The kidneys can be injured by blunt or penetrating trauma, requiring timely medical evaluation. The kidneys are normally protected by back muscles but can be damaged by severe impacts or objects piercing the skin. Blunt trauma may cause bruising while penetrating injuries like gunshots can enter elsewhere and travel to the kidneys. Most kidney injuries are minor but evaluation with imaging tests like ultrasound or CT scans helps classify the injury and guide management, which may include rest, antibiotics, surgery, or nephrectomy in more severe cases.

3. Your kidneys are generally well protected by muscles of the back and ribcage but injuries can occur as a result of blunt or penetrating trauma. The following information should help explain why timely evaluation and proper management are critical for the best outcomes .

4. What happens under normal conditions? What happens under normal conditions? The kidneys are paired, bean-shaped solid organs located deep in the abdomen, protected by strong back muscles and separated from the front of the abdomen by the organs of the gastrointestinal tract .

5. What types of trauma can occur? The kidney is the most common organ in the urinary tract to be injured by severe trauma. "Trauma" is injury caused by an external force that may be either blunt—such as a car accident—or

6. penetrating —such as a gunshot wound. Blunt trauma injuries to the kidney may show no evidence of external injury or bruises may appear over the back or abdomen where the kidney is located. Penetrating kidney injury may also be difficult to detect. For example, the external point of entry of the bullet may be small and at a distance far enough away from the location of the kidney for it not to be a consideration.

7. TRUMA TYPE MINOR 85% MAJOR 15%

8. Classification of renal injury

11. Isolated or associated Major or minor Grads of injury Haematuria, Delay haematuria, Meteorism Pain Swelling Wound Acute abdomen Shock

12. History & physical examination X-Ray- of abdomen U/S –of abdominal Excretory Urography Angiography CT MRI

17. Bradley R. Davis, USAF

20. ABC Rest 1-week Sedatives& analgesia Chart-Vital signs Antibiotics Urine checking IVU. Surgery; indications?

23. Haematuria Hydronephrosis HTN Aneurysm of renal artery Sepsis Renal failure

24. Recognised at the time of operation Not recognised at the time of the operation Unilateral or bilateral

25. ANASTAMOSIS; end to end Bladder hitched up Boaries flap End to side implantation Ileal replacement Nephrectomy