The document discusses various diseases of the pleura and pleural space, including pleural effusions, empyema, chylothorax, mesothelioma, and spontaneous pneumothorax. It describes the symptoms, causes, and treatment options for these conditions, which include the accumulation of fluid, pus, lymph, or air in the pleural cavity due to issues like cancer, infection, trauma, or unknown primary causes. The treatments involve drainage of fluid or material from the pleural space through chest tubes or surgery, along with antibiotics or other medications as needed depending on the specific condition.

1. Dr.Ahmed Al-Azzawi M.B.Ch.B,F.I.C.M.S Cardiothoracic&Vascular Surgeon University of Sulaimani College of Medicine Thoracic Surgery

2. DISEASES OF THE PLEURA AND PLEURAL SPACE Dr . Ahmed Alazzawi College of Medicine 5th year students Lectures 2010-2011

10. Instruments for needle biopsy of the pleura

11. Treatment The free end of the Chest Drainage Device is usually attached to an underwater seal , below the level of the chest. This allows the air or fluid to escape from the pleural space, and prevents anything returning to the chest

13. CT chest showing large right sided hydro-pneumothorax from pleural empyema . Arrows A: air, B: fluid Encasement of the left lung by thick purulent exudate which is characteristic of pleural empyema