This document discusses stem cell research and cloning. It begins with the history of stem cell research and defines different types of stem cells. It then discusses where stem cells come from and the potential benefits of stem cell research. The document also provides an overview of cloning, including important milestones in cloning research. It notes some issues related to stem cell research and cloning, such as religious, medical, and ethical concerns. In conclusion, it states that stem cells may provide future treatment options, and while cloning technology has advanced, it remains controversial.

1. STEM CELL
&
CLONING
By: Palwinder Kaur
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2. 2

3. HISTORY OF STEM CELL
RESEARCH
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4. TYPES OF STEM CELLS
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Type of stem cell What it can be Examples
Totipotent cells Each cell can
develop into a
new individual
Cells of embryo
of 1-3 days
Pluripotent cells Each cell can
form any cell type
(over 200)
Cells of blastocyst
5-14 days
Multipotent cells Cells differentiate
and can form a
number of tissue
types.
Fetal tissue, cord
blood, adult cells

5. WHERE DO THEY COME FROM ??
• Embryos: Embryonic stem (ES) cells are stem cells derived
from the inner cell mass of a blastocyst, an early-stage embryo.
• Adults: Adult stem cells, also called somatic stem cells, are
stem cells which maintain and repair the tissue in which they
are found.
• Umbilical cord: Blood cells from the post-delivery umbilical
cord contain undifferentiated cells.
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6. WHY STEM CELLS ??
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7. 7

8. CLONING
• Cloning in general refer to as reproduction without mating.
• Cloning is a scientific process that allows scientists to copy the
genetic traits of a plant or animal to create one or more living
replicas.
• The baby that develops will have the identical genetic traits as
the animal that provided the nucleus used to fertilize the host’s
egg. 8

9. MILESTONES IN HISTORY OF
CLONING
• In 1996 - Ian Wilmut and Keith Campbell cloned the first animal from adult
cells. Dolly the sheep, born on July 5, 1996, was created using the so-called
Roslin Technique.
• In 1997, Infigen Inc., a biotechnology company, created the first cloned calf
named Gene in the world. It was cloned from a non-embryonic cell.
• In 1998 - Ryuzo Yanagimachi, Toni Perry and Teruhiko Wakayama of the
University of Hawaii reported cloning fifty mice from adult mouse cells.
• In 2001 - Scientists at Advanced Cell Technology, Inc. announced the birth of a
cloned baby bull gaur (a large wild ox) named Noah. Noah was the first
endangered animal to be cloned.
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10. 10
GENE MAGIC &
STEM
NOAH
“THE CLONES”

11. RECIPE OF
CLONING
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12. 12

13. TYPES OF CLONING
• Therapeutic cloning : It involves the use
of (stem) cells for medicinal or research
purposes.
• Reproductive cloning: It involve the use
(stem) cells to create cloned humans or animals.
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14. WHY CLONING ??
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• Substitute for Natural Reproduction
• Obtain Specific Traits in Organisms
• Cloning animals for excellent traits
• Possibility of repopulating
the endangered species

15. ISSUES RELATED TO STEM CELL RESEARCH
& CLONING
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16. RELIGIOUS ISSUES
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17. MEDICAL ISSUES
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•Possible miscarriage
•Unforeseen deaths in later life of the
clone
•Health risks from mutated genes
•Developmental delays
•Neurological disorders
•Unstable immune system

18. CONTROVERSIAL
ASPECTS
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•
• EMBRYONIC STEM CELL
RESEARCH
• REPRODUCTIVE CLONING
•

19. CURRENT LAWS
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• In 2001 Bush announced federal funds can only be used to
study embryonic cells that already exist, all other will be
done by using private funding.
• United Kingdom made it legal to clone human embryos for
medical research.
• South Korea, Sweden & Singapore allow therapeutic
cloning.
• Australia did banned cloning in 2006 but now therapeutic
cloning is legal

20. FUTURE ASPECT & CONCLUSION
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• Stem cells pose a bright future for the therapeutic world by promising treatment
options for the diseases which are considered as non-curable now a days.
• Although there has been limited success in cloning some animals, it's still seen as a
viable technology.
• Ever since the announcement of the birth of Dolly, additional
sheep, cows, goats, pigs, and mice have been cloned.
• Cloning is a big first step. Genetic
manipulation of cloned animals is the
future direction of the cloning frontier.

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23. REFERENCES
• http://www.faseb.org/portals/2/pdfs/opa/cloning.pdf
• http://www.stemcellnetwork.ca/index.php?page=the-potential-of-stem-cell-research
• http://www.eurostemcell.org/faq/what-are-potential-applications-stem-cell-research
• http://www.linacre.org/stemcell.html
• http://www.academia.edu/207072/BIOETHICS_OF_STEM_CELL_RESEARCH_AND_
CLO
NING?
• http://www.bbc.com/future/tags/cloning
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stem_cell_therapy
• http://www.eurostemcell.org/faq/what-are-potential-applications-stem-cell-research
• http://www.cnn.com/2013/05/18/health/stem-cells-cloning/
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24. REFERENCES
• http://www.nature.com/news/human-stem-cells-created-by-cloning-1.12983
• http://www.dw.de/stem-cell-cloning-remains-highly-controversial/a-16824112
• http://www.genome.gov/10004765
• http://www.livescience.com/32079-how-stem-cell-cloning-works-infographic.html
• http://www.nhmrc.gov.au/health-ethics/human-embryos-and-cloning/stem-cells-cloning-and-
related-issues
• http://cbhd.org/stem-cell-research/overview
• http://www.genome.gov/10004765
• http://www.stemcellsaustralia.edu.au/About-Stem-Cells/FAQ/What-has-cloning-got-to-do-
with-stem-cell-research.aspx
• https://www.google.ca/search?q=stem+cell+research+cloning&oq=STEM+CELL+&aqs=chrome.0
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9i59l3j69i57j0j69i59.5855j0j4&sourceid=chrome&espv=210&es_sm=122&ie=UTF-8
• Stem Cells and Cloning (2nd Edition) Kelly M Hogan (Author), Michael A. Palladino (Author) 24