This document discusses the history and current state of cloning technology. It begins with early cloning experiments on frogs in 1952 and discovery of DNA structure in 1953. Major milestones include the first IVF baby in 1978, cloning of human embryos in 1993, and Dolly the sheep in 1996. While cloning of animals has potential for preserving endangered species and developing medical treatments, human reproductive cloning raises ethical concerns about genetic harm, altered relationships, and commodification of human life. The document examines debates around therapeutic versus reproductive cloning and regulations in different countries.

1. Issues related to
reproductive and cloning
techniques

2. History of cloning
 1952 Northern leopard frogs cloned.
 1953 Structure of DNA discovered.

3. History of cloning
1978 Louise, the first child conceived
through in vitro fertilization, was born.
1993 Human embryos were first cloned
(artificial embryo twinning)
July 5, 1996 Dolly was born.
Photo from: www.cnn.com

4. Dolly – the first mammal cloned
using mature cell
• Dolly the Lamb in
1996
• Method: Nuclear
transfer
• Organization: Roslin
Institute at UK and
PPL Therapeutics
Photo from Ming Pao 18th
August 2002

5. Example of cloning
• Cumulina the Mouse in
1998
• Organization:
University of Hawaii
Photo from Ming Pao 28th
December 2002

6. Example of cloning
• Cattle in 1998
• Organization:
Kinki University at
Japan
Photo from Ming Pao 28th
December 2002

7. Example of cloning
• Mille, Christa, Alexis,
Carrel and Dotcom the
Pigs in 2000
• Organization: PPL
Therapeutics of UK
Photo from Ming Pao 28th
December 2002

8. Example of cloning
• Carbon Copy the
Cat in 2002
• Organization: Texas
A & M University,
USA
Photo from Ming Pao 23th
January 2003

9. Example of cloning
• Generation of
Prometea, 2003
• Organization: A
research laboratory in
Italy
Photo from Nature No.6949

10. Examples of cloning
• Cloning of donkey,
2004, USA
• Cloning of dog, 2005,
Korea
• Cloning of rhesus
monkey, 2007, Oregon,
USA
http://jamaica-gleaner.com/gleaner/20050806/mind/mind3.html
http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/science/july-dec07/stemcells_11-15.html

11. Two methods of cloning
• Embryo cloning - remove a cell from an
embryo for developing into a separate
embryo.
• Adult cell cloning - replace DNA/nucleus
from a cell by another.

12. How to generate Dolly?
Step 1.
cells were taken
from a donor
sheep. Cells were
then cultured to
switch off their
genes and become
dormant.
Photo from www.bootstrike.com, www.nature.com

13. How to generate Dolly?
Step 2.
Unfertilized egg
cell was taken
from another
sheep. The
nucleus was
removed, leaving
an empty egg.
Photo from www.pbs.org. www.nature.com, www.sciam.com

14. How to generate Dolly?
Step 3.
The egg cell without
nucleus was fused
with the donor cell
using a pulse of
electricity. A second
pulse started the cell
division.
Photo from www.advancedcell.com. www.nature.com

15. How to generate Dolly?
Step 4.
After 6 days, the
resulting embryo
was implanted into
another sheep
(surrogate
mother ).
Photo from www.pbs.org, www.nature.com

16. How to generate Dolly?
Step 5.
After gestation ,
the surrogate
mother gave birth
to Dolly which
was identical to
the udder cell
donor.
Photo from www.pbs.org

17. Advantages of animal cloning
• Can produce animal with a desired trait, for
▫ Protein products, organs
• Proliferate endangered animals

18. Cloning of endangered animal
• Noah the Gaur
( an endangered species)
in 2000
• Organization: Advanced
Cell Technology, USA
Photo from Advanced Cell Technology
(www.advancedcell.com)

19. Cloning of endangered animal
• Cloning of woolly
Mammoth
• Extinct 10,000 years ago
From Mingpao 8/8/2003

20. Cloning of transgenic animal
• Cloning of a cow
containing mad cow
disease resistant gene
• In Shangdong, China
From Mingpao 28/4/2006

21. Concerns in Cloning
• Technology complicated
• Survival rate of cloned embryos low
• Overweighing of calves at birth
• Breeders may want to keep their
animal unique
• Breeders may want to create better
offspring

22. Health of clones
From Ming Pao 27-Mar-2001
• Poor development
of heart, lung and
immune system
• Might have
genetic disorder

23. Photo from MingpaoPhoto from Mingpao
Dolly gave birth to a
female lamb in
1998, but Dolly later
died of premature
aging in 2003.

24. Company for cloning pets
• Genetic Savings & Clone – established in 2000,
produced the cloned cat, CC in 2001
• Delivered the first commercially cloned cat, Little
Nicky in 2004 for US$50,000
• Company closed in 2006
• A new company BioArts International was
established for cloning dogs

25. Commercial pet cloning may not be a
good investment
• Demand not high
• Competition from developing countries
• Outcome is unpredicted – cloning is not a
mature techniques
• Pressure from the society

26. • Ethical attention is focused upon cloning in
the context of the genetic copying of a whole
organism.
• While the cloning of non-mammals has
occurred in research.
• Cloned human embryos have been
produced, but there are no reliable reports
that any have been implanted in a woman’s
uterus, let alone developed to birth.

27. Cloning Human

28. Cloning – two kinds
•Reproductive cloning – an
embryo is created and implanted
into a woman’s womb to bring it
to term.
•Therapeutic cloning – an
embryo is created in order to
obtain cells from it.

29. “Cloning can occur at the level of DNA, at the
level of the single cell, or at the level of the
whole organism.”
“Cloning to birth has come to be called
‘reproductive cloning”
“Cloning embryos whose stem cells may be
extracted for possible research or therapeutic
use has come to be called ‘therapeutic cloning.”

30. Why clone human?
• Just an ‘unconventional’ means of reproduction
▫ In vitro fertilization
▫ Surrogate mother
▫ Adoption

31. Why clone human?
• Study human development
• Produce spare parts
• Test for genetic defect
• Increase chance of pregnancy
• Produce two children at the same
time

32. Why clone human?
• Preserve traits and talents
• Extension of life in unusual
circumstances
▫ One spouse sterile
▫ Homosexual marriage

33. Positive points of
therapeutic cloning
• Cloned embryos provide :
▫ Brain cells for disorders like Parkinson and
Alzheimer’s disease
▫ Pancreatic islet cells for diabetes

34. Positive points of therapeutic
cloning
• Cloned embryos provide :
▫ Nerve cells for spinal cord damage
▫ Blood and bone marrow cells for blood
cell disorder

35. http://dels.nas.edu/bls/stemcells/types-of-stem-cells.shtml
Embryonic stem cells Adult stem cells
The use of stem cells to generate clones

36. 1. Creating an embryo through
in vitro fertilization,
2. culturing ES cells derived
from it to provide a sufficient
population for the tricky task
of inserting genes
3. extracting the nucleus of a
successfully altered cell to
construct a cloned embryo
4. The resulting offspring would
have developed from a cell
derived from an embryo
created with an egg and a
sperm, and "improved" in the
laboratory.

37. Why not perform reproductive
cloning?
• Eugenic – to maximize certain traits intentionally
• Reduce genetic diversity
• Use as substitute for organ
• Clone may have reduced life expectancy
• Clone may be abnormal

38. Why not perform reproductive
cloning?
• Lack of self-identity
▫ Replaceable
▫ Dominated by the ‘father’ or
‘mother’

39. Why not perform reproductive
cloning?
• Upset traditional family
relationship
▫ Twin of the cell donor?
▫ Relationship with its
brother and sister
▫ Relationship with spouse
of the cell donor

40. Human Reproductive Technology Bill
(2000)
• Not allow the followings:
▫ Replace nucleus of an
embryo with nucleus of
another cell
▫ Clone an embryo
▫ Trading of embryo

41. Ethical issues
• The ethical issues with reproductive cloning
include
1. genetic damage to the clone
2. health risks to the mother
3. very low success rate meaning loss of large
numbers of embryos and fetuses
4. psychological harm to the clone
5. complex altered familial relationships, and
commodification of human life.

42. Human cloning in China
• Prohibits surrogate mother
• Prohibits reproductive human cloning
• Prohibits donation of embryos
• Prohibits trading of eggs

43. • CLONAID™ was founded in February
1997, by Raël, the leader of the RaelianRaelian
MovementMovement, an international religious
organization, which claims that a human
extraterrestrial race, called the ElohimElohim,
used DNA and genetic engineering, to
scientifically create all life on Earth

44. Recent Development in Human Cloning
• Clonaid claimed to give birth to ‘Eve’ on 26
December 2002
• announced a second birth to a Dutch lesbian
woman early in January 2003 and a third to a
Japanese couple who "cloned their dead son
killed in an accident", plus two others in late
January

45. Recent Development in Human Cloning
• Korean Scientists led by Dr. Woo-suk Hwang
produced cloned human embryos (Science, Feb.
12, 2004) – later found to be fabricated
• American scientist Panayiotis Zavos claimed to
have cloned 14 human embryos and transferred
11 of them into the wombs of four women (April,
2009)

46. Recent Development in Human Cloning
• August 2004 - UK granted the first licence for
work toward therapeutic cloning.
• Nov. 2004 - Californians passed a $3 billion
measure to create an Institute for Regenerative
Medicine based on embryonic stem cell research.