The document discusses the evolution and significance of steel in contemporary architecture, highlighting key milestones in the development of steel structures. It emphasizes the advantages of using steel, such as its strength, design flexibility, and efficiency compared to traditional materials like concrete, while also mentioning notable examples of steel buildings worldwide. Furthermore, it outlines the current trends in the adoption of steel for construction in India and the potential future demand driven by economic growth and infrastructure development.

1. Presented by :-
Ar. MOHAMMED AZMATULLAH
M.Arch , Building Services
J.M.I. New Delhi.
*
CONTEMPORARY ARCHITECTURE
1

2. *
 Important milestones in Architecture
was development of iron and steel in
construction.
Mill at Derby- 1793
By William Strut, wooden beams sheeted in
iron
Dithering Flax Mill-1797 first fully
integrated iron-framed building, oldest
iron framed building in the world,
by Charles Bage
 Steel Buildings – Symbol of
Modern Architecture
1780-1840 Cast Iron
Arched shaped bridges up to
30 m span
1840-1890 Wrought Iron
Span up to 100 m
1870-1920 Bessemer Converter
Intro. Carbon Steel
1920- To
Date
Third most popular material
after Concrete and Timber
Steel is crucial in development of
economy and is considered as backbone of
human civilization.
2M.Arch- J.M.I. New Delhi

3. Orrell’s Mill-1834
by William Fairbairn,
Hollow circular cross
section in it cast iron
columns
E.V. Haughwout Building -1840
by Daniel Badger Cast iron façade
became popular replaced masonry
Wall
Cristalpalace.1851
by Sir Joseph Paxton,
Exhibition building,
564 m long, with an
interior height of 39 m
First Leiter Building 1879
by William LeBaron
Building constructed with a
skeleton frame cast-
iron columns supporting
wrought-iron beams
Metropolitan Life tower -1909
SPECIALLY
DESIGNED
TO
WITHSTAN
D WIND
LOADS
19th Century Train Station (3-hinge arch)
*
3M.Arch- J.M.I. New Delhi

4. John Hancock
Center 1969
Used the KHAN
inspired Trussed-
Tube bracing
Bruce Graham
Sears Tower-1974
Designed by both
khan Graham,
bundled tube
system, Remains
tallest building for
over 20 years.
WTC 1972 Minoru Yamasaki
• Most famous examples
of khans framed Tube system,
hollow tube made of Heavy
steel box column.
• Columns were welded to
steel beam at each floor
creating a stiff Lattice like
structure.
Javits Convention
Center U.S
Architect: I M Pei 1986
New Method based in
industrialization
DRYCONSTRUCTION
RATIONAL SUSTAINABILITY
RECIYCLING
By this we have
been able to
construct
Stronger and
taller structures,
while using less
Materials.
World 1st bridge
1779
*
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5. *
*Steel buildings and bridges were being built in the latter part of the 19th century
and early 20th century during the British era,
In the post-independence era, in the
1950s, steel traditionally used to set up
public and private factories, plants,
ports, railways, etc Essentially structures in which
architecture plays an insignificant role
and projects largely managed by
engineering professionals from design
to construction.
This usage pattern continued up to the
1990s.
• its inherent properties
ensured that it
commanded a high level
of comfort with
engineers.
The Howrah Bridge is a cantilever bridge
West Bengal,1942, Total length 705 m
C.S.T Mumbai
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6. *
The industry and infrastructure are currently the
main contributing to the overall demand of steel
structures in India.
Usage of structural steel is currently driven by
exception rather than practice.
 The building’s in India is presently
dominated by concrete.
 The building segment has been slow
to adopt.
 This is expected to change in the
future,
‘Volvo-Eicher’ headquarters GURGAON, NCR
The corporate ’ is designed to be a state of the
art steel building which uses the least amount of
energy and resources possible in its day to day
functioning.
Work in Progress
World Architecture Award Winner.
New trend:-
Structural steel selectively used in the construction of
high-rise buildings with 2-4/ projects/ year in India,
mainly in metropolitan cities those are constrained by
limited land availability.
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7. *
Today steel buildings are best known
for
*diversity of their shapes
* their architectural expressiveness.
*Which make them more reliable than
other types of structures.
Steel Usage :
- Facades
- Bridges
- Roofing
- Entrances
- Windows and Doors
- Interiors
- Streetscapes
- Sculpture
Grades Usage profile
DUPLEX Corrosive / marine environments
316 Mostly exteriors where close to seaside / corrosive
environment roofing, facia and cladding
304 Interiors, Exteriors, Roofing,
Railings, cladding and aesthetic embellishments
430 Interior usages, false ceilings, trims and decorative
furnishings
Low Ni Interior usages, railings and other
embellishments involving less draw in non corrosive
environment
•steel buildings have evolved into various
specific types
•which can be storage, places of work,
living accommodation, and others.
The evolution of steel frame construction
in the 20th century entirely changed the
concept of the Wall and the support.
•Steel is typical because of high tensile
and compressive strengths
•steel is used for buildings for both
practical and aesthetic reasons
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8. *
Due to the high strength of steel, the
strength of these buildings is unmatched
compared to other building materials.
 It is essential when one desires to have a
building with a strong foundation for use
with long life.
The CCTV Headquarters is a 234 m, 44-
story skyscraper, in China
Towers Lean at 60o angles and “kink” at right
angles at the top
Cantilever overhang starts after 36 floors and
is 13 floors high.
The towers cantilever 75m outwards
Next, steel buildings save time and
money as compared to conventional
building systems.
8M.Arch- J.M.I. New Delhi

9. *
*Living Steel Restello
*Restello the steel apartment, by UK architects Piercy Conner
*Winner of the Living Steel International Architecture Competition in 2006,
Galvanized and painted steels are used for
corrosion protection and to ensure a long life
for the apartments.
Ready to go to market in Kolkata, India.
The steel used in this building fits the climate
Of Kolkata Dampness is the major factor . skin
of the building comprises one permeable outer
layer of perforated steel screens, and a second
inner skin of floor to ceiling glazing.
The scheme won not only because of its bold, elegant design, but because of the
strong concept of cross-ventilation and solar-shading
9M.Arch- J.M.I. New Delhi

10. *
*It is a library in Sendai, Japan.
It was designed by Toyo Ito in
1995 and completed in 2001.
*The Sendai Mediatheque is a
mixed-program public facility
building.
*The Mediatheque's seven levels
of facilities offer a range of
services including a
conventional book-lending
library, collection of film and
audio recordings with stations
for viewing and editing, a
theatre, a cafe.
The seven platforms are supported by
what “Ito” calls "characterizing"
architectural elements
A forest of 13 non-uniform tubes which
appear to rise fluidly through the building.
Floor area 21,682 m²
CASE STUDY
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11. Structure and materials
The structure of the Sendai Mediatheque is
composed of three main elements: tubes,
plates and skin.
The four tubes closest to the
outer corners of the plates were
designed to resist a 400 year
earthquake,
The most striking structural elements are the
tubes, composed of thick steel pipes; they range
in size from 7 to 30 feet In diameter.
The floor slabs are composed of a
honeycomb like network of steel
sections in filled with light weight
Concrete, allows the plate to span
between irregularly spaced vertical
supports without beams, and
minimal thickness of the slab itself.
•while the others resist the vertical
gravity loads. As a test to its integrity, the
building survived the March 2011
earthquake with little to no damage.11M.Arch- J.M.I. New Delhi

12. Tubes appear to be continuous, they were
actually manufactured in floor-height
segments and were assembled sequentially,
floor-by-floor.
The tubes have vertical circulation of air,
water, electricity, light and people within
the building.
Because tubes creates link with the floor
they often glazed to provide fire
protection between floors
12M.Arch- J.M.I. New Delhi

13. Volvo Eicher Building, India
By Ar. ROOMI KHOSLA
Long spans, open plan
commercial office space
Broad gate Tower
London spans over
railway lines
Tubular steel in 6 story entrance
atrium at Tower Place, London
Cannon Place, London
S.I.A. MUMBAI
JAWAHAR LAL NEHRU STADIUM
SOME RECENT WORKS ON STEEL
Beijing Birds Nest Stadium
13M.Arch- J.M.I. New Delhi

14. *
CHRYSLER TOWERS, USA, Grade : 302
Cloud Gate
Designed by Anish Kapur at Chicago
10 mtr x 20 mtr x 13 mtr - Grade : SS 304
PETRONAS TOWERS – K L,Grade :304 / 316
METRO RTA BLDG - TOKYO
Grade : SS 304
INDL ECONOMIST, CHENNAI
Grade : SS 304
8 Spruce Street, By
Ghery
2011 BUILT YEAR
76 FLOORS
The south façade, is flat
but the other three
façades are rippled.
14M.Arch- J.M.I. New Delhi

15. *
Different from double-grazing concept,
façade design using louver was
investigated for adapting climates,
effective to renew the design of the
building
EXTERIOR FACADES
Particularly well suited for the facades of
buildings, steel is a functional, practical,
and long lasting material with a universal
aesthetic appeal.
SUN SHADING
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16. *PARKS & RECREATION ART & SCULPTURES
LANDSCAPE FURNITURE FLOOR GRATES
VERTICAL Columns
Because of its exceptional
properties, It has been chosen for a
variety of applications.
16M.Arch- J.M.I. New Delhi

17. Arup Campus, Solihual
Service routing for
localized temperature
control though
regular web openings
Stiffened large web opening in a steel
beam, Routing through and between steel
beams
LARGE SPACES AND BEAMS USAGE
 The use of long span sections for
building’s creates large, open and
flexible spaces.
 Using steel columns instead of concrete
ones could deliver around 40 square
meters of additional floor area on 1000
square meter office floor plates.
 Thin floor systems allow appreciable gains
in vertical space.
Angelina™ beam
17M.Arch- J.M.I. New Delhi

18. *
The diagrid structural system has been widely used due to structural efficiency and aesthetic
potential provided by the unique geometric configuration.
Hearst Tower (New York City)
30 St MaryAxeEngland
o This a system of triangulated beams,
straight or curved, and horizontal rings
that together make up a structural
element for a skyscraper.
Fixing and joinery of
Steel section
MyZeil
Germany
Capital Gate
Diagrid is a design
Which creates triangular structures with
diagonal support beams.
 Diagrid structures providing great
structural efficiency without vertical
columns
save Approximately 20% of
structural steel weight when
Compared to a conventional
moment-frame structures.
18M.Arch- J.M.I. New Delhi

19. * The steel structure have high strength
hence, steel member can resist high load
with comparatively light weight
* The steel members are gas and water tight
because of high density steel.
* Steel members can be readily replaced or re
assembled increased sanitary conditions,
environment conservation, and flexibility
* Steel offers design flexibility, Steel
structures are easy to install.
* Steel is cost effective and rarely fluctuates
in price.
* Steel allows for improved quality of
construction and less maintenance, while
offering improved safety and resistance.
* High strength
* Ductility
* Choice of coatings
* Can use In Different types
* Durability
* Zero maintenance
* Lower Life Cycle Cost
*Heat conductivity: steel
conducts heat 310 times more
efficiently than wood.
*Corrosion: Faulty design leads
to the corrosion of iron and
steel in buildings.
*However, it is weaker in fire
resistance for steel will lose
strength and deform serious at
higher temperature (at 600oC
or above). This can be
improved by applying fire
resistant plaster
ADVANTAGE DIS ADVANTAGE
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20. *
*Strong internal demand and emphasis on developing infrastructure
can be expected to remain the foundation of Economic growth.
*Industry and infrastructure segments can be expected, the key
demand drivers for steel structures in India over the next 5 years.
*Presently, structural steel industry employs the on-site model of
fabrication for industry and infrastructure segments.
*Workshop delivery model is prevalent in PEB and buildings segment.
* Overall, there is good potential for steel structures in India owing
to robust economic growth, increased government spending on
infrastructure and change in mindset with regards to use of
structural steel in building.
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21. *
* atlassteels.com.au/site/pages/stainless-steel-in-architecture.php
* buildingssteel.wordpress.com/2012/01/08/steel-buildings-history-to-latest-technology/
* nickelinstitute.org/NickelUseInSociety/MaterialsSelectionAndUse/ArchitectureBuildingAndConstruction/Archi
tectureAndBuilding.aspx
* en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steel_building
* e-architect.co.uk/india/living_steel_restello.htm
* steelconstruction.info/Multi-storey_office_buildings
* en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stainless_steel
* cityrealty.com/nyc/financial-district/new-york-by-gehry-8-spruce-street/35081
* visual.ly/evolution-impact-steel-architecture visual.ly/evolution-impact-steel-architecture
* en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diagrid
* pritzkerprize.com/media/2013_media/images-download
* mbss-india.com/News-Articles-Features/?p=268
* indian-architects.com/en/projects/30777_Volvo_Eicher_Headquarter
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