ALUMINIUM AS A BUILDING MATERIAL dissertation

1. 1
DISSERTATION
ALUMINIUM AS A BUILDING MATERIAL

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CONTENT
CHAPTER -1……………………………………………….
1. SYNOPSIS
1.1 Aim
1.2 Hypothesis
1.3 Objective
1.4 Limitation
1.5 Methodology
CHAPTER -2…………………………………………….
2. INTRODUCTION
2.1 Properties of Aluminium
2.2 Uses of Aluminium
2.3 History of Aluminium.
CHAPTER -3……………………………………………..
3. ALUMINIUM AS A BUILDING MATERIAL
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Strength vs. Weight
3.3 Aluminium in door & window
3.4 Material Flexibility
CHAPTER -4……………………………………………..
4. CASE STUDY
4.1 Nehru Sehkar Bhawan

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CHAPTER -5……………………………………………..
5 ANALYSIS OF ALUMINIUM AS A BUILDING MATERIAL
5.1 Aluminium –Building material of the modern age
5.2 Some important project of Aluminium
5.3 Future of Aluminium as a building material
5.4 The heavyweight in lightweight construction
5.5 ALUMINIUM-In green building
CONCLUSION………………………………..

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5. 5
CHAPTER :-1
SYNOPSIS
AIM
To study the types and forms of aluminium as a building
material.
HYPOTHESIS
Going beyond concrete lines.
OBJECTIVE
• Scope and Limits to study the measures and ways in which
aluminium can be used as a building material.
• To study the strength and reliability of aluminium as a
building material.
LIMITATION
• Far more expensive then steel.
• Difficult to weld.
• Abrasive to tooling.
NEED OF STUDY
METHODOLOGY TO BE ADOPTED
• INTRODUCTION
• DATA COLLECTION
• DATA ANALYSIS
• PRIMARY DATA COLLECTION
• TAKING REVIEWS
• VISITING SITE
• SECONDARY DATA COLLECTION
• LITERATURE STUDY
• PHOTOGRAPHS/SKETCHES
• CONCLUSION

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CHAPTER :- 2
INTRODUCTION
 Aluminium is t h eo ret ically 100% recyclable wit h o ut any lo ss o f it s
nat ural quilit ies.
 Aluminium is seco nd mo st widly sp ecified met al in building aft er
st eel, and it used t o co nst ruct ion sect o rs fro me co mmercial
building t o do mest ic dwelling .
 Aluminiumis st ro ng , malleable and h as a lo w densit y.
 Aluminiumis resist ant t o co rro sio n.
 Aluminium is a g o o d co nductor o f h eat and elect ricity.
 AluminiumCan be p o lish ed t o g ive a h ig h ly reflective surface.
• Aluminium is a chemical element.AL is a light,silver-grey metal used
for making pans,etc.In the earth crust,aluminium is found most
abundant(8.3% by weight)metallic element and third most abundant
of all elements(after oxgen and silicon),it is extracted from the ore
called bauxite.
• Aluminium can be represented as ‘Al’,number in the periodic table is
13.
• Strictly speaking al applies to the pure metals.
• Physically, chemically and mechanically aluminium is a metal like
steel, brass, copper, zinc, lead or titanium. It can be melted, cast,
formed and machined much like these metals and it conducts electric
current. In fact often the same equipment and fabrication methods
are used as for steel.
 PROPERTIES OF ALUMINIUM :-
Aluminium is a very light metal with a specific weight of 2.7 g /cm
3
,
about a third that of steel. For example, the use of aluminium in
vehicles reduces dead-weight and energy consumption while increasing
load capacity.

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Corrosion Resistance:-
Aluminium naturally generates a protective oxide coating and is highly
corrosion resistant.
Different types of surface treatment such as anodising, painting or
lacquering can further improve this property.
Electrical and Thermal Conductivity:-
Aluminium is an excellent heat and electricity conductor and in
relation to its weight is almost twice as good a conductor as copper.
This has made aluminium the most commonly used material in major
power transmission lines.
Reflectivity:-
Aluminium is a good reflector of visible light as well as heat, and that
together with its low weight, makes it an ideal material for reflectors
in, for example, light fittings or rescue blankets.
 Ductility:-
Aluminium is ductile and has a low melting point and density. In a molten condition it
can be processed in a number of ways. Its ductility allows products of aluminium to
be basically formed close to the end of the product’s design.
 Impermeableand Odourless:-
Aluminium foil, even when it is rolled to only 0.007 mm thickness, is still completely
impermeable and lets neither light aroma nor taste substances out. Moreover, the
metal itself is non-toxic and releases no aroma or taste substances which makes it
ideal for packaging sensitive products such as food or pharmaceuticals.
 Recyclability:-
Aluminium is 100 percent recyclable with no downgrading of its qualities. The re-
melting of aluminium requires little energy: only about 5 percent of the energy
required to produce the primary metal initially is needed in the recycling process.

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Importanceof Recycling:-
 Due to the large energy use in the extraction process, it is vital that we recycle.
 Recycled aluminium only requires 5% of the energy needed to extract fresh
aluminium.
 Remember to recycle, because energy can be better spent.
 USES OF ALUMINIUM :-
 Low density and strength make it ideal for
construction of aircraft, lightweight vehicles, and ladders.
 An alloy of aluminium called duralumin is often used
instead of pure aluminium because of its improved properties.
 Easy shaping and corrosion resistance make it a good material
for drink cans and roofing materials.
 Corrosion resistance and low density leads to its use
for greenhouses and window frames.
 Good conduction of heat leads to its use
for boilers, cookers and cookware.

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 Good conduction of electricity leads to its use
for overhead power cables hung from pylons
(low density gives it an advantage over copper).
 High reflectivity makes it ideal for
mirrors, reflectors and heat resistant clothing for fire fighting.
 HISTORY OF ALUMINIUM :-
 Ancient Greeks and Romans used aluminium salts as dyeing mordants and as
astringents for dressing wounds; alum is still used as a styptic.
 In 1761 Guyton de Morveau suggested calling the base alum alumine. In 1808,
Humphry Davy identified the existence of a metal base of alum, which he at
first named alumium and later aluminium (see Spelling section, below).
 Friedrich Wöhler is generally credited with isolating aluminium (Latin alumen,
alum) in 1827 by mixing anhydrous aluminium chloride with potassium.
 The metal, however, had indeed been produced for the first time two years
earlier — but in an impure form — by the Danish physicist and chemist Hans
Christian Ørsted.
In its 100 year history aluminium has had an unparalleled impact on the built
environment.
Since the sheathing of the cupola of the San Gioacchino Church in Rome in
1897, aluminium has risen to prominence among specifiers through landmark
projects, such as the curtain walling on Shreve, Lamb & Harmon’s iconoclastic
Empire State Building, 1929.
In 1945, Pietro Belushi created the first large structure totally sheathed in
aluminium and glass:
The Equitable Building in Portland, Oregon; followed by SOM’s Lever Building;
Mies van der Rohe and Phillip Johnson’s Seagram Building; and the UN
Secretariat in New York.
But even in these pioneering years, the use of aluminium was not confined to
modernist landmarks.
Indeed, aluminium window frames were installed in the Bodleian Library,
Oxford in 1939; and have since provided eloquent testament to the material’s
durability.

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CHAPTER :- 3
ALUMINIUM AS A BUILDING MATERIAL
Aluminium is the second most widely specified metal in buildings after steel, and is used in
all construction sectors, from commercial buildings to domestic dwellings.
40% of the UK annual production of aluminium is utilised within the construction industry,
which equates to roughly 150,000 tonnes of aluminium per annum, of which
approximately 65,000 tonnes is extruded products, and 25,000 tonnes sheet materials.
The main market sectors are windows, roofing, cladding, curtain walling and structural
glazing, prefabricated buildings, architectural hardware, H&V, shopfitting and partitions.
Aluminium is also used extensively in plant, ladders and scaffolding.

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Primary smelter aluminium is pure and, as such, has a relatively low strength. For
extrusions and other manufactured components, the material is alloyed to improve its
strength, although even the most heavily alloyed wrought aluminium is still 92% pure.
The two series of alloys most widely used in construction are the 5000 series work-
hardened magnesium alloys and the 6000 series heat-treatable magnesium silicone alloys.
The latter are more extrudable and, therefore, offer greater scope for complex shapes.
Silicone alloys (such as LM6) and manganese alloys (such as 3103) are also used for specific
construction applications.
The properties of the individual alloys are amplified by the shape of the extruding die.
Careful and knowledgeable design can take advantage of the ability of the extrusion
process to distribute the material across the section to exactly where it is needed for a
particular performance requirement.

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 Strength versus Weight:-
One of aluminium’s primary appeals to specifiers is its exceptional strength to weight ratio.
At 2.7g/cm2, aluminium is 66% lighter than steel.
It is also far less susceptible to brittle fractures. Indeed, when aluminium and steel
structures are compared, aluminium’s greater modulus of elasticity means that weight
ratios of 1:2 are easily attained.
While aluminium has a relatively high co-efficient of linear expansion, at 24 X 10-6/’C
- in its pure form, the material’s low modulus of elasticity (65,500N/mm2 for 6063 alloy)
enables temperature induced stresses to be accommodated. Indeed, these are generally
far lower than in a comparable steel structure (M of E = 210,000N/mm2).
This is graphically illustrated by aluminium’s load-deflection curve, which is continuous,
without a yield point.
 ALUMINIUMIN WINDOW & DOOR:-
 Aluminium’s unique combination of strength and lightness enables frames,
sashes and fittings to be neat and unobtrusive. Because the frames, rails and
stiles can be finer than those made in wood, they allow maximum entry of
light and provide unobstructed views.

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 Aluminium doesn’t require painting while its dimensional stability ensures
years of trouble free operation.
 Aluminium windows and doors come powder coated in a range of colours to
match your home, but it’s important to choose frame colours carefully as
powder coated surfaces cannot be repainted.
 A window consists of an outer frame that goes in the hole in the wall, and a
sash frame that holds the glass.
 The style of the window refers to how the sash operates or opens within the
outer frame.
 There are four traditional styles of windows – double hung, awning,
casement, and sliding. The one that is most appropriate for you can depend
on a number of factors such as how they operate and how much ventilation
they allow.
 Where you place doors and the style that you use will have a substantial
impact not only on how you enter or exit your home, but also on the
functionality of rooms and the safety and security of your home.
 Doors are available in three styles – hinged, bi-fold and sliding. Like windows,
selecting the most appropriate door style depends on a number of factors.
Talk to Stegbar about what is best for you and your home.
TYPE OF DOOR & WINDOW:-
 Bi-fold patio doorshave a series ofbetween 2 to 7 doors, hinged so
theyfold onto themselves.

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Bi-fold patio doors Sliding patio doors
 Sliding patio doorshave two or more panels which slide past each other
horizontally within the frame.
 Hinged doorsare hingedon either the left or theright and can open
eitherinwards or outwards.
Hinged doorsDoublehung windowsAwningwindows
 Double hung windowshave two vertically sliding sashes which slide
past each otherin a single frame.
 Single hung windowshave one fixed and one opening sash.
 Awning windowsare hinged along the top horizontal edge and the
bottom opens outwards.
 Casement windowsare eitherhinged along a vertical edgeor pivoted on
the top andbottom, and open outwardsfrom the opposite side.

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Casement windows Sliding windows
 Sliding windowshave two or more sashes, which slide past each
otherhorizontally within the frame.

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 Design Freedom -Material Flexibility
The ductility of aluminium in its hot state means that an almost unlimited variety of
shapes and extrusions can be produced.
One of the main benefits of aluminium extrusions is that shapes can be produced
that require little or no further fabrication or machining.
Close cooperation between the architect and the manufacturer can also result in
extrusions that can perform the tasks of several structural components, offering a
neater, more effective solutions at lower cost; as well as simplifying on-site
assembly.
For example, an extrusion can have keyways and slots to provide fixings, channels
for drainage, luff grooves for attaching fabric and rebates for glazing seals.
These are in addition to its use as a structural member and its ability to have a
durable and attractive finish - whether through anodising or powder coating.
Security through Design:-
Fire is simply not an issue for aluminium. In its pure form, aluminium has a
melting point of 660’C, with alloys offering melting points of between 570 and
660’C.
Aluminium does not burn, will not ignite, does not add to fire load and will not
spread surface flame.
No building is entirely bomb-proof, but careful external profiling, to dissipate
shock waves, coupled with the correct glazing detailing, can minimise the
number of casualties and degree of damage suffered in a blast.
Aluminium is also popular among designers of vulnerable buildings, because the
material’s modulus of elasticity allows it to absorb the shock far better than most
alternative framing options.

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This, coupled with the correct glazing specification, can obviate the main dangers
following an explosion: flying glass and falling glazing panels “sucked out” by the
vacuum created in a blast’s wake.
Aluminium in Construction:-
It is estimated that across Europe, the building and construction market
consumes almost 1.4 million tonnes of aluminium per annum.
The growing importance of recycling can be gauged by the fact that, in 1996, the
production of primary aluminium in Western Europe stood at 890,000 tonnes,
while production of secondary aluminium was 1,747,000 tonnes;
with the building sector accounting for 54% of extruded products and 15% of
rolled products.
 Advantages of Aluminium:-
Lightweight:-
 Aluminium is one of the lightest available commercial metals with a density
approximately one third that of steel or copper.
 Its high strength to weight ratio makes it particularly important to
transportation industries allowing increased payloads and fuel savings.
Catamaran ferries, petroleum tankers andaircraft are good examples of
aluminium’s use in transport.
 In other fabrications, aluminium’s lightweight can reduce the need for
special handling or lifting equipment.
Excellent Corrosion Resistance:-
 Aluminium has excellent resistance to corrosion due to the thin layer of
aluminium oxide that forms on the surface of aluminium when it is exposed
to air.

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 In many applications, aluminium can be left in the mill finished condition.
Should additional protection or decorative finishes be required, then
aluminium can be eitheranodised or painted.
 Strong at Low Temperatures:-
 Where as steel becomes brittle at low temperatures, aluminium increases in
tensile strengthand retains excellent toughness.
 Easy to Work:-
 Aluminium can be easily fabricated into various forms such as foil, sheets,
geometricshapes, rod, tube and wire.
 It also displays excellent machinability and plasticity ideal for bending,
cutting, spinning, roll forming, hammering, forging and drawing.
Aluminium can be turned,milled or bored readily, using the correct
toolage.
 In fact, most aluminium alloys can be machined speedily and easily. An
important factor contributing to the low cost of finished aluminium parts.
 Aluminium is a popular choice of material for complex-sectioned hollow
extrusions.
 Almost any method of joining is applicable - riveting, welding, brazing or
soldering.
 A wide variety of mechanical aluminum fasteners simplifies the assembly
of many products. Adhesive bonding of aluminium parts is successfully
employed in manyapplications including aircraft components, car bodies
and some buildingapplications.
 Easy Surface Treatment:-
 For many applications, aluminium requires no protective or decorative
coating; thesurface supplied is entirely adequate without further
finishing. Mechanical finishessuch as polishing, embossing, sand blasting,
or wire brushing meet a variety of needs.

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 Where the plain aluminium surface does not suffice, a wide variety of
surface finishes are available to suit. Chemical, electrochemical and paint
finishes are allused.
 Above all, anodising treatment can provide excellent corrosion resistance
and a wide range of colour variations. Such finishes are widely used for
both interior and exteriorapplications.
 Non-magnetic& toxic:-
 Aluminium has non-magnetic properties which make it useful for
electrical shielding such as busbar or magnetic compass housings. Other
applications include computerdisks and parabolic antennas.
 The fact that aluminium is essentially non-toxic was discovered in the
early days ofthe industry. It is this characteristic which enables the metal
to be used in cookingutensils without any harmful effect on the body.
 Aluminium with its smooth surface is easily cleaned, promoting a hygienic
environment for food processing.
 Aluminiumfoil wrapping and containers are used extensively and safely in
direct contact withfood products.

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CHAPTER :- 4
 CASE STUDY:-NEHRU SEHKARBHAWAN, JAIPUR
INTRODUCTION

LOCATION - NEHRU SEHKAR BHAWAN, JAIPUR
USAGE TYPE - DOORS AND WINDOW FRAMES.
MATERIALS - ALUMINIUM PROFILES, GLASS AND PIVOTMACHINES.
CONSTRUCTION METHOD:
THE ALUMINIUM IS READILY AVAILABLE IN THE MARKET AS PROFILES OF
DIFFERENTSECTIONS WHICH CAN BE ASSEMBLED EASILY. THE PROFILES AND
DIFFERENT SECTIONS ARE AVAILABLE IN THE FORM OF PIPES WHICH CAN
PIECES CAN BE JOINED BY SCREWS.

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 ALIUMINIUMDOORS CANBE OF DIFFERENTTYPES
 ACCORDING TO THEFIXING TECHNIQUE.
 SLIDING ALUMINIUMFRAMED DOOR
 (LOCATION:NARAYAN SINGH CIRCLE FOOROVER BRIDGE,)
 THIS TYPEOF DOORS ARECOSIDERED SUITABLE
 FORSHOPS, SHEDS, GODOWNS,GARAGES ETC, AND
 PLACES WHERE USE OF HINGES FORFIXING THE
 SHUTTER IS TO BE AVOIDED.

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PIVOTED ALUMINIUMFRAMED DOOR
(LOCATION NEHRU SEHKAR BHAWAN, JAIPUR)
 PIVOTS ARESMALL MACHINES WHICH ARE
 ATTACHED TO THE BOTTOMOF THE DOORTO
 HELP OPNING AND CLOSING OF THEDOOR.
 THESE MACHINES AREFIXED TO THE SHUTTER
 AND ARE INSIDETHEFLOORITSELF.

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 PROFILES ARE THE BASIC SECTIONL SHAPES OF ALUMINIUM PIPES WHICH ARE
USED TO INTERLOCK DIFFERENT PROFILES INTO EACH OTHER AS WELL AS TO
PROVIDE STRENGTH TO THE PIPES.
 PROFILES CAN BE OF DIFFERENT TYPES ACCORDING TO THEIR SAPES AND USE,

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PROCEDURE OF MAKING A SIMPLE FRAME
 STEP 1
MEASUREMENT AND MARKING
 STEP 2
CUTTING OF PIPES
 STEP3
DRILLING HOLES FOR SCREWS
 STEP 4
JOINING ANGLES AND VEATICAL AND HORIZONTAL PARTS.
 FINAL STEP
FIXING READY FRAME TO THE OPENING.

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 ADVANTAGES
 ALUMINIUMWINDOW FRAMES ARERELATIVELYLOW INCOSTTHEN
TIMBERFRAMES.
 ALIUMINIUMFRAMES ARELIGHTWEIGHT.
 THEY ARE CORROSIONRESISTANT.
 ALIUMINIUMFRAMES MAYHAVEANODIZED, BAKED, ENAMEL, OR
FLUOROPOLUMERRESINFINISHES.
 ALUMINIUMFRAMES ARE AVAILABLEINDIFFERENTTYPES OF
INTERLOCKING PROFILES.
 CONSTRUCTIONOF DOORFRAMES AND WINDOWFRAMES IS VERY
QUICK AND EASY.
 NO NEED OF SKILLED LABOURFOR CONSTRUCTING FRAMES FROM
ALUMINIUMPIPES.
 IS AVAILABLEINDIFFERENTCOLORS AND CANBE COLORED AS
DESIRED.

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 DISADVANTAGES
 ALUMINIUM IS COSTLY FOR LOW LEVEL CONSTRUCTION THEN TIMBER.
 ALUMINIUM PROFILE PIPES ARE NOT VERY STRONG RESIST NATURAL DISASTERS
ON A ON HIGH LEVEL.
 THEY CANNOT BE USED FOR INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS WHICH REQUIRE WINDOWS
WITH SAFET BARS.
 AS THE FRAME IS FIXED BY SCREWS, IT IS EASY TO OPEN THEMWHICH IS ALSO NOT
FIT FOR SAFETY PURPOSE.
 DUE TO THE HEAT CONDUCTION EFFICIENCY OF ALUMINIUM, SNTHETIC RUBBER
OR PLASTIC THERMAL BREAKS ARE REQUIRED TO INTERRUPT THE FLOW OF HEAT
FROM WARM TO COOL SIDE OF THE FRAME.
 SEALENTS ARE REQUIRED TO WATERPROOF JOINTS BETWEEN THE WINDOW
FRAME AND THE WALL CONSTRUCTION.

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CHAPTER :- 5
ANALYSISOF ALUMINIUMAS A BUILDING
MATERIAL:-
Aluminium –Building material of the modern age:
Modern building and construction is more than merely erecting buildings as
functionally as possible. In addition to functional and economic criteria, aesthetic and
design considerations together with ecological demands placed on building projects
play an equally important role.
This means the materials used are of major significance. Aluminium, the building
material for the modern age, established itself as an important factor in the building
and construction industry during the course of the 20th century.
Aluminium enables every possible architectural concept to be realised – regardless of
whether it is a new build or a modernization.
Possible applications range from façades and roof and wall manufacturers of
Aluminium building products systems to interior decoration and the design of living are
world leaders technologically – not least space, and include windows and doors,
balconies because the companies have furthered the and conservatories development
of modern windows and façades in the fields of surface treatment, thermal insulation
and soundproofing, air conditioning and solar heating.

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With an annual domestic demand of about 500,000 tonnes, the building and
construction industry is the second largest market for aluminium products in Germany.
Its share of the total aluminium market is 15 percent.
Aluminium is the second most widely specified metal in buildings after steel, and is
used in all construction sectors, from commercial buildings to domestic dwellings. 40%
of the UK annual production of aluminium is utilized within the construction industry,
which equates to roughly 150,000 tonnes of aluminium per annum, of which
approximately 65,000 tonnes is extruded products, and 25,000 tonnes sheet materials.
The main market sectors are windows, roofing, cladding, curtain walling and structural
glazing, prefabricated buildings, architectural hardware, H&V, shop fitting and partitions.
Aluminium is also used extensively in plant, ladders and scaffolding.
Primary smelter aluminium is pure and, as such, has a relatively low strength. For
extrusions and other manufactured components, the material is alloyed to improve its
strength, although even the most heavily alloyed wrought aluminium is still 92% pure.
The two series of alloys most widely used in construction are the 5000 series work-
hardened magnesium alloys and the 6000 series heat-treatable magnesium silicone
alloys. The latter are more extrudable and, therefore, offer greater scope for complex
shapes. Silicone alloys (such as LM6) and manganese alloys (such as 3103) are also used
for specific construction applications.

29. 29
By selecting the right alloy, the designer is offered a wide range of properties including
high strength (up to 400 MPa or 26 tonnes per sq inch), low density, high thermal
conductivity, and good forming and joining characteristics.
The choice of the most appropriate alloy of the 6000 series for a particular extrusion
depends on the nature of the task it has to perform. A balance has to be struck between
strength, ease of forming and finish.
The 6063 alloy, for instance, has good extra durability, corrosion resistance and surface
finish; and is thus widely used in fenestration. The properties of the individual alloys are
amplified by the shape of the extruding die.
Careful and knowledgeable design can take advantage of the ability of the extrusion
process to distribute the material across the section to exactly where it is needed for a
particular performance requirement.
 Opportunities for creative design:-
Whether it be office towers, congress centres or shopping arcades, museums or
universities, airport terminals, railway stations, football stadiums or simply residential
buildings, façades made from aluminium profiles and panels offer architects unlimited
opportunities for creative architects unlimited opportunities for creative design.
The ‘personality’ of many a modern building only manifests itself fully when building only
manifests itself fully when aluminium is used. Just as skin protects the body, so
aluminium façades protect buildings from the elements.
They serve to keep out heat, cold, rain and noise and to provide a high level of comfort
for the people living and working in the buildings. The outer skin of a modern building
therefore has to satisfy numerous demands.
The choice of façade type and supporting structure will depend on the specific
requirements. With aluminium profile systems one can use classical mullion–transom
façades, unitised façades, structural glazing, double- skin façades or special structures
such as pyramids, polygons, barrel vaulting or round canopies. Aluminium is suitable even
for large-surface use and for extreme loading, such as is found in high-rise buildings and
television towers. In the world’s current tallest skyscraper, the 508- metre high Taipei 101
in Taiwan, the façade elements enclosed in aluminium frames are capable of
withstanding winds of up to 200 kilometers an hour as well as seismic shocks measuring 5
on the Richter scale. Even for less spectacular buildings, for example hospitals and

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concert halls, which demand a high degree of absorption of structure-borne and airborne
noise, aluminium has proven its worth for support purposes.
Where ‘sustainable’ methods of building are concerned, modern façades need to fulfill
greater demands with respect to energy savings, cost reductions and quality of life.
Intelligent façade systems – in other words, systems that are characterised by
automation and control of the façade elements – provide the best possible light
conditions, air conditioning, solar shading, and energy storage and distribution The
innovative double-skin façades used in modern aluminium–glass architecture are not
only increasingly characterizing the face of large metropolises.
They link the demands for hi- tech, ecology, aesthetics and vision in many ways. The
additional glazing, which is positioned in front of a thermally insulated inner façade with
leaves that can be opened, results in a considerable improvement in the energy
efficiency of buildings; aluminium profiles are used for the structural frames of the
glazing Compared with conventional buildings, the energy requirement can be reduced
significantly.
Additional benefits of double-skin façades are that they allow rooms to be ventilated
naturally and that they improve the sound insulation with respect to outside noise.. By
use of variable profile dimensions, the constructions can be adjusted to fit practically
every possible installation.
New mullion–transom connectors made from cast aluminium shorten erection times.
Structural glazing, on the other hand, is characterised by a flush-fit appearance in which
the aluminium profiles are only visible from the room side. From the outside, the
appearance is dominated by mirrored glass with intricate shaded grooves.
These façades have a high degree of self-cleaning because the glazed areas are
absolutely flush. They result in a large amount of the added value being transferred
from the building site to the factory.
Floor-to-ceiling prefabricated modules with integrated electrical components and short
erection times enable the construction to proceed quickly and with the highest possible
level of manufacturing quality. The profiles are usually developed to meet the specific
needs of the particular building, for example with respect to fire protection and sound
insulation. Unitised façades are usually made from aluminium profiles with thermal
breaks because of the high proportion of special extruded profiles.

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 Glossary:-
 Fillet:
Concave junction between two surfaces.
 Bright anodizing:
A process used to obtain a highly reflective surface on 6000 series alloys whereby the
metal is mechanically polished and chemically treated prior to electrolysis.
 Modulus of elasticity:
The ratio of stress to corresponding strain through the range where they are
proportional.
 Modulus of rigidity:
The ratio of unit sheer stress, in a torsional bar, to the displacement caused by it per
unit length in the elastic range.
 Quenching:
Controlling rapid cooling of a metal from an elevated temperature through contact with
a liquid, gas or solid.
 TIG/MIG welding
Tungsten inert gas or metal inert gas welding.
Metal Concentration
(% of total by weight)
Aluminium 97.65 to 98.5
Silicone 0.2 to 0.6
Iron 0.35
Copper 0.1
Manganese 0.1
Magnesium 0.45 to 0.9
Chromium 0.1
Zinc 0.1
Titanium 0.1

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 SOME IMPORTANT PROJECT OF ALUMINIUM
1 Leisure
 Project Oasis Forest Holiday Village, Penrith
 Architect HMA Architects
 Installer CAP Aluminium Systems Ltd
 System Kawneer Series 1200 curtain walling system
 Contract value £375,000
 Specification Roof glazing to Butterfly Building consisting of 18m
concrete drum with two fanned wings. Low pitch
roof offers clear spans of 45m to accommodate
radial plan, fitted with 24mm clear double glazing
units with toughened outer pane and laminated
inner pane.
 Detail Kawneer’s new ‘stalk’ version of its Series 1200
sloped curtain wall offering slimmer sight lines and
reduced weight, but the same structural
performance.

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2 . Education
 Project Glamorgan University, B Block
 Architect Stubbs & Rich
 Installer Siac Construction Ltd
 System Kawneer Series 190 doors, Kawneer Series 1200
curtain walling system and Kawneer Econ 75 Top
Swing windows
 Contract value £250,000
 Specification Refurbishment of 1950s university building,
keeping within original design aesthetic but
incorporating CDMregulations.
 Detail Safety and maintenance requirements met by
Kawneer’s Econ 75 Top Swing window which can
be cleaned from the inside.

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3 Residential
Project 8-13 Bird Street, London
Architect Koski Solomon & Ruthven Architects
Installer CAP Aluminium Systems Ltd.
System Kawneer Series Designer 53 swing doors, Kawneer
Series 1200 curtain walling, Kawneer Series
casement windows and Kawneer Series 503 Tilturn
windows
Contract value £672,000
Specification Residential-style glazing contract featuring the new
Kawneer Series 503 Tilturn windows set within
large bays, and as projecting within brickwork
enclosed by Kawneer Series 1200 curtain walling
system.
Detail Safety rails to the exterior of windows, and clip-on
face caps to emphasise the development’s vertical
lines.

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4 Commercial/Office
Project Five Brindleyplace, Birmingham
Architect Sidell Gibson
Installer Glamalco Ltd
System Kawneer Series 1200 curtain walling system,
Kawneer Series 1200 slope glazing system,
Kawneer framing system and Kawneer Series
Tilturn windows
Contract value £1,400,000
Specification Complex six-storey curtain walling structure with
glazed atrium designed to offer natural internal
environment with minimal solar gain through use
of automatic blinds and vents.
Detail Atrium glazing featuring Kawneer Series 1200
slope glazing system.

36. 36
5 Public Buildings
Project Millennium Stadium, Cardiff
Architect Lobb Sports Architecture
Installer Siac Construction Ltd
System Kawneer Series 1200 curtain walling system
Contractvalue £3,500,000
Specification Feature bands of continuous horizontal
glazing, set within the cladding, running
around the entire building
Detail Kawneer Series 1200 curtain walling
cantilevered out over the River Taff.

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 Future of Aluminium as a building material:-
Aluminium is the most widely-used material for meeting architects’ performance
requirements when designing curtain walling and non-standard systems.
The material adapts well to all types of architecture and allows a wide variety of shapes
and forms; windows and spans.
The inherent qualities of aluminium, its infinite recyclability, strength and lightness,
durability and low maintenance qualities mean it is one of the most
sustainable building materials.
Aluminium allows 15 to 47 per cent more light compared with other materials, and the
thermal and acoustic properties of aluminium systems are continually improving to meet
the most demanding architectural specifications.
It is also:
 Abundant. Aluminium is the earth’s third most abundant element after oxygen and
silicium(before iron).
 Health. Aluminium does not emit dust, vapour, or particles and is not toxic to
touch.
 Low maintenance. Given its durability and resistance due to surface treatments,
aluminium structures need only regular cleaning with neutral detergents followed
by rinsing with water.
 Non-flammable. Aluminium is non-flammable and reaches its point of fusion in
case of fire at about 650°C and gives off no flammable gas or vapour.
Applications of Aluminium in Construction and Building
Aluminium extruded, rolled, and cast products are commonly used for window frames
and other glazed structures ranging from shop fronts to large roof superstructures for
shopping centres and stadiums; for roofing, siding, and curtain walling, as well as for
cast door handles, catches for windows, staircases, heating and air-conditioning
systems. Most recently, aluminium has played a significant role in the renovation of
historic buildings. The characteristics and properties of aluminium as a material have
lead to revolutionary and innovative changes in building techniques and architectural
and engineering projects. Aluminium is leading the way into the future of the
construction industry.

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 Aluminium – The heavyweight in lightweight
construction.
When it comes to green building, the functionality of a material is not everything.
But without a high degree of functionality, all other requirements would take a
backseat.
As a constructional material, aluminium is characterised by numerous physical,
chemical and technical properties that assign it an outstanding role in the building
sector.
One of aluminium’s outstanding properties is its long useful life. Thanks to an
extremely thin but strong oxide layer, it is resistant to corrosion and the weather as
well as to UV radiation.
Especially with long-life objects like buildings, this is beneficial: for one thing,
during service components only have to be replaced after a long time, if at all; and
for another, it minimises the effort required for service and maintenance. Both of
these have a favourable bearing on aluminium’s environmental balance.
The aluminium alloys used in architecture exhibit good weathering behaviour even
in marine environments and are resistant to seawater, which means that they
maintain their mechanical properties and stability even after being exposed for long
periods of time.
It is possible to optimise these properties in a specific manner by means of surface
pretreatment and the use of coatings .By contrast, steel structures like the Eiffel
Tower or timber frames that are exposed to the elements need to be painted
regularly to protect the magainst rusting or weathering.

39. 39
 ALUMINIUM-In green building:-
Building sustainably so as to satisfy the needs of the future means more than just having a
roof over one’s head. Ultimately, it means designing buildings in such a way that they
satisfy today’s economic, ecological, societal, cultural and urban developmental demands
as well as – more importantly – those of the future. In this respect one can list numerous
characteristics of a sustainable method of construction: functionality, safety, health,
conservation of value, living comfort, architectural aesthetics and lots more. Ecological
aspects include questions relating to the conservation of resources and energy efficiency,
environmental impact, recyclability of building materials, ease of maintenance and
durability. Green building thus starts at the planning stage and has to take the whole life
cycle of a building into consideration. Faced with these differing requirements, aluminium
has repeatedly proven to be a modern building material and has made a major
contribution to shaping architecture and the building industry whether it be as a mono-
material or in combination with other building materials. Aluminium opens up almost
infinite design opportunities for architects, offers an abundance of material properties that
meet the needs of the future, and satisfies the most stringent demands when it comes to
ecological and climate-relevant matters.
This closed material loop is already functioning in an exemplary manner today. The
recycling rate for aluminium building products is about 96 per cent.
Once aluminium products have entered the production loop, they can be melted down
again at the end of their useful life anindefinite number of times without any loss inquality
and then processed into new, high-gradeproduct.

40. 40

41. 41

42. 42
CONCLUSIONS
It is certain that Aluminium will become even more widely used in construction as pressure
grows for buildings that are flexible, easy to maintain and offer low cost-in-use. There is
certainly scope for growth in a wide variety of structural applications, such as supporting
Aluminium sheet roofing on aluminium extruded roofing members. This growth is limited
principally by a lack of understanding of Aluminium’s true structural abilities.
No construction material is perfect. Timber is affected by moisture, requires maintenance,
has limited structural capabilities and cannot be machined into complex shapes. Steel has a
relatively poor strength to weight ratio, cannot be thermally broken, rusts in an untreated
state and, under stress, is prone to brittle fractures. PVC is available in a limited range of
colours, can suffer from polymer migration, does not have the inherent stiffness of metals,
and has been attacked on environmental grounds by leading environmental NGOs.
Aluminium, while it has a relatively high initial energy cost, offers unparalleled
manufacturing flexibility, the broadest ranges of finishes, an excellent strength-to-weight
ratio, unlimited recyclables and has a far better environmental profile than many specifiers
believe. Above all, it offers architects the most elegant and satisfying design solutions.
For many contemporary designers there are simply no alternative to Aluminium – the form
dictates the material and the material facilitates the form. This fact alone will ensure the
continued growth of Aluminium in construction.
A recent study by renowned architect Professor Michael Stacey, on behalf of the
International Aluminium Institute, has concluded that aluminium in buildings is proven to
last and remain in excellent condition for decades longer than previously expected.
The report, titled Aluminium and Durability: Towards Sustainable Cities, looked at buildings
such at Cribbs Causeway in Bristol and the FT Printing Works and the USB Offices, both in
London. The findings resulted in the following recommendations by the report authors:

43. 43
· Coated aluminium used in buildings is now being given warranties of up to 40 years.
· Aluminium used in window frames should be given a service life of 80 years, an
upward revision of 40 years.
· Aluminium used internally has an infinite lifespan.
· Coated aluminium stands the test of time, with power coatings applied in the '70s
still performing well today.
ALFED’s CEO Will Savage, who welcomed this report, said: “This is really good news for the
aluminium sector. We already know the great qualities of this versatile material, which is
corrosion resistant, lightweight and fully recyclable, has and to have this independent
confirmation of increased longevity is very welcome.
“Companies that have chosen aluminium as a key material in their buildings will
undoubtedly be pleasantly surprised to learn that they’re unlikely to require maintenance
of aluminium parts for years to come, except regular cleaning,” Mr Savage said.
Aluminium has been used in buildings for more than a hundred years, with the metal first
appearing in the Church of St Edmunds, Derbyshire in 1895. It has been used in many
famous architectural landmarks including the Empire State Building (New York), the
Gherkin (London) and the Hong Kong and Shanghai Bank HQ (Hong Kong).
The report concluded: “This research has revealed aluminium-based architecture that is
performing well in our towns, cities and rural landscape. The durability of this aluminium
architecture should be recognised and celebrated. The interim conclusion of this research
suggests that well specified and well detailed aluminium architecture should be considered
to be very durable and have a very long life expectancy.”

44. 44
REFRENCES
LIST OF FIGURES
Fig . 2.1-1 Aluminium production and life cycle
Fig. 3.1-1 Aluminium sheet
Fig. 3.1-2 Aluminium stair case
Fig. 3.1-3 Aluminium profiled cladding
Fig. 3.1-4 Aluminium use in ceiling
Fig. 3.2.1-1 Aluminium use in glass glazing
Fig. 3.2.2-1 Aluminium curtain wall
Fig. 3.3.1-1 Aluminium load deflection curve
Fig. 3.3.1-2 Aluminium strength
Fig. 3.3.2-4 Bi-fold patio door
Fig 3.4-1 Hinged door
Fig 3.4.2 Double hung windows
Fig 3.4.3 Awning windows
Fig .3.5.1 Casement window
Fig. 3.5.2 Sliding window
Fig 3.6 1: Location of aluminium plants in india
Fig 4.1: Nehru sekhar bhawan jaipur foyer
Fig 4.2.: Profiles of different section
Fig 4.3.: Fixing technique
Fig 4.4.:Hinges for fixing
Fig 4.5.: Pivoted aluminium framed door
Fig 4.6.: Aluminium door detail
Fig 4.7.: Aluminium shutter frame
Fig 4.8.: Aluminium frame and joints
Fig 5. New building modernization
Fig 5.1.1 Aluminium used in construction
Fig 6.1 Oasis forest hoilday village

45. 45
Fig 6.2 Glamorgan university
Fig 6.3 8-13bird street
Fig 6.4 Five brindleyplace
Fig 6.5 Millennium stadium
Fig 6.6 Aluminium-solar-shading
Fig 6.7 aluminium cadding
Fig 6.8 Use of aluminium ingreen building

46. 46
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