Stainless steel is an alloy made of iron, chromium, and other elements that gives it excellent corrosion resistance. There are five main types - ferritic, austenitic, martensitic, duplex, and precipitation hardening - with varying compositions and properties like strength and magnetic response. Stainless steel is manufactured through processes like melting, casting, hot and cold rolling, annealing, pickling or electropolishing to remove scale, and various forming and finishing steps before being used in a wide range of applications.
Stainless steel alloys are used widely in orthodontics. They contain 12-30% chromium which gives corrosion resistance. There are three main types - ferritic, austenitic and martensitic - depending on crystal structure. Austenitic stainless steel like 18-8 is most common due to good ductility. It can be work hardened or hardened by rapid cooling to form martensite. Heat treatments like annealing can relieve stresses from work hardening. Stainless steel is joined by silver soldering or spot welding in orthodontics.
The document discusses different types of stainless steel, including their compositions and properties. It begins with an overview of crystallography and allotropes, explaining that iron and steel are crystalline and can exist in different forms. It then covers the four main types of stainless steel: ferritic, austenitic, martensitic, and duplex. For each type, the document describes their typical compositions in terms of chromium, nickel, and other elements, as well as their properties such as corrosion resistance, strength, and magnetic permeability.
Stainless steel was discovered in 1913 by Harry Brearley, who noticed that a 13% chromium steel sample had not corroded after several months of experimentation. However, the full history is more complex. Stainless steel is defined as containing at least 10.5% chromium, which forms a passive oxide layer on the surface to prevent corrosion. Common types include ferritic, austenitic, martensitic, and duplex stainless steels, which differ in their crystalline structures and alloying elements. Austenitic stainless steels like 304 and 316 are the most widely used grades.
The document discusses the properties and uses of metals in dentistry. It defines metals and describes their classification into ferrous and non-ferrous groups. Metals solidify through the formation of crystal nuclei that grow into dendritic structures within grains. Smaller grain size improves properties. Dental alloys like cobalt-chromium, titanium, and nickel-chromium are used for implants, crowns, and dentures due to their strength, corrosion resistance, and biocompatibility. Precious metals are also used for restorations.
Alloy steel is steel that contains other alloying elements in addition to carbon. Common alloying elements include manganese, nickel, chromium, molybdenum, vanadium, silicon, and boron. Alloy steel has improved properties over carbon steel such as higher tensile strength, hardness, toughness, wear resistance, creep resistance, and high temperature resistance. These properties make alloy steel suitable for applications in automotive, engineering, construction, agriculture, home goods, and military uses. Production of alloy steel has been increasing to meet the demands of growing industries such as automotive and engineering.
Annealing is a heat treatment process used to alter the microstructure of metals to achieve desired properties. It involves heating metals to specific temperatures, holding for a period of time, then slowly cooling. The key stages of annealing are recovery, recrystallization, and grain growth. Recovery relieves internal stresses through dislocation movement. Recrystallization involves nucleation of new strain-free grains. Grain growth increases grain size. Together, these stages reduce hardness and brittleness while increasing ductility. Different annealing types like full annealing, stress relief annealing, and spheroidizing annealing are used to achieve different microstructures and properties for various applications.
Stainless steel is an alloy made of iron, chromium, and other elements that gives it excellent corrosion resistance. There are five main types - ferritic, austenitic, martensitic, duplex, and precipitation hardening - with varying compositions and properties like strength and magnetic response. Stainless steel is manufactured through processes like melting, casting, hot and cold rolling, annealing, pickling or electropolishing to remove scale, and various forming and finishing steps before being used in a wide range of applications.
Stainless steel alloys are used widely in orthodontics. They contain 12-30% chromium which gives corrosion resistance. There are three main types - ferritic, austenitic and martensitic - depending on crystal structure. Austenitic stainless steel like 18-8 is most common due to good ductility. It can be work hardened or hardened by rapid cooling to form martensite. Heat treatments like annealing can relieve stresses from work hardening. Stainless steel is joined by silver soldering or spot welding in orthodontics.
The document discusses different types of stainless steel, including their compositions and properties. It begins with an overview of crystallography and allotropes, explaining that iron and steel are crystalline and can exist in different forms. It then covers the four main types of stainless steel: ferritic, austenitic, martensitic, and duplex. For each type, the document describes their typical compositions in terms of chromium, nickel, and other elements, as well as their properties such as corrosion resistance, strength, and magnetic permeability.
Stainless steel was discovered in 1913 by Harry Brearley, who noticed that a 13% chromium steel sample had not corroded after several months of experimentation. However, the full history is more complex. Stainless steel is defined as containing at least 10.5% chromium, which forms a passive oxide layer on the surface to prevent corrosion. Common types include ferritic, austenitic, martensitic, and duplex stainless steels, which differ in their crystalline structures and alloying elements. Austenitic stainless steels like 304 and 316 are the most widely used grades.
The document discusses the properties and uses of metals in dentistry. It defines metals and describes their classification into ferrous and non-ferrous groups. Metals solidify through the formation of crystal nuclei that grow into dendritic structures within grains. Smaller grain size improves properties. Dental alloys like cobalt-chromium, titanium, and nickel-chromium are used for implants, crowns, and dentures due to their strength, corrosion resistance, and biocompatibility. Precious metals are also used for restorations.
Alloy steel is steel that contains other alloying elements in addition to carbon. Common alloying elements include manganese, nickel, chromium, molybdenum, vanadium, silicon, and boron. Alloy steel has improved properties over carbon steel such as higher tensile strength, hardness, toughness, wear resistance, creep resistance, and high temperature resistance. These properties make alloy steel suitable for applications in automotive, engineering, construction, agriculture, home goods, and military uses. Production of alloy steel has been increasing to meet the demands of growing industries such as automotive and engineering.
Annealing is a heat treatment process used to alter the microstructure of metals to achieve desired properties. It involves heating metals to specific temperatures, holding for a period of time, then slowly cooling. The key stages of annealing are recovery, recrystallization, and grain growth. Recovery relieves internal stresses through dislocation movement. Recrystallization involves nucleation of new strain-free grains. Grain growth increases grain size. Together, these stages reduce hardness and brittleness while increasing ductility. Different annealing types like full annealing, stress relief annealing, and spheroidizing annealing are used to achieve different microstructures and properties for various applications.
Titanium alloys have various clinical applications in dentistry due to their high strength, light weight, corrosion resistance, and biocompatibility. Titanium can be used for removable partial denture frameworks, complete dentures, implant abutments, fixed partial dentures, and maxillofacial prostheses. Titanium exists in two crystalline forms and various grades suitable for different applications. Special casting and machining techniques must be used to process titanium due to its high reactivity and potential to form surface oxides. Low-fusing porcelains and special protocols are required for veneering titanium fixed partial dentures.
This document discusses metals and alloys used in dentistry. It defines key terms related to the mechanical properties of metals like ductility, hardness, strength and elasticity. It describes how alloys are classified based on their composition and properties. Common alloys used in dentistry include noble metal alloys like gold-based and palladium-based alloys, and base metal alloys like nickel-chromium and cobalt-chromium alloys. The document traces the history of alloy use and development in dentistry from gold to newer alloys that are stronger, cheaper and better suited for applications like metal-ceramic restorations and removable partial dentures.
The document discusses recent advances in all-ceramic dental materials. It describes the evolution of ceramics from early dentures to modern machinable ceramics and lists various classification systems. Key points include methods to strengthen porcelain like thermal tempering and transformation toughening, as well as minimizing stress through design. Specific ceramic systems are outlined, like aluminous core porcelain developed by McLean and Hughes in 1965 and In-Ceram, which uses a slip-casting technique to form green ceramic shapes.
Titanium is named after the Titans, the
powerful sons of the earth in Greek mythology.
• Titanium is the forth abundant metal on
earth crust (~ 0.86%) after aluminium, iron and
magnesium.
Titans
homepage.mac.com
Rutile (TiO2)
mineral.galleries.com
Ilmenite (FeTiO3)
• Not found in its free, pure metal form in
nature but as oxides, i.e., ilmenite (FeTiO3)
and rutile (TiO2).
• Found only in small amount in Thailand...
All stainless steels contain chromium, with the chromium content exceeding 11% and being present as a solute rather than bonded with other elements. Stainless steel originated about 100 years ago with martensitic types, and advances in steelmaking technology now allow for high-chromium, low-carbon steels to be produced. The main stainless steel types are martensitic, ferritic, and austenitic stainless steels, which differ in their chemical compositions and properties.
Stainless steels contain 10.5-30% chromium which forms a passive oxide layer protecting the steel from corrosion. Common types include martensitic, ferritic, austenitic, and duplex stainless steels. Martensitic stainless steels can be hardened through heat treatment while ferritic stainless steels have higher ductility and corrosion resistance. Duplex stainless steels have a mixed austenite and ferrite structure providing high strength and pitting/stress corrosion resistance. Austenitic stainless steels have excellent ductility and toughness down to cryogenic temperatures and are widely used in chemical plants and food processing. Proper welding techniques are required to prevent issues like sensitization, hot cracking, and sigma
The document discusses non-ferrous alloys, beginning with an introduction on the limitations of ferrous alloys and advantages of using non-ferrous alloys. It then covers various non-ferrous metals and their alloys including copper and copper alloys like brass and bronze, aluminum and aluminum alloys, magnesium and magnesium alloys, and titanium and its alloys. For each metal/alloy, it describes common compositions, properties, and applications. It also discusses bearing materials and includes detailed information on composition and uses of various copper, aluminum, and magnesium alloys.
One of the amazing things about steel is all of the forms and qualities it can take on. Of these, stainless steel is incredibly popular due to its corrosion resistance combined with its strength and formability. At Pacesetter, stainless steel is one of the major products we process and distribute. As such, it’s a product we know a lot about, and seek to educate our partners on as well.
So, what is stainless steel?
Tool steels are high-quality alloy steels developed for shaping other materials. They contain carbon from 0.1-1.6% along with alloying elements like chromium, molybdenum, and vanadium. Tool steels offer better durability, strength, corrosion resistance, and temperature stability compared to other construction steels. They are used in applications involving forming, extrusion, and plastic molding. The document then discusses different types of tool steels categorized based on their intended use and hardening properties.
Cermets are composite materials composed of ceramic and metal materials. They are designed to have the optimal properties of both ceramics, such as high temperature resistance and hardness, and metals, such as the ability to undergo plastic deformation. Common ceramics in cermets include tungsten carbide, molybdenum boride, and aluminum oxide, while common metals are iron, cobalt, nickel, and chromium. Cermets are used in manufacturing electronic components, spacecraft shielding, bioceramics, transportation brake and clutch materials, armor, and nuclear applications due to their high temperature resistance, hardness, plastic deformation ability, wear and corrosion resistance, strength, and thermal conductivity.
This document provides information on copper and its alloys. It discusses the properties and applications of copper, as well as various copper alloys including brass, bronze, and gun metal. Specific alloys are defined, such as electrolytic copper, deoxidized copper, and arsenical copper. Application areas are noted for each alloy type. Brass contains zinc as its primary alloying element and types include gliding metal and cartridge brass. Bronze is an alloy of copper and tin that is hard and resistant to wear. Gun metal contains copper, tin and zinc and has various types including admiralty and leaded gun metal.
This document provides information on wrought metal alloys, including how they are made and their common uses and properties. Wrought alloys are cold worked metals that are plastically deformed through mechanical processes like rolling and drawing. This changes their shape and microstructure, improving properties like strength. Common wrought alloys used in dentistry include stainless steels, gold alloys, and titanium alloys. The document discusses the composition and processing of these materials.
This document provides an overview of zirconia as a dental biomaterial. It discusses the properties and history of zirconia, its phase transformations when heated, and how adding yttria stabilizes its phases. The document outlines the various uses of zirconia in dentistry including crowns, bridges, implants, and more. It also discusses challenges with bonding to zirconia and various surface treatment techniques to improve bonding, such as air abrasion, silica coating, and MDP resin cements.
This document discusses Niti alloy, its phases, and its use in endodontics. It covers the metallurgy of nickel-titanium alloys, their unique properties of shape memory and superelasticity, and the manufacturing process for Niti endodontic instruments. Key phases discussed include austenite, martensite, and R-phase. Niti alloys exhibit shape memory allowing deformation at low temperatures and recovery of original shape at higher temperatures, as well as superelasticity allowing high deformation recoverable without plasticity.
The document classifies and describes different types of plain carbon and alloy steels. It discusses three types of plain carbon steels based on carbon content: low carbon steels containing less than 0.25% carbon, medium carbon steels containing 0.25-0.60% carbon, and high carbon steels containing more than 0.60% carbon. It then provides details on properties, applications and heat treatment of each type. The document also classifies alloy steels into low alloy steels containing 3-4% alloying elements and high alloy steels containing over 5% alloying elements. It discusses AISI, HSLA, tool/die and stainless varieties of alloy steels.
The document discusses dental casting alloys. It begins by introducing the major classes of materials used in dentistry - metals, ceramics, and polymers. Metals are further divided into dental amalgams, noble metal alloys containing gold, palladium, silver, and base metal alloys containing nickel or cobalt.
The document then discusses the history of metals in dentistry from ancient times to modern developments like porcelain fused to metal techniques. It also discusses how the price of gold led to new alloys replacing it with palladium or eliminating it entirely in the 1970s.
The rest of the document covers topics like alloy compositions, microstructure, physical properties, corrosion resistance, and the effects of noble metals like
This document discusses casting alloys used in dentistry. It begins with a brief history of casting alloys and their evolution since the 1900s. It then covers the key properties casting alloys must have including biocompatibility, corrosion resistance, hardness, castability and bonding to ceramics. The document classifies casting alloys and discusses commonly used types such as gold alloys, silver-palladium alloys, cobalt-chrome alloys and titanium alloys. It provides details on the composition and characteristics of different alloy groups.
The document provides an overview of base metal alloys used in dentistry. It discusses the history and classification of dental casting alloys including cobalt-chromium, nickel-chromium, and titanium-based alloys. The ideal requirements, composition, properties, applications and references of various base metal alloys are described in detail over multiple pages.
This document discusses ferritic stainless steel. It begins by defining ferritic stainless steel as containing over 12% chromium and having a body-centered cubic crystal structure. It then lists some key advantages of ferritic stainless steel such as being relatively inexpensive with low corrosion rates. Some limitations mentioned include having a high ductile to brittle transition temperature. The document provides examples of common ferritic stainless steel grades and discusses the effect of elements like chromium and molybdenum on properties. It also outlines some applications of ferritic stainless steel such as in kitchen appliances, food processing equipment, and seawater applications due to corrosion resistance.
Steel and its alloys , Nickel alloys , super alloys.KrishnaMundada4
This presentation contains :
1.steel and its alloys.
2.effect of addition of different elements in alloys.
3.Nickel alloys
4.Super alloys
5.Applications
Titanium alloys have various clinical applications in dentistry due to their high strength, light weight, corrosion resistance, and biocompatibility. Titanium can be used for removable partial denture frameworks, complete dentures, implant abutments, fixed partial dentures, and maxillofacial prostheses. Titanium exists in two crystalline forms and various grades suitable for different applications. Special casting and machining techniques must be used to process titanium due to its high reactivity and potential to form surface oxides. Low-fusing porcelains and special protocols are required for veneering titanium fixed partial dentures.
This document discusses metals and alloys used in dentistry. It defines key terms related to the mechanical properties of metals like ductility, hardness, strength and elasticity. It describes how alloys are classified based on their composition and properties. Common alloys used in dentistry include noble metal alloys like gold-based and palladium-based alloys, and base metal alloys like nickel-chromium and cobalt-chromium alloys. The document traces the history of alloy use and development in dentistry from gold to newer alloys that are stronger, cheaper and better suited for applications like metal-ceramic restorations and removable partial dentures.
The document discusses recent advances in all-ceramic dental materials. It describes the evolution of ceramics from early dentures to modern machinable ceramics and lists various classification systems. Key points include methods to strengthen porcelain like thermal tempering and transformation toughening, as well as minimizing stress through design. Specific ceramic systems are outlined, like aluminous core porcelain developed by McLean and Hughes in 1965 and In-Ceram, which uses a slip-casting technique to form green ceramic shapes.
Titanium is named after the Titans, the
powerful sons of the earth in Greek mythology.
• Titanium is the forth abundant metal on
earth crust (~ 0.86%) after aluminium, iron and
magnesium.
Titans
homepage.mac.com
Rutile (TiO2)
mineral.galleries.com
Ilmenite (FeTiO3)
• Not found in its free, pure metal form in
nature but as oxides, i.e., ilmenite (FeTiO3)
and rutile (TiO2).
• Found only in small amount in Thailand...
All stainless steels contain chromium, with the chromium content exceeding 11% and being present as a solute rather than bonded with other elements. Stainless steel originated about 100 years ago with martensitic types, and advances in steelmaking technology now allow for high-chromium, low-carbon steels to be produced. The main stainless steel types are martensitic, ferritic, and austenitic stainless steels, which differ in their chemical compositions and properties.
Stainless steels contain 10.5-30% chromium which forms a passive oxide layer protecting the steel from corrosion. Common types include martensitic, ferritic, austenitic, and duplex stainless steels. Martensitic stainless steels can be hardened through heat treatment while ferritic stainless steels have higher ductility and corrosion resistance. Duplex stainless steels have a mixed austenite and ferrite structure providing high strength and pitting/stress corrosion resistance. Austenitic stainless steels have excellent ductility and toughness down to cryogenic temperatures and are widely used in chemical plants and food processing. Proper welding techniques are required to prevent issues like sensitization, hot cracking, and sigma
The document discusses non-ferrous alloys, beginning with an introduction on the limitations of ferrous alloys and advantages of using non-ferrous alloys. It then covers various non-ferrous metals and their alloys including copper and copper alloys like brass and bronze, aluminum and aluminum alloys, magnesium and magnesium alloys, and titanium and its alloys. For each metal/alloy, it describes common compositions, properties, and applications. It also discusses bearing materials and includes detailed information on composition and uses of various copper, aluminum, and magnesium alloys.
One of the amazing things about steel is all of the forms and qualities it can take on. Of these, stainless steel is incredibly popular due to its corrosion resistance combined with its strength and formability. At Pacesetter, stainless steel is one of the major products we process and distribute. As such, it’s a product we know a lot about, and seek to educate our partners on as well.
So, what is stainless steel?
Tool steels are high-quality alloy steels developed for shaping other materials. They contain carbon from 0.1-1.6% along with alloying elements like chromium, molybdenum, and vanadium. Tool steels offer better durability, strength, corrosion resistance, and temperature stability compared to other construction steels. They are used in applications involving forming, extrusion, and plastic molding. The document then discusses different types of tool steels categorized based on their intended use and hardening properties.
Cermets are composite materials composed of ceramic and metal materials. They are designed to have the optimal properties of both ceramics, such as high temperature resistance and hardness, and metals, such as the ability to undergo plastic deformation. Common ceramics in cermets include tungsten carbide, molybdenum boride, and aluminum oxide, while common metals are iron, cobalt, nickel, and chromium. Cermets are used in manufacturing electronic components, spacecraft shielding, bioceramics, transportation brake and clutch materials, armor, and nuclear applications due to their high temperature resistance, hardness, plastic deformation ability, wear and corrosion resistance, strength, and thermal conductivity.
This document provides information on copper and its alloys. It discusses the properties and applications of copper, as well as various copper alloys including brass, bronze, and gun metal. Specific alloys are defined, such as electrolytic copper, deoxidized copper, and arsenical copper. Application areas are noted for each alloy type. Brass contains zinc as its primary alloying element and types include gliding metal and cartridge brass. Bronze is an alloy of copper and tin that is hard and resistant to wear. Gun metal contains copper, tin and zinc and has various types including admiralty and leaded gun metal.
This document provides information on wrought metal alloys, including how they are made and their common uses and properties. Wrought alloys are cold worked metals that are plastically deformed through mechanical processes like rolling and drawing. This changes their shape and microstructure, improving properties like strength. Common wrought alloys used in dentistry include stainless steels, gold alloys, and titanium alloys. The document discusses the composition and processing of these materials.
This document provides an overview of zirconia as a dental biomaterial. It discusses the properties and history of zirconia, its phase transformations when heated, and how adding yttria stabilizes its phases. The document outlines the various uses of zirconia in dentistry including crowns, bridges, implants, and more. It also discusses challenges with bonding to zirconia and various surface treatment techniques to improve bonding, such as air abrasion, silica coating, and MDP resin cements.
This document discusses Niti alloy, its phases, and its use in endodontics. It covers the metallurgy of nickel-titanium alloys, their unique properties of shape memory and superelasticity, and the manufacturing process for Niti endodontic instruments. Key phases discussed include austenite, martensite, and R-phase. Niti alloys exhibit shape memory allowing deformation at low temperatures and recovery of original shape at higher temperatures, as well as superelasticity allowing high deformation recoverable without plasticity.
The document classifies and describes different types of plain carbon and alloy steels. It discusses three types of plain carbon steels based on carbon content: low carbon steels containing less than 0.25% carbon, medium carbon steels containing 0.25-0.60% carbon, and high carbon steels containing more than 0.60% carbon. It then provides details on properties, applications and heat treatment of each type. The document also classifies alloy steels into low alloy steels containing 3-4% alloying elements and high alloy steels containing over 5% alloying elements. It discusses AISI, HSLA, tool/die and stainless varieties of alloy steels.
The document discusses dental casting alloys. It begins by introducing the major classes of materials used in dentistry - metals, ceramics, and polymers. Metals are further divided into dental amalgams, noble metal alloys containing gold, palladium, silver, and base metal alloys containing nickel or cobalt.
The document then discusses the history of metals in dentistry from ancient times to modern developments like porcelain fused to metal techniques. It also discusses how the price of gold led to new alloys replacing it with palladium or eliminating it entirely in the 1970s.
The rest of the document covers topics like alloy compositions, microstructure, physical properties, corrosion resistance, and the effects of noble metals like
This document discusses casting alloys used in dentistry. It begins with a brief history of casting alloys and their evolution since the 1900s. It then covers the key properties casting alloys must have including biocompatibility, corrosion resistance, hardness, castability and bonding to ceramics. The document classifies casting alloys and discusses commonly used types such as gold alloys, silver-palladium alloys, cobalt-chrome alloys and titanium alloys. It provides details on the composition and characteristics of different alloy groups.
The document provides an overview of base metal alloys used in dentistry. It discusses the history and classification of dental casting alloys including cobalt-chromium, nickel-chromium, and titanium-based alloys. The ideal requirements, composition, properties, applications and references of various base metal alloys are described in detail over multiple pages.
This document discusses ferritic stainless steel. It begins by defining ferritic stainless steel as containing over 12% chromium and having a body-centered cubic crystal structure. It then lists some key advantages of ferritic stainless steel such as being relatively inexpensive with low corrosion rates. Some limitations mentioned include having a high ductile to brittle transition temperature. The document provides examples of common ferritic stainless steel grades and discusses the effect of elements like chromium and molybdenum on properties. It also outlines some applications of ferritic stainless steel such as in kitchen appliances, food processing equipment, and seawater applications due to corrosion resistance.
Steel and its alloys , Nickel alloys , super alloys.KrishnaMundada4
This presentation contains :
1.steel and its alloys.
2.effect of addition of different elements in alloys.
3.Nickel alloys
4.Super alloys
5.Applications
This document discusses stainless steel and its use in orthodontics. It provides details on the history and discovery of stainless steel. It describes the different types of stainless steel including their compositions and properties. Austenitic stainless steel such as 304 is commonly used due its corrosion resistance and ductility. The document discusses factors such as cold working, heat treatment, and sensitization that can impact the properties of stainless steel for orthodontic applications.
Cable Engineering for Local Area Networks (Barry J. Elliott) (Z-Library).pdfMohamedshabana38
This document discusses austenitic stainless steels, including their history, classification, and key properties. It begins with an overview of the development of stainless steels starting in the late 19th century. It then describes the main types of stainless steels - austenitic, martensitic, and ferritic - focusing on their characteristic compositions and microstructures. The document highlights how alloying elements affect phase stability and properties like corrosion resistance and formability.
This document discusses various alloying elements that are added to steel to improve its properties. It explains that alloying elements like manganese, nickel, chromium, molybdenum, and vanadium can increase properties like hardenability, strength, toughness, wear resistance, and corrosion resistance in steel. It provides details on how different alloying elements affect the microstructure and properties of steel, including forming solid solutions, changing phase transformation temperatures, and modifying carbon solubility. Examples of various alloy steels are also summarized, such as stainless steel, tool steel, and high speed steel.
Stainless steels are traditionally divided into categories based on their microstructure at room temperature, which determines their composition and properties. The main categories are martensitic, ferritic, and austenitic stainless steels. Martensitic stainless steels contain 11.5-18% chromium and can be hardened through heat treatment. Ferritic stainless steels contain 14-27% chromium and are non-hardenable with high toughness and ductility. Austenitic stainless steels contain 18% chromium and 8-10% nickel to maintain an austenitic structure and offer good corrosion resistance and formability.
The document discusses various industrial and fertilizer materials. It covers the classification and properties of ferrous metals including carbon steel, alloy steels, cast iron and stainless steels. It describes the composition, mechanical properties and common uses of different grades of these materials. Specific grades used in fertilizer plants are also mentioned including Cr-Mo steels, austenitic stainless steels, and duplex stainless steels used in urea services and reactors.
Metallurgical difficulties in welding of ferritic martensitic and duplex sta...Archunan Ponnukhan
This document discusses metallurgical difficulties in welding ferritic, martensitic, and duplex stainless steels. For ferritic steels, welding can cause loss of ductility through small amounts of martensite formation or rapid grain growth. Precautions like limiting heat input are recommended. Martensitic steels are more weldable but prone to cold cracking; preheating and post-weld heat treatment may be needed. Duplex steels can experience precipitation or secondary austenite formation with improper welding parameters. Selection of the correctly matched filler metal composition is also important to avoid undesirable microstructures in the weld metal.
Using Steel In Solar Racking and MountingJMCSteelGroup
When it comes to solar installations, steel provides a number of advantages that you may not already know. Steel supplier Wheatland Tube and racking manufacturer Patriot Solar Group detail the latest in steel-working knowledge and how best to apply the metal in solar racking and mounting.
Steel is widely used for bridge construction due to its strength, ductility, and cost-effectiveness. Various types of steel are used including carbon steel, high-strength steel, weathering steel, and stainless steel. Welding is the primary method for joining steel components in bridges. Common welding processes for bridges include shielded metal arc welding, submerged arc welding, and gas metal arc welding. Proper selection of welding processes and steel types is important for achieving the required strength and durability of steel bridges.
This document discusses various ferrous materials including steels and cast irons. It describes the classification, properties and applications of different types of steels such as plain-carbon steels, mild steel, high-carbon steel, alloy steels, tool steels and stainless steels. It also discusses the effects of common alloying elements added to steel like manganese, chromium, nickel, molybdenum, and titanium.
Maraging Steels (Properties, Microstructure & Applications)MANICKAVASAHAM G
Maraging steel is used in aircraft, with applications including landing gear, helicopter undercarriages, slat tracks and rocket motor cases – applications which require high strength-to-weight material.
Maraging steel offers an unusual combination of high tensile strength and high fracture toughness.
Most high-strength steels have low toughness, and the higher their strength the lower their toughness.
The rare combination of high strength and toughness found with maraging steel makes it well suited for safety-critical aircraft structures that require high strength and damage tolerance.
Stainles Steel Soldering and welding ....pptxDrSureshKumarK
This document provides information on stainless steel soldering and welding for orthodontic applications. It discusses the history, composition, properties and classifications of stainless steel. It also covers heat treatment processes, corrosion resistance, and appropriate uses of different stainless steel types in orthodontics. Soldering and welding of stainless steel is described, including definitions, required materials, techniques and examples of applications in orthodontics.
Types of stainless steel and how its use in different ways
In this presentation you can find the
Chemical properties and machenical properties
About stainless steel . You may also find market survey of ss material. Advantage of ss (stainless steel) . Application of ss . Types of stainless steel And also reference link and article
Engineering materials and metallurgy -Ferrous and Non Ferrous metals 1.pptxravikumark42
Alloy steels are developed to overcome the deficiencies of plain carbon steels such as limited strength, hardening depth, and impact resistance. The principal alloying elements used in alloy steels include manganese, nickel, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, vanadium, cobalt, silicon, boron, copper, titanium, and niobium. Alloying elements are added to improve properties such as strength, hardness, corrosion resistance, and high temperature strength. Common types of alloy steels include high strength low alloy steels, tool steels, stainless steels, and maraging steels.
Iron is an alloy that can be modified by adding other metals and carbon. It is most commonly used as steel. Pure iron is soft, so it is used in alloys like pig iron, cast iron, and wrought iron. Wrought iron has a low carbon content and is tough, malleable, and easily welded. Cast irons include white and gray cast iron and are brittle with a low melting point but good machinability. The properties of iron alloys depend on their chemical composition, especially carbon and alloying elements like manganese, silicon, and phosphorus. Iron alloys have a variety of mechanical properties and are widely used in construction, machinery, vehicles, and infrastructure due to their
1. Strain age embrittlement can occur in welds due to precipitation of iron-nitride compounds from atmospheric nitrogen, leading to reduced ductility and toughness.
2. Post weld heat treatment is used to reduce residual stresses from welding and temper hardened microstructures in the heat affected zone.
3. Alternatives to post weld heat treatment include using special welding techniques to refine the microstructure and avoiding stress concentr
Stainless steels are alloy steels with a nominal chromium (Cr) content of at least 11 weight percent (wt %), with or without other alloy additions. The oxidation and corrosion resistance of these alloy steels are attributed to the presence of a passive chromium-rich oxide film on the surface. The chromium-rich oxide can be damaged, but will quickly reform if oxygen is available. When exposed to conditions that damage the passive oxide film, stainless steels are subject to corrosive attack.
The rate at which a stainless steel develops a passive film in the atmosphere depends on its chromium content. Polished stainless steels remain bright and tarnish-free under most atmospheric conditions. Exposure to elevated temperatures increases the thickness of the oxide film.
Practical guidelines for the fabrication of duplex stainless steelsFerRy P. RAzi
This document provides a summary of the history and development of duplex stainless steels. It describes how the first duplex grades were developed in the 1930s to address issues with austenitic stainless steels. The invention of argon oxygen decarburization in 1968 allowed for nitrogen alloying, which improved weld zone properties. This led to the second generation of duplex grades in the late 1970s, with grade 2205 becoming widely used. Modern duplex grades are divided into categories based on their alloy content and corrosion performance.
Stainless steel is an alloy of iron, chromium, and other elements that is resistant to corrosion due to the formation of a passive chromium oxide layer on its surface. There are several types of stainless steel including austenitic, ferritic, martensitic, and duplex grades. Austenitic stainless steel like 304 is the most commonly used due to its corrosion resistance, toughness, and ductility. Stainless steel can still corrode through various mechanisms like pitting, crevice, galvanic, and stress corrosion cracking if the protective oxide layer is compromised. Alloying elements like chromium, nickel, molybdenum increase corrosion resistance by stabilizing the passive layer.
Dear All, Best Greetings! This presentation is very useful to all of you to understand the steel basics, background, history, steel making process video, characteristics, metallurgical properties, iron carbon diagram, different phases in steel, effects of alloying elements, high carbon steel introduction, and application of low, medium and high carbon steel.
Dear All, This is very comprehensive training on application of 7QC tools in industry. There is now a common demand in every industry to improve and control the process by achieving product quality with integrity. These 7-QC tools are very useful to fulfil industry demand by controlling the process. I am expecting your kind suggestions and comments to improve my presentation further. Thanks a lot everyone for your time to read this presentation. I hope it will definitely give some value addition in your routine life. Thanking you!
Dear All, I have prepared this presentation to get a better understanding of Statistical Process Control (SPC). This is a very informative presentation and giving information about the History of SPC, the basics of SPC, the PDCA approach, the Benefits of SPC, application of 7-QC tools for problem-solving. You can follow this technique in your day to day business working to solve the problems. Thanking you.
Here are some ways to improve quality:
1. Improve process control: Tighten control limits and monitoring of key process parameters to reduce variability and prevent defects.
2. Reduce setup times: Quick changeovers minimize waste from setups and allow for smaller batch sizes. This improves flexibility and quality.
3. Implement mistake proofing: Use tools like poka-yoke and automation to design out human errors and common defects.
4. Conduct root cause analysis: Identify underlying causes of defects rather than just symptoms. Implement permanent corrective actions.
5. Enhance inspection: Upgrade inspection methods, equipment and operator skills. Implement statistical process control.
6. Supplier quality management: Work
This document provides an overview and instructions for using the 7 Quality Control tools: check sheets, stratification, Pareto charts, cause-and-effect (fishbone) diagrams, histograms, control charts, and scatter diagrams. It describes the objective, rules, background and importance of each tool. For each tool, it addresses the purpose, when to use it, procedure, and benefits. The overall goal is to present these tools to address problem solving and quality improvement through structured data collection and analysis.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptxDr Ramhari Poudyal
Three-day training on academic research focuses on analytical tools at United Technical College, supported by the University Grant Commission, Nepal. 24-26 May 2024
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
KuberTENes Birthday Bash Guadalajara - K8sGPT first impressionsVictor Morales
K8sGPT is a tool that analyzes and diagnoses Kubernetes clusters. This presentation was used to share the requirements and dependencies to deploy K8sGPT in a local environment.
A review on techniques and modelling methodologies used for checking electrom...nooriasukmaningtyas
The proper function of the integrated circuit (IC) in an inhibiting electromagnetic environment has always been a serious concern throughout the decades of revolution in the world of electronics, from disjunct devices to today’s integrated circuit technology, where billions of transistors are combined on a single chip. The automotive industry and smart vehicles in particular, are confronting design issues such as being prone to electromagnetic interference (EMI). Electronic control devices calculate incorrect outputs because of EMI and sensors give misleading values which can prove fatal in case of automotives. In this paper, the authors have non exhaustively tried to review research work concerned with the investigation of EMI in ICs and prediction of this EMI using various modelling methodologies and measurement setups.
Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapte...University of Maribor
Slides from talk presenting:
Aleš Zamuda: Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapter and Networking.
Presentation at IcETRAN 2024 session:
"Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS
Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation"
IEEE Slovenia GRSS
IEEE Serbia and Montenegro MTT-S
IEEE Slovenia CIS
11TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONIC AND COMPUTING ENGINEERING
3-6 June 2024, Niš, Serbia
TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING TECHNIQUE FOR COMMUNICATION SYSTEMHODECEDSIET
Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) is a method of transmitting multiple signals over a single communication channel by dividing the signal into many segments, each having a very short duration of time. These time slots are then allocated to different data streams, allowing multiple signals to share the same transmission medium efficiently. TDM is widely used in telecommunications and data communication systems.
### How TDM Works
1. **Time Slots Allocation**: The core principle of TDM is to assign distinct time slots to each signal. During each time slot, the respective signal is transmitted, and then the process repeats cyclically. For example, if there are four signals to be transmitted, the TDM cycle will divide time into four slots, each assigned to one signal.
2. **Synchronization**: Synchronization is crucial in TDM systems to ensure that the signals are correctly aligned with their respective time slots. Both the transmitter and receiver must be synchronized to avoid any overlap or loss of data. This synchronization is typically maintained by a clock signal that ensures time slots are accurately aligned.
3. **Frame Structure**: TDM data is organized into frames, where each frame consists of a set of time slots. Each frame is repeated at regular intervals, ensuring continuous transmission of data streams. The frame structure helps in managing the data streams and maintaining the synchronization between the transmitter and receiver.
4. **Multiplexer and Demultiplexer**: At the transmitting end, a multiplexer combines multiple input signals into a single composite signal by assigning each signal to a specific time slot. At the receiving end, a demultiplexer separates the composite signal back into individual signals based on their respective time slots.
### Types of TDM
1. **Synchronous TDM**: In synchronous TDM, time slots are pre-assigned to each signal, regardless of whether the signal has data to transmit or not. This can lead to inefficiencies if some time slots remain empty due to the absence of data.
2. **Asynchronous TDM (or Statistical TDM)**: Asynchronous TDM addresses the inefficiencies of synchronous TDM by allocating time slots dynamically based on the presence of data. Time slots are assigned only when there is data to transmit, which optimizes the use of the communication channel.
### Applications of TDM
- **Telecommunications**: TDM is extensively used in telecommunication systems, such as in T1 and E1 lines, where multiple telephone calls are transmitted over a single line by assigning each call to a specific time slot.
- **Digital Audio and Video Broadcasting**: TDM is used in broadcasting systems to transmit multiple audio or video streams over a single channel, ensuring efficient use of bandwidth.
- **Computer Networks**: TDM is used in network protocols and systems to manage the transmission of data from multiple sources over a single network medium.
### Advantages of TDM
- **Efficient Use of Bandwidth**: TDM all
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECTjpsjournal1
The rivalry between prominent international actors for dominance over Central Asia's hydrocarbon
reserves and the ancient silk trade route, along with China's diplomatic endeavours in the area, has been
referred to as the "New Great Game." This research centres on the power struggle, considering
geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic variables. Topics including trade, political hegemony, oil
politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
in Central Asia. This study adheres to the empirical epistemological method and has taken care of
objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
pipeline politics, and winning states, according to this study, thanks to important instruments like the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
China is seeing significant success in commerce, pipeline politics, and gaining influence on other
governments. This success may be attributed to the effective utilisation of key tools such as the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative.
A SYSTEMATIC RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACH FOR SECURING THE SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEMSIJNSA Journal
The smart irrigation system represents an innovative approach to optimize water usage in agricultural and landscaping practices. The integration of cutting-edge technologies, including sensors, actuators, and data analysis, empowers this system to provide accurate monitoring and control of irrigation processes by leveraging real-time environmental conditions. The main objective of a smart irrigation system is to optimize water efficiency, minimize expenses, and foster the adoption of sustainable water management methods. This paper conducts a systematic risk assessment by exploring the key components/assets and their functionalities in the smart irrigation system. The crucial role of sensors in gathering data on soil moisture, weather patterns, and plant well-being is emphasized in this system. These sensors enable intelligent decision-making in irrigation scheduling and water distribution, leading to enhanced water efficiency and sustainable water management practices. Actuators enable automated control of irrigation devices, ensuring precise and targeted water delivery to plants. Additionally, the paper addresses the potential threat and vulnerabilities associated with smart irrigation systems. It discusses limitations of the system, such as power constraints and computational capabilities, and calculates the potential security risks. The paper suggests possible risk treatment methods for effective secure system operation. In conclusion, the paper emphasizes the significant benefits of implementing smart irrigation systems, including improved water conservation, increased crop yield, and reduced environmental impact. Additionally, based on the security analysis conducted, the paper recommends the implementation of countermeasures and security approaches to address vulnerabilities and ensure the integrity and reliability of the system. By incorporating these measures, smart irrigation technology can revolutionize water management practices in agriculture, promoting sustainability, resource efficiency, and safeguarding against potential security threats.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELgerogepatton
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
Comparative analysis between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquapon...bijceesjournal
The aquaponic system of planting is a method that does not require soil usage. It is a method that only needs water, fish, lava rocks (a substitute for soil), and plants. Aquaponic systems are sustainable and environmentally friendly. Its use not only helps to plant in small spaces but also helps reduce artificial chemical use and minimizes excess water use, as aquaponics consumes 90% less water than soil-based gardening. The study applied a descriptive and experimental design to assess and compare conventional and reconstructed aquaponic methods for reproducing tomatoes. The researchers created an observation checklist to determine the significant factors of the study. The study aims to determine the significant difference between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquaponics systems propagating tomatoes in terms of height, weight, girth, and number of fruits. The reconstructed aquaponics system’s higher growth yield results in a much more nourished crop than the traditional aquaponics system. It is superior in its number of fruits, height, weight, and girth measurement. Moreover, the reconstructed aquaponics system is proven to eliminate all the hindrances present in the traditional aquaponics system, which are overcrowding of fish, algae growth, pest problems, contaminated water, and dead fish.
Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming PipelinesChristina Lin
Traditionally, dealing with real-time data pipelines has involved significant overhead, even for straightforward tasks like data transformation or masking. However, in this talk, we’ll venture into the dynamic realm of WebAssembly (WASM) and discover how it can revolutionize the creation of stateless streaming pipelines within a Kafka (Redpanda) broker. These pipelines are adept at managing low-latency, high-data-volume scenarios.
1. Gateway Arch in St Louis – 304 series SS
F-35 Joint Strike Fighter (JSF) Lightning II,
built by Lockheed Martin – airframe 17-7
PH – 600 series SS
2. Definition of Stainless Steel
History of Stainless steel
Properties of Stainless steel
Different types of Stainless steel
Different grades of Stainless
steel
Application of Stainless steel
3. Stainless steel is an alloy of Iron
with a minimum of 10.5%
Chromium.
Chromium produces a thin layer of
oxide on the surface of the steel
known as the 'passive layer'. This
prevents any further corrosion of
the surface. Increasing the amount
of Chromium gives an increased
resistance to corrosion.
Stainless steel also contains varying amounts of Carbon,
Silicon and Manganese. Other elements such as Nickel and
Molybdenum may be added to impart other useful properties
such as enhanced formability and increased corrosion
resistance.
4. There is a widely held view that
stainless steel was discovered in 1913
by Sheffield metallurgist Harry
Brearley. He was experimenting with
different types of steel for weapons and
noticed that a 13% Chromium steel had
not corroded after several months.
5. Electrical Resistivity
• Electrical resistance is higher
than that for plain-carbon
steels
Thermal Conductivity
• Stainless Steel has lower thermal conductivity than
Carbon steel
6. Coefficient of Thermal Expansion
• Stainless steel is having
greater coefficient of thermal
expansion than plain-carbon
steels
High Strength
• Exhibit high strength at room and elevated temperatures
Melting Temperature
Plain-carbon:1480-1540 °C
Martensitic: 1400-1530 °C
Ferritic: 1400-1530 °C
Austenitic: 1370-1450 °C
7. Austenitic: This SS is having
Austenitic structure (i.e. FCC) at
room temp. They contain 16-25%
chromium, and nitrogen. They are
hardened only by cold working.
Good toughness, formability, easily
weldable, high corrosion resistance.
Nonmagnetic except after excess
cold working or welding due to
martensitic formation. Can be
successfully used from cryogenic
temperatures to the red-hot
temperatures of furnaces and jet
engines. They are susceptible to SCC.
App.: Automotive, Architecture, Food
and beverage equip., Industrial
equip.
8. Martensitic: They have a structure i.e.
BCT. Due to addition of ‘C’ (0.15-1%),
they can be hardened and strengthened
by heat treatment. When steel is heated
it transform from ferrite to austenite &
on slow cooling it transforms back to
ferrite. However, with fast cooling
through quenching in water or in oil
the carbon atoms become trapped in a
somewhat distorted atomic matrix and
structure becomes i.e. BCT. The main
alloying element is ‘Cr’ i.e. 12-15%
approx. App.: Steam turbine blades,
valves body and seats, bolts and screws,
springs, knives, surgical instruments,
and chemical engg. equipments.
9. Ferritic: This SS is having Ferritic
structure (i.e. BCC) at room temp.
It containing 11.5-19% ‘Cr’ & C:
0.20max. They are having good
corrosion resistance, magnetic
and hardenable only by cold
working. They are less expensive
than Austenitic SS.
Limitations: i) poor toughness at
sub zero temp ii) Poor weldability
due to embrittlement.
App.: Automotive, building
construction, Cladding, Urban
furniture, commercial food
equipment, industrial application
10. Duplex SS: This SS is having
austenitic (50%) + ferritic (50%)
microstructure. This SS is
containing high Cr: 20.1-25.4%, Ni:
1.4-7%, Mo: 0.3-4% (e.g.2205;
2507). Combining many of the best
features of both austenitic (i.e.
application in cryogenic temp. to
red-hot temp.) and ferritic types. It
is magnetic, non-hardnable by heat
treatment, has high TS than
austenitic type, weldability similar
to the austenitic stainless steel.
App.: Heat exchangers, pressure
vessels, Chemical-petrochemical
ind., Oil-Gas ind., Nuclear Power
plant
11. Precipitation hardening: This SS are not
defined by their microstructure, but
rather by strengthening mechanism
(e.g.17-4pH (martensite) or 17-7pH
(austenitic)). These grades may have
austenitic, semi-austenitic or martensitic
microstructures and can be hardened by
aging at elevated temp. i.e. 480deg.C to
620deg.C. The strengthening effect is due
the formation of intermetallic precipitates
from elements such as copper or
aluminum. Have the highest strength and
to be used for specialized application
where high strength together with good
corrosion resistance is required.
App.: Aerospace, defense, offshore oil &
gas industries, missile components, motor
shafts, valve stems, gears
12.
13. Austenitic grades
302
General
purpose
303 304EN 304ECu 308L 304 310 316 317LN
High Sulphur Higher Ni Cu addition Higher Lower Cr & Ni Mo added More Mo & Cr
+ Calcium for cold for cold Cr & Ni C for increased for increased with reduced
added heading heading for use better for high corrosion C for better
for better application in welding corrosion temperature resistance corrosion
machinability control resistance
303 Cu 304LN 304 HC 309L 304HS+Ca 316HS+Ca
Cu & S for Lower C Higher Cu Higher For bright bar For bright bar
enhanced content and for cold Cr & Ni with better with better
drawability higher Ni headed nuts for welding machinability machinability
and good for better and bolts
machinability drawability
302 HQ 304L 316L
Low C and Low C - better C reduced
high Cu for corrosion for
severely cold resistance. welding
headed parts Wire drawing fabrication
& forging.
321 316Ti
Ti added Ti added
to prevent to prevent
carbide Carbide
precipitation precipitation
Ferritic grades Martensitic grades
430 410
General General
purpose purpose
405 409 Ti 430L 430F 431 403 420 416
Low Cr; Al For improvedLow Carbon, S added Cr increased Special Increased S increased
added to corrosion low Nitrogen for Ni added quality for C to for
prevent resistance for fine wire improved for better turbines & improve improved
hardening and drawing machinability corrosion highly mechanical machinability
when cooled weldability resistance & stressed properties
from elevated good mech. parts
temperature properties
201
N & Mn partially replaces Ni
14. Although stainless steel is much more resistant to corrosion
than ordinary carbon or alloy steels, in some circumstances it
can corrode. It is 'stain-less' not 'stain-impossible'. In normal
atmospheric or water based environments, stainless steel will
not corrode.
In more aggressive conditions, the basic types of stainless
steel may corrode
1) Pitting corrosion
2) Crevice corrosion
3) General/Uniform corrosion
4) Stress corrosion cracking
5) Intergranular corrosion
6) Galvanic corrosion
15. Stainless steels of various kinds are used in thousands of applications. Some of the main
applications are as follows:
Domestic – cutlery, sinks, saucepans, washing machine drums, microwave oven liners,
razor blades
Architectural/Civil Engineering – cladding, handrails, door and window fittings, street
furniture, structural sections, reinforcement bar, lighting columns, lintels, masonry
supports
Transport – exhaust systems, car trim/grilles, road tankers, ship containers, ships
chemical tankers, refuse vehicles
Chemical/Pharmaceutical – pressure vessels, process piping.
Oil and Gas – platform accommodation, cable trays, subsea pipelines.
Medical – Surgical instruments, surgical implants, MRI scanners.
Food and Drink – Catering equipment, brewing, distilling, food processing.
Water – Water and sewage treatment, water tubing, hot water tanks.
General – springs, fasteners (bolts, nuts and washers), wire.