Stainless steel are a range of alloys containing at least 10.5% chromium. Stainless steel is widely used for roofing, cladding, interior and exterior trim owing to its combined strength and low maintenance. The corrosion resistance of iron-chromium alloys was first recognized in 1821 by French metallurgist Pierre Berthier, who noted their resistance against attack by some acids and suggested their use in cutlery. Metallurgists of the 19th century were unable to produce the combination of low carbon and high chromium found in most modern stainless steels, and the high-chromium alloys they could produce were too brittle to be practical. Stainless steel is available in square, rectangular and circular hollow section as well as the standard section for structural work.

1. Stainless Steel
ByHussein Azher
1st
Stage
2017/2018
Supervised by lecturer assistance:
Maryam Saffaa
Al-Nahrain University
College of Engineering
Department of Architecture

2. 2
Contents
Stainless steel ...................................................................................3
Corrosion...........................................................................................3
High temperature corrosion ...........................................................4
Electricity and magnetism...............................................................5
History ...............................................................................................5
Availability.........................................................................................6
Use.....................................................................................................7
Stainless steel in architecture.........................................................8
Stainless steel buildings...................................................................9
Dream Downtown Hotel ..............................................................9
Dear Jingumae.............................................................................10
Walt Disney Concert Hall............................................................10
Raif Dinçkok Yalova Cultural Center..........................................11
Ely and Edith Broad Art Museum ..............................................11
References ......................................................................................13

3. 3
Stainless steel
Stainless steel are a range of alloys containing at least 10.5%
chromium.
Corrosion
The corrosion resistance of the material is due to the natural
passive film of chromium oxide which immediately forms over
the material in the presence of oxygen.
Thus if the surface is subsequently scratched or damaged the
protective film naturally reforms.

4. 4
The corrosion resistance is increased by the inclusion of nickel
and molibidium as additional alloying components.
High temperature
corrosion
At elevated temperatures all metals react with hot gases. The
most common high temperature gaseous mixture is air, and
oxygen is the most reactive component of air. Carbon steel is
limited to ~900oF in air. Chromium in stainless steel reacts with
oxygen to form a chromium oxide scale which reduces oxygen
diffusion into the material. The minimum 10.5% chromium in
stainless steels provides resistance to ~1300oF, while 26%
chromium provides resistance up to ~2200oF. Type 304, the
most common grade of stainless steel with 18% chromium is
resistant to ~1600oF. Other gases such as sulfur dioxide,
hydrogen sulfide, carbon monoxide, chlorine, etc. also attack
stainless steel. Resistance to other gases is dependent on the
type of gas, the temperature and the alloying content of the
stainless steel.

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Electricity and magnetism
Like steel, stainless steel is a relatively poor conductor of
electricity, with significantly lower electrical conductivity than
copper. Other metals in contact with stainless steel, particularly
in a damp or acidic environment, may suffer galvanic corrosion
even though the stainless metal may be unaffected.
Ferritic and martensitic stainless steels are magnetic. Annealed
austenitic stainless steels are non-magnetic. Work hardening
can make austenitic stainless steels slightly magnetic.
History
The corrosion resistance of iron-chromium alloys was first
recognized in 1821 by French metallurgist Pierre Berthier, who
noted their resistance against attack by some acids and
suggested their use in cutlery. Metallurgists of the 19th century
were unable to produce the combination of low carbon and
high chromium found in most modern stainless steels, and the
high-chromium alloys they could produce were too brittle to be
practical.

6. 6
In 1872, the Englishmen Clark and Woods patented an alloy
that would today be considered a stainless steel.
In the late 1890s Hans Goldschmidt of Germany developed an
aluminothermic (thermite) process for producing carbon-free
chromium. Between 1904 and 1911 several researchers,
particularly Leon Guillet of France, prepared alloys that would
today be considered stainless steel.
Friedrich Krupp Germaniawerft built the 366-ton sailing yacht
Germania featuring a chrome-nickel steel hull in Germany in
1908. In 1911, Philip Monnartz reported on the relationship
between chromium content and corrosion resistance. On 17
October 1912, Krupp engineers Benno Strauss and Eduard
Maurer patented austenitic stainless steel as Nirosta.
Availability
Stainless steel is available in square, rectangular and circular
hollow section as well as the standard section for structural
work.

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Use
Stainless steel is widely used for roofing, cladding, interior and
exterior trim owing to its combined strength and low
maintenance.

8. 8
Stainless steel in
architecture
Stainless steel is used for buildings for both practical and
aesthetic reasons. Stainless steel was in vogue during the art
deco period.
The most famous example of this is the upper portion of the
Chrysler Building.
Some diners and fast-food restaurants use large ornamental
panels and stainless fixtures and furniture.
Because of the durability of the material, many of these
buildings still retain their original appearance.
Stainless steel is used today in building construction because of
its durability and because it is a wieldable building metal that can
be made into aesthetically pleasing shapes.
An example of a building in which these properties are exploited
is the Art Gallery of Alberta in Edmonton, which is wrapped in
stainless steel.

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Stainless steel buildings
Dream Downtown Hotel
Location: New York City
Architects: Handel
Architects
Completion: 2012
NON-ALPOLIC
The location on which the
Dream Downtown Hotel
now sits was once the
main annex of the
National Maritime Union
of America, designed by
New-Orleans-based architect Albert Ledner in the 1960s.
Ledner also designed the Union’s headquarters. Yet by the
1970s, when the Union collapsed, the buildings were sold and
used for other purposes.
In 2006, while partially preserving Ledner’s design, Handel
Architects converted the main annex into a lavish hotel. Amidst
prime New York City real estate, the extravagant building fronts
both 16th and 17th Streets. Named the Top Hospitality Project
of 2012 by the Greater New York Construction User Council,
the Dream Downtown Hotel features an ornately designed
exterior that is meant to compliment Ledner’s original design.

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Dear Jingumae
Surrounded by ribbons of steel, the Dear Jingumae Building, a
commercial space in Tokyo, was designed by architect Yoshihiro
Amano to mimic the natural movement of clothing.
Walt Disney Concert Hall
The stainless-steel exterior of Frank Gehry’s Walt Disney
Concert Hall in Los Angeles has a visually soft appearance that
complements the building’s billowing, sail-like design.

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Raif Dinçkok Yalova Cultural Center
Intentionally rusted Cor-Ten steel forms a perforated screen
around Turkey’s Raif Dinçkok Yalova Cultural Center, designed
by Emre Arolat Architects. The center’s weathered exterior
shields the smaller structures, pathways, and plazas within.
Ely and Edith Broad Art Museum

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Lansing, Michigan, USA
Architects: Zaha Hadid, London
In the selection process, mock-ups of various materials
competed with one another and stainlesssteel came out best.
A proprietary directional finish called Angel Hair® produced
exactly the degree ofreflectivity that the architect requested.
Precisely formed cleats were another requirement.
Becauseof its formability, stainless steel could be bent to a
radius even smaller than the material thickness of1.5 mm. To
this end, V-shaped grooves were applied to the rear side of the
sheet before bending. Thisoperation was executed with a
precision of 0.005 mm.
Grade 316L was preferred because in winter deicingsalt is used
on adjacent roads and footpaths and chloride-containing
projections may occur.

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References
 https://www.architecturaldigest.com/gallery/steel-
buildings/all.com
 “Built to Last - Stainless Steel as an Architectural Material”
by ISSF.
 http://www.alpolic-americas.com/stainless-steel-
cladding-transforms-new-york-hospitality.com
 "The Stainless Steel Family" (PDF). Retrieved 8 December
2012.
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stainless_steel.com
 "It's Complicated: The Discovery of Stainless Steel -
Airedale Springs".
 "A Proposal to Establish the Shipwreck Half Moon as a
State Underwater Archaeological Preserve" (PDF). Bureau
of Archaeological Research, Division of Historical
Resources, Florida Department of State. May 2000.
 Material Properties Data: Marine Grade Stainless Steel.
Makeitfrom.com. Retrieved on 29 June 2012.