Pleural effusion is an accumulation of fluid in the pleural space that can be caused by increased fluid production or reduced absorption. It is classified based on appearance, fluid chemistry, location, and presence of malignant cells. Common causes include congestive heart failure, liver disease, and malignancy. Symptoms include dyspnea, cough, and chest pain. Diagnosis involves chest imaging, fluid analysis, and cytology. Treatment depends on the cause but may include drainage, pleurodesis, or shunting in recurrent cases.
Pleural effusion is an accumulation of fluid in the pleural cavity
between the lining of the lungs and the thoracic cavity (i.e., the visceral
and parietal pleurae
).
Peritonitis is an inflammation of the peritoneum, the tissue that lines the inner wall of the abdomen and covers and supports most of your abdominal organs. Peritonitis is usually caused by infection from bacteria or fungi
Pleural effusion is an accumulation of fluid in the pleural cavity
between the lining of the lungs and the thoracic cavity (i.e., the visceral
and parietal pleurae
).
Peritonitis is an inflammation of the peritoneum, the tissue that lines the inner wall of the abdomen and covers and supports most of your abdominal organs. Peritonitis is usually caused by infection from bacteria or fungi
General principles involved in management of poisoning- by rxvichu!!RxVichuZ
Hellow friends!!! I am back....with my 13th ppt!!
This ppt is regarding TOXICOLOGY,which happens to be my 1st....and i am happy to release the same on INDEPENDENCE DAY!!
Wishing a very happy and blissful Independence Day to all....i release my toxicology ppt regarding GENERAL PRINCIPLES IN POISONING MANAGEMENT.....
Since its my 1st attempt in Toxicology, i would love to hear ur reviews, and comments....so that i can improve in upcoming editions......
Keep reading...thanks for ur support!!!
With love and regards,
Vishnu.R.Nair (rxvichu-alwz4uh!!)
:) :)
This the ppt about pneumonia —Introduction,definition,type,classification,pathophysiology,risk factors,complication,management,nursing diagnosis
So if searching for pneumonia so clear you doubt in short and consize way and this ppt contains all essential data for passing in the examination.
Thank you have a great day ❤️☮️
Pathology of Pneumonia:
Broncho- pneumonia,
Lobar Pneumonia,
Lung Abscess,
Lung Fungal Absces,
Normal Lung
Please leave a comment after downloading.
THANK YOU ^^
Tuberculosis (TB) is a life threatening disease which can virtually affect any organ system.
Abdominal tuberculosis is a most common type of extra-pulmonary tuberculosis, comprising of tuberculosis of gastrointestinal tract, peritoneum, omentum, mysentery and its lymph nodes and other abdominal organs such as liver, spleen and pancreas.
Abdominal tuberculosis can occur primarily or it can be secondary to a tubercular focus elsewhere in the body.
Gastrointestinal tuberculosis occurring due to ingestion of milk or food infected with Mycobacterium bovis can result in primary intestinal tuberculosis, but it is now-a days rare.
Firstly, the tubercle bacilli may enter the intestinal tract through the ingestion of infected milk or sputum. The mucosal layer of the GI tract can be infected with the bacilli with formation of epithelioid tubercles in the lymphoid tissue of the submucosa.
After 2-4 weeks, caseous necrosis of the tubercles leads to ulceration of the overlying mucosa which can later spread into the deeper layers and into the adjacent lymph nodes and into peritoneum.
Fluid cytology in serous cavity effusionstashagarwal
The intrathoracic and intraperitoneal organs are covered by a single layer of mesothelial cells, which is continuous with the lining of the thoracic and peritoneal cavities. The potential space between the two layers of epithelium contains a small amount of lubricating fluid.
Serous fluid lies between the membranes lining the body cavities(parietal) and those covering the organs within the cavities(visceral).
Production and reabsorption are normally at a constant rate. They are influenced by
Changes in osmotic and hydrostatic pressure in the blood.
Concentration of chemical constituents in the plasma
Permeability of blood vessels and membranes.
An accumulation of fluid, called an effusion, results from an imbalance of fluid production and reabsorption. This fluid accumulation in the pleural, pericardial, and peritoneal cavities is known as serous effusion.
General principles involved in management of poisoning- by rxvichu!!RxVichuZ
Hellow friends!!! I am back....with my 13th ppt!!
This ppt is regarding TOXICOLOGY,which happens to be my 1st....and i am happy to release the same on INDEPENDENCE DAY!!
Wishing a very happy and blissful Independence Day to all....i release my toxicology ppt regarding GENERAL PRINCIPLES IN POISONING MANAGEMENT.....
Since its my 1st attempt in Toxicology, i would love to hear ur reviews, and comments....so that i can improve in upcoming editions......
Keep reading...thanks for ur support!!!
With love and regards,
Vishnu.R.Nair (rxvichu-alwz4uh!!)
:) :)
This the ppt about pneumonia —Introduction,definition,type,classification,pathophysiology,risk factors,complication,management,nursing diagnosis
So if searching for pneumonia so clear you doubt in short and consize way and this ppt contains all essential data for passing in the examination.
Thank you have a great day ❤️☮️
Pathology of Pneumonia:
Broncho- pneumonia,
Lobar Pneumonia,
Lung Abscess,
Lung Fungal Absces,
Normal Lung
Please leave a comment after downloading.
THANK YOU ^^
Tuberculosis (TB) is a life threatening disease which can virtually affect any organ system.
Abdominal tuberculosis is a most common type of extra-pulmonary tuberculosis, comprising of tuberculosis of gastrointestinal tract, peritoneum, omentum, mysentery and its lymph nodes and other abdominal organs such as liver, spleen and pancreas.
Abdominal tuberculosis can occur primarily or it can be secondary to a tubercular focus elsewhere in the body.
Gastrointestinal tuberculosis occurring due to ingestion of milk or food infected with Mycobacterium bovis can result in primary intestinal tuberculosis, but it is now-a days rare.
Firstly, the tubercle bacilli may enter the intestinal tract through the ingestion of infected milk or sputum. The mucosal layer of the GI tract can be infected with the bacilli with formation of epithelioid tubercles in the lymphoid tissue of the submucosa.
After 2-4 weeks, caseous necrosis of the tubercles leads to ulceration of the overlying mucosa which can later spread into the deeper layers and into the adjacent lymph nodes and into peritoneum.
Fluid cytology in serous cavity effusionstashagarwal
The intrathoracic and intraperitoneal organs are covered by a single layer of mesothelial cells, which is continuous with the lining of the thoracic and peritoneal cavities. The potential space between the two layers of epithelium contains a small amount of lubricating fluid.
Serous fluid lies between the membranes lining the body cavities(parietal) and those covering the organs within the cavities(visceral).
Production and reabsorption are normally at a constant rate. They are influenced by
Changes in osmotic and hydrostatic pressure in the blood.
Concentration of chemical constituents in the plasma
Permeability of blood vessels and membranes.
An accumulation of fluid, called an effusion, results from an imbalance of fluid production and reabsorption. This fluid accumulation in the pleural, pericardial, and peritoneal cavities is known as serous effusion.
Pleural effusion caused by malignancies has been described as malignant pleural effusion. Etiology,pathogenesis,diagnosis and management of malignant pleural effusion has been descibed in this powerpoint presentation.
Pleural effusion may be defined figuratively as the juice, oozing from the leaky lingerie of the lung. However the text book definition is the abnormal accumulation of fluid in the pleural space due to disturbances in the forces that keep the pleural fluid economy in equilibrium...
Computer vision syndrome by Dr. Gboneme SandraSandra Gboneme
Since the onset of COVID 19, there has been a significant rise in the number of persons working remotely. This means, more screen time, more hours spent sitting and typing on the computer. This increases the risk of computer vision syndrome, which is discussed in this slides.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
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Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
2. Outline
• Introduction
• Epidemiology
• Anatomy of the pleural space
• Pathophysiology of PE
• Classification of pleural effusions
• Clinical presentation
• Management
3. Introduction
• Pleural effusion (PE) is abnormal accumulation
of fluid in the pleural space either due to excess
production or reduced absorption.
• Referred to as ‘water on the lungs’
4. Epidemiology
• Incidence of PE is 1.5 million per year
• All age groups can be affected
• Can be benign or malignant
• Right side is more commonly affected
• 2/3rds of malignant PE is seen in females
5. Anatomy of the pleural space
• Pleura is a serous membrane that lines the lungs
and inner aspect of the chest wall
• Its divided into 2: visceral and parietal
• Pleural space is the potential space between the
two layers
• Net fluid production is by the parietal layer and
net absorption is also via the parietal layer.
• The space normally contains a thin fluid (0.1-
0.2mls/kg)
6. Pathophysiology of PE
• Fluid movement across the capillary is guided by
starlings forces. These are Hydrostatic pressure
(HP), Oncotic pressure (OP), and capillary
permeability, as well as negative pressure in the
lymphatics and increased negative intrathoracic
pressure
7. Pathophysiology 2
• Increased HP, decreased OP, increased capillary
permeability and lymphatic obstruction or lung
collapse can lead to fluid accumulation in the
pleural space.
9. Classification of PE
• Based on:
appearance (Chylothorax, Hemothorax,
Bilothorax, pylothorax).
Fluid chemistry (transudate and exudate)
Location (Subpulmonic and lamellar)
Presence of malignant cells (Malignant and
Benign)
Compartmentalization (Simple or Loculated)
11. Fluid chemistry
• Transudate- low protein content: Congestive
cardiac failure (CCF), liver cirrhosis, nephrotic
syndrome, peritoneal dialysis,urinothorax
• Exudate- high protein content: malignant,
infectious, haemothorax, CT disease,
chylothorax, uraemia, Meigs’ syndrome, drug
induced ( amiodarone, nitrofurantoin, ergot)
12. Association with malignancy
• Benign PE- not caused by malignant disease
• Malignant PE- caused by malignant disease
13. Benign PE
• Infective- TB, Pneumonia, Viral, Parasitic,
Fungal
pneumonia commonest in children
TB in adults
• Traumatic- blunt and penetrating
• Autoimmune DX: SLE, rheumatoid pleuritis,
• CCF, Liver cirrhosis, nephrotic syndrome
• Therapy-induced: irradiation, chemotherapy,
other drugs
14. Malignant PE
• These result from tumor invasion of the pleura
• Diagnosed by finding malignant cells in the fluid
or pleural tissue
• If caused by malignancy but no malignant cells
in fluid or pleural tissue it is called Para
malignant effusion.
• If caused by malignancy but no cytology:
malignancy associated pleural effusion.
• Result from lung, breast , GI, urogenital etc
mesothelioma, lymphoma,
15. Clinical presentation
• Dyspnoea (due to inability of Lung to expand)
• Cough (non productive as fluid is on the lungs)
• Pleuritic chest pain (during inspiration)
• Features of underlying disease (If CCF, RF,
nephrotic syndrome etc)
16. On Examination
• Asymmetric Chest
• Tracheal deviation to contralateral side
• Reduced Tactile fremitus on affected side
• Reduced percussion note on affected side
• Reduced breathe sounds on affected side
17. Investigations
• Haematology : FBC (features of elevated WBC if
pylothorax)
• Chemistry: Helps to differentiate between
transudate and exudate
• Microbiology: M/C/S
• Cytology: Rule out malignant cells
• Pleural biopsy
• Imaging
- CXR
- CT scan
- ultrasound scan
18. Imaging
• Chest X-ray: (PA view/ Lateral view)
1. Homogenous Opacification
2. Obliteration of Cardiophrenic angle
(accumulation of about 300mls of fluid)
3. Obliteration of Costophrenic angle
4. Meniscus sign
• USS: can pick as little as 50mls of fluid
19. Fluid Chemistry
• Light criteria (1972)
• Helps to differentiate between Exudate and
Transudate
• TS; Total Serum
Exudate Transudate
Pleural:TS protein
ratio
> 0.5 <0.5
Pleural: TS LDH
ratio
>0.6 <0.6
Pleural LDH Greater than
2/3rds of the
upper limit
Less than 2/3rds
of the upper limit
20. Fluid Chemistry 2
Modified Light Criteria
• HP/OP (Hydrostatic and Oncotic Pressure)
• SG – Specific Gravity
CRITERI
A
CAUSES APPERA
NCE
SG PROTEIN
not
ALBUMI
N
PLEURA
L
:SERUM
PROTEIN
CHOLES
TEROL
Pleural
LDH and
Upper
limit
SERUM
ALBUMI
N:PLEUR
AL
ALBUMI
N
EXUDAT
E
INFLAMM
ATION
CLOUDY >1.020 >2.9G/DL >0.5 >45mg/dl >2/3 <1.2G/DL
TRANSU
DATE
HP,OP CLEAR <1.012 <2.5G/DL <0.5 <45mg/dl <2/3 >1.2G/DL
25. Treatment
• Transudate, no symptoms, observe, treat underlying
cause .
• Exudates and symptomatic transudates:
• Needle aspiration
• Catheter drainage
• Tube thoracotomy: Closed Tube thoracotomy
drainage
• Fibrinolytics and Decortication - for stage 3
empyema
• Eloessar Window , empyectomy - Empyema
26. Treatment 2
• If malignant pleural effusion or recurrent benign
effusion:
- pleurodesis: Chemical (tetracycline, talc, silver
nitrate) Mechanical (surgically done),
Immunologic ( Use of staph super antigen)
- pleurectomy: Parietal pleura is stripped off. No
more pleural space
-shunts: Pleuroperitoneal shunts