This document provides information on steel and stainless steel. It discusses the composition of steel as an alloy of iron and carbon, and stainless steel as containing a minimum of 10.5% chromium. It describes the properties and applications of different types and grades of steel and stainless steel, including in construction materials, appliances, transportation, infrastructure, and more. It also discusses the manufacturing process for steel and provides examples of architectural and structural uses of stainless steel.

1. STEEL & STAINLESS
STEEL
PRESENTED BY:
ABU TAHSIN AKHTER
AMIR QURESHI
ANIQA SAUD
MD ARIF RAZA BHARATI
SHAFQUAT AIYUB
ZIA ANWER

2. INTRODUCTION
METAL ALLOYS
FERROUS NON-
FERROUS
CARBON
STEEL
ALLOY
STEEL
TOOL STEEL
STAINLESS
STEEL
STEEL
Steel Pipes
Stainless Steel
Pipes

3. STEEL
 An alloy of iron and carbon, often with an admixture of other
elements.
 Other admixtures are manganese, chromium, vanadium and
tungsten.
 Carbon content is between 0.2% and 2.1%
APPLICATIONS
 Widely used in the construction of roads, railways, other
infrastructure, appliances, and buildings, transport,
 Used in a variety of other construction materials, such as
bolts, nails, and screws.
Screwss Nails Bolts

4.  Light in weight, but offers great strength.
 It is durable & malleable.
 It is ductile, can be moulded easily to form any desired shape.
 It starts to corrode, on being exposed to moisture and water.
 It is a good conductor of electricity.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

5. CARBON STEELS
•0.3 – 0.6% carbon containing steel is used for sheeting and structural forms because of
its amenability to welding and tooling.
•more than 0.6% carbon containing steel is serviceable for dies and cutting tools
because of its great hardness and brittleness.
ALLOY STEELS
•Now most widely used, contain one or more other elements to give them specific
qualities.
•Aluminium steel is smooth and has a high tensile strength.
• Chromium steel finds wide use in automobile and airplane parts on account of its
hardness, strength, and elasticity.
Fig 1 .carbon steel sheets and dies

6. Nickel steel is the most widely used of the alloys; it is nonmagnetic and has the tensile
properties of high-carbon steel without the brittleness.
• tungsten, molybdenum, and high-manganese steel are other alloys.
Fig 2.Alloy Steel motor and power generators
Tool Steels:
Tool steels contain tungsten, molybdenum, cobalt and vanadium in varying
quantities to increase heat resistance and durability, making them ideal for
cutting and drilling equipment.
Fig 3.Tool steel drilling equipment

7. Operations: Steel Manufacturing
Iron ore Fluxes Coal
LD 2
Sinter Plant Coke Plant
Blast Furnace
LD 1
Continuous Billet CasterSlab Caster
Billets
Wire Mills Merchant Mill
Slabs
Wire RodsReinforced
bars
Cold Roll Mill Hot Strip Mill
Cold Rolled
Coils
Hot Rolled
Coils

8. STEEL STAINLESS STEEL
Very Less resistance to corrosion High corrosion resistance .
Less resistive nature to fire & heat It is resistant to fire and heat
Un hygienic in nature Hygienic, non-porous surface coupled
with the easy cleaning ability
No aesthetic appearance Aesthetic appearance
Its not completely recyclable It is 100% recyclable
High maintenance is required low maintenance and familiar lustre.
Less expensive Highly expensive
Easy to fabricate & weld Difficult to fabricate & weld
Used in railways, roads, subways, bridges,
other huge buildings and modern
skyscrapers, ship building, cars, armoured
vehicles, and bulldozers
Used in facade treatment, surgical
instruments, cutlery, home appliances,
cookware, storage tanks, food processing
plants, etc

9. STAINLESS STEEL
 Stainless steels are family of ferrous alloys of iron containing a minimum of 10.5%
chromium and usually at least 50% iron.
 Upon exposure to air or water, a thin, stable, chromium-rich oxide film forms on
the surface of these metals.
 The layer is too thin to be visible, so the metal stays shiny. It is, however,
impervious to water and air, protecting the metal beneath
 If it is damaged by abrasion, reforms rapidly
 Generally, corrosion resistance increases with the chromium content of stainless
steels
Application: in construction, cookware, household hardware, surgical
instruments, major appliances, sugar refineries , bridges, sculptures , facade
treatment, Storage tanks food processing plants, etc

10. Chromium: Forms a protective layer
Nickel: content beyond 8-9% further improves both corrosion resistance
(especially in acid environments) and workability
Molybdenum: is added to improve high temperature strength.
Nitrogen: increases strength and enhances resistance to localised corrosion.
Copper: increases general corrosion resistance to acids
Carbon: enhances hardenablity
Silicon: improves resistance to oxidation and is also used in special stainless steels

11. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
 It is ductile , malleable & durable.
 Excellent resistance to corrosion
 Excellent fire resistance with critical temperature above
1500OC.
 Easy to clean and suitable for hygienic uses.
 Totally recyclable.
 High tensile strength.
 Retention of strength at elevated temperature.

12. DIFFERENT FORMS OF STAINLESS STEELS
Plate, sheet, strip,
pipe and tube
 Bar, rod, wire and
special wire sections.
Fasteners, fixings and
fittings.
Sheet, strip and plate
are commonly used
for structural and
cladding components.
SHEET
COIL WIRE BAR

13. TUBES
SCREW & BOLTS
RODS FITTINGS

14. TYPES
FERRITICMARTENSITIC AUSTENTIC DUPLEX
Contains very
little carbon
chromium
(typically 12.5% to
17%) and iron.
are essentially
nickel-free.
exhibit s superior
corrosion
resistance to
martensitic
stainless steels
They are
magnetic
consist of carbon
(0.2-1.0%),
chromium (10.5-
12%) and iron.
their corrosion
performance is
poorer than others
 They are magnetic
consists of
chromium (17-18%),
nickel (8-11%) and
iron.
 exhibits superior
corrosion resistance
to both ferritic and
martensitic stainless
steels.
Better toughness
at all temperatures.
They are non-
magnetic
chromium(22-23%)
nickel (4-7%),
molybdenum (0.4%),
nitrogen and iron.
has generally better
corrosion resistance
than the standard
austenitic stainless
steels
Their thermal
expansion lies
between that of
austentic and ferritic
stainless steels
They are magnetic

15. GRADES
300 SERIES
AUSTENTIC
chromium
NICKEL
ALLOYS
200 SERIES
AUSTENTIC
chromium
NICKEL
ALLOYS
400 SERIES
FERRITIC &
MARSTENSTIC
chromium
ALLOYS
600 SERIES
MARSTENSTIC
PRECIPITION
HARDENING
ALLOYS
500 SERIES
HEAT
RESISTING
chromium
ALLOYS

16. GRADE: 301
Metro Springs Conveyor belt Air crafts
ductile and hardens rapidly during mechanical working.
Application: Trains, aircraft, conveyors belts, vehicles, bolt,
springs

17.  Type 304- the most common; the classic 18/8 (18% chromium & 8%nickel)
stainless steel.
 It has good corrosion resistance, thermal resistance, low temperature
strength and usable temperature range 196 C to 800 C
Application: sink, water tank, interior piping, hot water machine, bathtub,
boiler, automobile parts, building materials, textile industry, dairy industry,
and vessel parts.
Pipes Sink Rods Cladding

18.  Type 316- the second most common
Application: for food and surgical stainless steel uses;
Also known as "marine grade" stainless steel due to its increased ability to resist
saltwater corrosion
SS 316 is often used for building nuclear reprocessing plants.
Surgical instruments

19.  Type 408- (11% chromium, 8% nickel) heat-resistant; poor corrosion
resistance
 Type 409-cheapest type; used for automobile exhausts
 Type 420- "Cutlery Grade"
 Type 430- decorative
 Type 440- a higher grade of cutlery steel, with more carbon in it
 500 Series-heat resisting chromium alloys
cutlery Car Exhaust

20. The first major architectural application of stainless steel was
probably the cladding on the top of the Chrysler building in New York
in 1929
SS cladding
Grade used 316

21. FRONT FACADE
• Grade : 304
• Good visual appearance
• Can be used over longer length &
complex geometry
• minimal maintenance cost and virtually
unlimited durability
• Form: profiled sheeting, panels, or
curtain walling,
• minimise the weight with subsequent
beneficial effect on structural steelwork
and foundation costs
Reflection of surrounding give
good visual appearance

22. UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY ,LILLE
• Stainless steel cladding panels 900x500mm.
• thickness 1.5mm
• Fixed to galvanised steel channel sections

23. HORST CORBER SPORTS COMPLEX ,BERLIN ,GERMANY.
1.5 mm electrolytically coloured
stainless steel sheets.
Colour tone changes according to
the incidence of light

24. Museum of technology ,saint dennis france
Stainless steel convex sheeting on the facade

25. LA GEODE, PARIS, FRANCE
The cladding is a mosaic of 6433 doubly-curved triangular plates in
grade 1.4401 (316) stainless steel. The plates are 1.5 mm thick and
1.2 m along their edges.

26. Cross-section through roof
construction
Triangles created by the
primary tubular steel frame
View showing aluminium frame
Erection of stainless steel
skin

27. MESH CLADDING
Grade: 316 (1.4401)
Why?
•Aesthetics
•Resistance to harsh weather
•Maintainance –free
Can be used in parking garage

28. GLASS FACADE ‘SPIDERS’
Roof Glazing suspended by Sstainless steel casting
• Grade 1.4401 (316) stainless steel machined conical
collar
• Why ?
• Good mechanical property
• Low maintainance
• aesthetic
• Grade 1.4401 (316)
stainless steel
machined conical
collar

29. SUN SHADE & LOUVERS
• sun screen
grade 1.4401 (316) pressed
stainless steel louvres

30. DOOR HANDLE
Grade:304 (1.4301)
Why ?
•Aesthetic
•Smooth touch
•Feeling of sturdiness

31. GUARDRAIL CABLES
Grade:
316 (1.4401) and 302 (1.4310 ).
Why?
• Aesthetics
• Good mechanical properties.
Fabrication process:
Wire rod is drawn into high strength
wire, then twisted into cables.

33. Doors
FEATURES:
• Simple installation
• High tensile strength
• Weather & rust
resistance

34. STAINLESS STEEL USED IN CANOPY

35. SCULPTURES
An art deco sculpture
on the Niagara
Mohawk Power
building in Syracuse,
New York

36. STAINLESS STEEL USED IN ROOFING
• Grade : 304
• Surface finish : 2B
• Maximum life expectation
• Minimum Maintenance
• Low weight
• Lower cost of the supporting
structure

37. • Excellent heat reflecting
properties
• Electric Conductivity
- can eliminate the need for
extra lightning.
- electromagnetic shielding to
house sensitive electronic
equipment.
• Fire resistance
The melting point of stainless
steel is around 1500°C, which
is much higher than for
most other roofing materials,
e.g. Al 660° C,
Zn 419° C, Cu 1083° C.

38. GREEN ROOFS

39. ROOF DRAINAGE
•high durability
•asthetic reason
•Do not contaminate rain water, hence can be used for flowering
,gardening .
•chromium -nickel –molybdenum stainless steel is used
•grade 1.4436

40. FLOORPLATE AND OPEN GRID FLOORING
• Used where
corrosion resistance,
hygiene,
durability and
slip resistance are essential.
• This flooring is suitable for a wide
variety of industries:
including chemical, marine engineering,
catering and pharmaceutical.

41. TUNNEL CLADDING ANCHOR
Grade : 316L (1.4404)
Why?
Fire resistance
Maintain support function
for 2 hr at 1000degree
celcius

42. STAINLESS STEEL USED IN STRUCTURE
Tension System :
available in carbon and stainless steel.
The latter is recommended
for applications demanding corrosion
resistance, a maintenance-free life and where
a highly polished finish is required.
Roof trusses
Stainless steel structure can be
erected safely and in less time

43. Stainless steel hanger
and struts supporting
the mezzanine

44. STAINLESS STEEL FASTENERS
Only stain less steel fasteners must be
used on stainless steel panels to avoid
galvanic corrosion

45. • Water tank
• Grade : 304
• stainless steel as a strong,
durable and hygienic
material
• very long lasting material
and the tank has an
expected service life of
about 60 years
• Stainless Steel tanks do not
bulge or stretch when full
APPLICATION OF STAINLESS STEEL

46. CARBON STEEL STAINLESS STEEL
-Corrode when chloride ion -Do not corrode
penetrates the concrete.
- Corrosion products are expansionary -No expansion &crack
and cause the concrete to crack
repair then becomes necessary
-Tolerate chloride levels of 0 – 0.4%. - Tolerate chloride levels up
to 7 %
STAINLESS STEEL IN REINFORCEMENT
-Improves the durability of
the structure, and reduces
ongoing maintenance and
repair costs
-A reduction in depth of
concrete cover to 30 mm.
-Carbon steel can be used for the nil
corrosion risk elements.
-Elimination of concrete
sealants such as Silane.

47. WHEN TO USE STAINLESS STEEL
• When structures are exposed to high chloride environments
and/or corrosive industrial environments
• In roads and bridges where de-icing salts are applied
• When non-magnetic reinforcement is necessary or desirable

48. STAINLESS STEEL IN CONSTRUCTION
coastal structureshistoric buildings underpasses
highway bridgesroadways Bridges piers

49. STAINLESS STEEL IN PIERS

50. CASE STUDY
•High energy-absorption at impact
•A greater level of fire-resistance
•Less likely than carbon steel to be weakened
by corrosion.
•To create railcars increases the sustainability
lightweight yet durable profile of the rail
industry
BENEFITS: IN METRO
Fig 4 .Delhi Metro
railcars of stainless steel
Poles
seats
Escalators
& lifts
Fig 6. inside railcarFig 5. inside metro station

51. PEDESTIAL BRIDGES IN STAINLESS STEEL
Stainless steel tube
grade 1.4401 (316)
Bridge frame ;
High strength
duplex steel
grade 1.4462
(340)

52. COST ANALYSIS
STAINLESS STEEL COIL
Grade 202 Rs 111/kg (min) Rs 118/kg (max)
Grade 304 Rs 185/kg (min) Rs 200/kg(max)
STEEL
Rs 335 per metre (2.77mm thick )
Rs 54735 per metre (35.71mm thick)

53. BIBLIOGRAPHY
 Book:- Engineering materials by Rangwala
 Internet sources:
 http://www.lenntech.com/stainless-steel.htm#ixzz2IK1uvqUD
 http://crimsafe.com.au/304-stainless-steel-vs-316-stainless-steel
 http://www.azom.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=965
 http://www.falcon-metals.com/stainlessandalloys/stainlesssteel/meta-
physical-properties-stainless-steel.htm
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stainless_steel
 http://www.differencebetween.com/difference-between-steel-and-
stainless-steel/
 http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/compositions-steel-d_1494.html
 http://www.engineersedge.com/stainless_steel.htm