Malaysia
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The author would like to express gratitude to the Ministry of
Higher Education (MoHE) Malaysia and Universiti Teknikal
Malaysia Melaka (UTeM), Malaysia for the financial support.
REFERENCES
[1] E.Vuthchhay and C.Bunlaksananusorn, “Dynamic
Modeling of a Zeta Converter with State-space
Averaging Technique”, Proceedings of ECTI-CON
2008, pp. 969-972, 2008
[2] D.W.Hart, “Introduction to Power Electronics”,
Prentice-Hall Inc., 1997
[3] E.Vuthchhay and C.Bunlaksananusorn, “Modeling and
Control of a Zeta Converter”,The 2010 International
Power Electronics Conference, pp. 612-619, 2010
[4] E.Vuthchhay, C.Bunlaksananusorn and H.Hirata,
“Dynamic Modeling and Control of a Zeta Converter”,
2008 International Symposium on Communications and
Information Technologies (ISCIT 2008), pp. 498-503,
2008
[5] Charles L.Philips and H. Troy Nagle; “Digital Control
System Analysis and Design”, 1st
Edition, Prentice-Hall
Inc., 1984
[6] R.Tymerski and F.Rytkonen, “Control System Design”,
www.ece.pdx.edu/~tymerski/ece451/Tymerski_Rytkonen
.pdf, 2012
[7] M.Dahari and N.Saad, “Digital Control Systems –
Lecture Notes”,2002
[8] R. W. Erickson and D. Maksimovic, “Fundamentals of
Power Electronics”, 2nd
Edition., Kluwer Academic
Publishers,2001
[9] Ned Mohan, “Power Electronics and Drives”,
MNPERE, 2003
[10] Muhammad H. Rashid. “Power Electronics
Handbook”, Academic Press, 2001
[11] K.Ogata, “Modern Control Engineering”, 3rd
Edition,
Prentice-Hall Inc., 1997
BIOGRAPHIES
Hafez Sarkawi received his BEng. Electrical
(Electronics) from Universiti Teknologi
Malaysia (UTM) in 2007 and MEng
(Industrial Electronics and Control) from
Universiti Malaya (UM) in 2012
Mohd Hafiz Jali received his BEng.
Electrical (Microelectronics) from Universiti
Teknologi Mara (UiTM) in 2007 and MEng
(Industrial Electronics and Control) from
Universiti Malaya (UM) in 2012
Tarmizi Ahmad Izzuddin received his
BSc.&Eng. (Electronic Control System Eng.)
from University of Shimane University, Japan
in 2010 and MEng (Industrial Electronics and
Control) from Universiti Malaya (UM) in
2012
Mahidzal Dahari received his bachelor,
master, and doctoral degrees from Universit
Teknologi Petronas (UTP). Currently he is a
senior lecturer at Universiti Malaya (UM).