The document provides an in-depth overview of stainless steel, covering its manufacturing processes, properties, types, and applications. It details various grades such as ferritic, austenitic, martensitic, and duplex stainless steels, highlighting their respective advantages, disadvantages, and specific uses in industries such as construction and manufacturing. Additionally, the document includes a market survey with references to suppliers and industry standards.

1. BUILDING
MATERIALS AND
CONSTRUCTION-V
STEEL

2. CONTEXT
INTRODUCTION
MANUFACTURING PROCESS
PROPERTIES
TYPES OF STAINLESS STEEL
APPLICATIONS OF STAINLESS STEEL
ADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGES
Market survey

3. INTRODUCTION
Stainless steel is an iron based alloy made of some of the basic elements. such as , Iron,
Chromium, Silicon, Nickel, Carbon, Copper, etc.
It has excellent resistance to corrosion due to its chromium content, which normally range from
10.5 to 20 % of the alloy.
These steels are based on Chromium with small amounts of carbon usually less than 0.10%.
They have a similar microstructure to carbon and low alloy steel.
They are usually limited in use.

4. MANUFACTURING PROCESS
The manufacture of stainless steel involves a series of processes.
First step in making stainless steel,
The raw material are melted together in an electric furnace. This step usually is 8 to 12 hours of
intense heat.
Next, the mixture is cast into one of several shapes, these include blooms (rectangular shapes),
billets (round or square shapes) and slabs.
After steel goes through forming operations, beginning with hot rolling, in the which steel is heated
and passed through huge rolls.

5. Blooms and billets are formed into bar and wire, while slabs are formed into plate , strip and
sheet. Bars are available in all grades and come in rounds , squares, octagons, or hexagons.
After the stainless steel is formed, most types must go through an annealing step.
Annealing is a heat treatment in which the steel is heated and cooled under controlled conditions
to relieve internal stresses and soften the metal.

7. PROPERTIES
Physical Properties
Chemical properties
Mechanical properties

8. Physical Properties
STRENGTH : Stainless steel is very strong. This form of steel can withstand very high and very low
heats while steel maintaining a solid but flexible shape.
STAIN RESISTANCE : The steel is also unlikely to deteriorate or rust as other metals are known to
do. This lake of permeability and chemical reaction helps the stainless steel maintain its initial
integrity and strength.
CONDUCTIVITY : Stainless steel is not known as a good conductor of heat or electricity, which
makes the materials safe in the construction, manufacturing and cooking industries.

9. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
Chromium is added to steel to make it resistant to rust.
Stainless steel forms a passivation layer of chromium oxide.
The other minor constituents of steel are nickel, nitrogen, molybdenum and aluminum.
Nickel increase the corrosion resistance further.

10. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
Tensile strength – 1200 MPa
Yield strength – 207-552 MPa
Melting point – 1400-1450
Elastic modules – 190-210 GPa
Density – 7.7-8.1 g/cm3
Electrical resistivity – 10-9 ohm-m
Hardness - 201 MPa

11. TYPES OF STAINLESS STEELS
•Ferritic
•Austenitic
•Martensitic
•Duplex
Ferritic Austenitic Martensitic Duplex

12. Ferritic stainless steel
Ferritic stainless steels generally have better engineering properties than austenitic grades.
Contains between 10.5% and 27% chromium.
Corrosion resistance is not good,(low chromium and nickel content).
They are usually less expensive.
Ferritic steel is magnetic.
High ductility.
Application: Boiler, Washing Machine, Automotive trim.

13. The applications of ferritic stainless steel:
• The magnetic properties of ferritic grades is a major advantage and enabler for many of their
applications. Fastening parts and induction heating, for example, both make use of this property in the
production of induction cookers and magnetic fasteners.
• Ferritic alloys also have a lower thermal expansion coefficient and higher thermal conductivity than
austenitic grades, which makes them particularly suitable for heat transfer applications such as
cooking utensils.
• The corrosion resistance of some ferritic stainless steels is sufficient to replace austenitic steel 304, and
they can be used in the production of dishwashers, kitchen sinks and food processing equipment.
• Some specialty grade ferritic stainless steels have additional molybdenum and higher chromium
content, which makes them useful in corrosive seawater applications.
• The unique set of properties of ferritic stainless steels makes them useful in the automobile
industry and nuclear reactors.

14. Food processing pipes
•
Dishwashers
•
kitchen sinks
Hardware bolt Automobile industry parts
Kitchen equipment
Magnetic fasteners

16. AUSTENITIC STAINLESS STEEL
Make up over 70% of total stainless steel production.
Contains at least 16% chromium.
Nickel is added to stabilize austenite at room temperature.
Austenitic steel is non magnetic.
Type 316L used in jewelry and watches.
Application: Kitchen sink, Chemical industries, Cookware.

17. Characteristics of an Austenitic Stainless Steel:
Austenitic stainless steel has many positive characteristics driving demand; this category makes up
approximately three-quarters of the global stainless steel market, which was valued at $93.69 billion in 2018
and is expected to show a CAGR of 5.2 percent by 2025.
• Strength at Temperature: Austenitic stainless steel can withstand extreme temperatures degrees,
depending upon the grade up to approximately 1900F. Some grades start to see some deforming,
softening, or loss of strength at 800 degrees Fahrenheit.
• Cold Workability: Austenitic Stainless Steels cannot be hardened via heat treatment. Only cold working
or reduction can increase the strength of austenitic. Cold working refers to shaping a metal without
heating it, which can be done with austenitic stainless steel.. Austenitic stainless steels can be annealed
before rapidly cooling or quenching the metal to bring it back to its original state. Cold rolled stainless
steel comes with several advantages: improved surface finishes which is beneficial because a steel with an
improved surface finish will have a higher hardness which resists crack propagation, and improved
strength.
• Low Thermal Conductivity: Heat transfers slowly through austenitic stainless steel. Ferritic stainless
steel, on the other hand, has higher thermal conductivity.

18. Formability:
Austenitic stainless steel is highly formable, making it especially versatile for a wide variety of applications.
Cold working austenitic stainless steel increases its strength and decreases its ductility. Of course, different stainless
steels have advantages in different applications, as well. Austenitic stainless steel is more susceptible to stress corrosion
cracking than ferritic.
Austenitic stainless steel is usually not magnetic, while ferritic stainless steel usually is magnetic. You may have
wondered why some refrigerators are magnetic while others are not: it's because they're made of different stainless
steels.
We say these are each usually the way they are because there are exceptions. Certain processes or temperatures can
cause the crystal structure to rearrange, giving the material magnetic properties.

19. • Aerospace Tubing
• Storage Containers
• Tanks
• Food and Beverage Equipment
• Pharmaceutical Equipment
• Mining and Chemical Equipment
• Cutlery
• Sinks
• Components for Catalytic Converters
• Furnaces
• Afterburners
• Compensators
• Home Water Tanks
• Washing Machines
• Dishwashers
• Cookware and Cutlery
• Automobile Parts
• Indoor Architecture
The 300 series is nickel-based and includes standard austenitic stainless steel, which is 304 stainless steel the most
commonly used one. It usually contains 18 percent chromium and eight percent nickel, which the minimum amount of
nickel required to turn ferritic stainless steel into austenitic when that much chromium is present. The 200 series is low
in nickel and high in nitrogen, or manganese making it a less expensive alternative to the 300 series.
300 Series 200 Series
Applications for Austenitic Stainless Steel:

21. MARTENSITIC STAINLESS STEEL
The martensite is formed by quenching ( heating and rapid cooling ) of austenite.
These are not very corrosion resistant but are strong tough and machinable.
Chromium 12-14%
Molybdenum 0.2-1%
Nickel – less than 2%
Carbon – 0.1-1%
It is magnetic.
Application : Blade, Knife, Pin, Surgical instruments.

22. Types of Martensitic Steel:
The carbon content of martensitic steel means it can in turn be further broken down into two different types.
• Low Carbon Martensitic Steel:
With its low carbon content of between 0.05% to 0.25%, the low carbon versions of martensitic steel have greater
potential for fabrication, offer higher corrosion resistance, and are generally stronger.
• High Carbon Martensitic Steel:
High carbon martensitic steel usually has a higher carbon content: between 0.61% and 1.50%. An increased
carbon content makes the steel stronger as carbon strengthens the molecular structure. It is hard to weld the steel
or easily form it into other shapes due to it being more brittle.

23. • 410 Stainless Steel
Type 410 stainless steel is a martensitic stainless steel grade that is regarded as a general-purpose martensitic. It can be used in
the production of pistons and valves, as well as fasteners, springs, pins, cutlery, hardware, gun clips, micrometer parts, turbine
blades, pump rods, coal screens, nuts, and bolts, fittings, ball bearings, impellers, and shafts.
Changes in the hardening and tempering heat treatments will give different levels of hardness.
• 420 Stainless Steel
Covering a fairly wide range of hardness levels in both its hardened and tempered forms, Type 420 stainless steel has a carbon
range from 0.15% to 0.45% carbon content.
Heat treating, including cold rolling with a minimum tensile strength of 120000 psi, means Type 420 stainless steel can be
provided at various carbon levels to meet specific hardness or mechanical property requirements
Different harnesses can be obtained via heat treat cycles, which makes Type 420 desirable where tempered products are
necessary for specific applications. Type 420 stainless steel can be used in a variety of applications including fasteners, cutlery,
surgical tools, machine parts, firearms, bushings, and valve trim.
• 440 Stainless Steel
Being harden able to over RC50, this grade of stainless steel is extremely suitable for blanking into blade applications. Blades will
remain sharper and for longer due to the high hardness of this grade.
Typical uses include:
•Bearings
•Cutlery
•Surgical instruments

24. Characteristics of Martensitic Steel:
• Formability:
A metal's ability to be made into different shapes without breaking or cracking is termed its formability. As its carbon
content increases, martensitic steel's formability decreases. While possible, low carbon forms are not ideal for shaping.
• High Strength:
Martensitic stainless steels are often, though not always, used when high mechanical properties are necessary. Their
degree of corrosion resistance limits their application more than other alloys in the stainless steel family.
Superficial rust stains can often appear on their surfaces. They can be used in the annealed condition when only limited
corrosion resistance or resistance to elevated temperature scaling is required. Their highest corrosion resistance is
attained in the hardened or tempered condition.
• Annealed Martensitic Stainless Steel:
As they provide the best forming characteristics, the martensitic grades are usually supplied to manufacturers in the
annealed condition. Hardening heat treatment generally follows forming operations.
When compared to the 300 series, austenitic stainless steel grades 410 and 420 can also be attained in the cold-worked
condition at relatively low tensile strength levels.

26. DUPLEX STEEL
Duplex steel is a better form of stainless steel.
It has Chromium content more than 22% whereas stainless steel has 18% or less.
Duplex steel is named so because

27. • Corrosion Resistance of Duplex stainless steel:
Duplex stainless steel are extremely corrosion resistant. They have high resistance to intergranular corrosion. Even in
chloride and sulphide environments, Duplex stainless steel exhibit very high resistance to stress corrosion cracking.
The super duplex grades are even more resistant to corrosion.
• Heat Resistance of Duplex stainless steel:
The high chromium content of Duplex stainless steel that protects against corrosion, causes embrittlement at
temperatures over about 300°C.
At low temperatures duplex stainless steels have better ductility than the ferritic and martensitic grades. Duplex
grades can readily be used down to at least -50°C.

28. Fabrication of Duplex stainless steel
Fabrication of all stainless steel should be done only with tools dedicated to stainless steel materials. Tooling and work
surfaces must be thoroughly cleaned before use. These precautions are necessary to avoid cross contamination of
stainless steel by easily corroded metals that may discolor the surface of the fabricated product.
Heat Treatment of Duplex stainless steel
Duplex stainless steel cannot be hardened by heat treatment. They can however be work hardened.
Solution treatment or annealing can be done by rapid cooling after heating to around 1100°C

29. • Machinability:
Although machinable, the high strengths of Duplex stainless steel makes machining difficult. As an example,
machining of 2205 is around 20% slower than for 304.
Machining can be enhanced by using the following rules:
•Cutting edges must be kept sharp. Dull edges cause excess work hardening.
•Cuts should be light but deep enough to prevent work hardening by riding on the surface of the material.
•Chip breakers should be employed to assist in ensuring swarf remains clear of the work
•Low thermal conductivity of austenitic alloys results in heat concentrating at the cutting edges. This means coolants
and lubricants are necessary and must be used in large quantities.
• Welding of Duplex stainless steel:
Duplex stainless steel have good weldability. All standard welding processes can be used. They are not quite as easily
welded as the austenitic grades but low thermal expansion in duplex grades reduces distortion and residual stresses
after welding. The recommended filler material for 2205 stainless steel is 2209.

30. • Applications of Duplex stainless steel:
Duplex stainless steel are typically used in:
•Chemical processing, transport and storage
•Oil and gas exploration and offshore rigs
•Oil and gas refining
•Marine environments
•Pollution control equipment
•Pulp & paper manufacturing
•Chemical process plant
• Supplied Forms:
Alco typically supplies 2205 duplex stainless steel in the
following forms:
•Fittings & Flanges
•Pipe
•Plate
•Sheet
•Tube
•Bar

32. APPLICATIONS OF STAINLESS
STEEL
Bulk materials handling equipment
Building exteriors and roofing
Automobile components
Chemical processing plants
Pulp and paper manufacturing
Petroleum refining
Water supply piping
Consumer products
Transportation

33. ADVANTAGES
More hygienic
Attractive Appearance
High corrosion resistance
Ease of fabrication
Aesthetically pleasing
Easy to clean and Maintain

34. DISADVANTAGES OF STAINLESS
STEEL
Difficult to weld
Difficulty in Fabricating
High polishing cost
High initial cost
Scratches
Poor conductor of heat

35. • MARKET SURVEY:

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