Architecture satisfies the basic human need for shelter through artistic designs that incorporate construction materials and technologies to meet functional and aesthetic goals. As both an art and science, architecture shapes our built environments and influences our lives through structures that house daily activities while expressing cultural values. Different eras and locations have favored distinct architectural styles and materials, from stone temples and cathedrals to modern steel-and-glass skyscrapers, that reflect available technologies and design philosophies.

1. 0Three-Dimensional Art Sculpture Architecture Craft & Design

2. 0“The mother art is architecture. Without an architecture of our own, we have no soul of our own civilization.” –Frank Lloyd Wright

3. 0IntroductionWhat is architecture?Why is architecture important to us?Why does architecture, of all the arts, have the greatest impact on our lives?

4. What is Architecture?Architecture is the art of building. It satisfies a basic, universal human need for shelter. An architect is an artist who designs structures to enclose residential, commercial, or public space. Architects work with construction technologies, building materials, topography, contractors, and governmental regulations within a project budget to satisfy their clients' wants and needs.

5. ArchitectureArchitecture - The art and science of designing buildings, and other structures to meet our personal and communal needs.It is also a vehicle for artistic expression in three-dimensions.The architect mediates between the client and the selected site.

6. Architectural MaterialsStone, Wood, Concrete, Iron, Steel

7. Dolmen, Megalithic. Donegal, Ireland

8. STONE CONSTRUCTIONMassive and virtually indestructible. Symbol of strength and permanence.expresses warmthTerms:Kivas - Circular underground communities centers created by the native American Cliff dwellers. Adobe - dried mud used in architectural construction.

9. Post and Lintel Construction

10. Post and Lintel ConstructionStonehenge, Megalithic, Wiltshire, England

11. Cliff Dwellings, Mesa Verde, Colorado (Native American, Pre-Columbian).

12. Dry MasonryWalls of Fortress of Machu Picchu, Urubamba Valley, Peru (Incan, 1490–1530).

13. Stone as a favored materialTemple of Amen-Re, Karnak (Egyptian, XVIII dynasty, 1570–1342 BCE).

14. Stone as a favored material Ictinos and Callicrates. The Parthenon, The Acropolis, Athens, Greece

15. The ArchArches span distances without the use of interior supports.They provide support for other structures, such as roofs.They, also, serve as symbolic gateways, as in the Arch of Triumph in Paris, France.

16. Rounded ArchesRounded arches enclosing square bay

17. Pointed ArchesPointed arches enclosing rectangular bay.

18. Tunnel or barrel vault

19. Groin vaulting

20. Ribbed vaulting: Groin vault showing ribs that carry greatest loads

21. Flying buttress

22. Notre Dame Cathedral, Gothic, Paris, France

23. Notre Dame Cathedral, Gothic, Paris, France

24. Stone is an elegant Gothic structural method for examples see:Cathedral of Notre DamePointed archesGroin vaultingRibbed vaultingFlying buttressesAmple fenestrationStained glass windows

25. DomesDomes are hemispherical formsThey are rounded when viewed from underneathThey are extensions of the principle of the archThey are capable of enclosing a vast amount of spacePendentives - triangular surfaces used to support the dome on a square base. Piers - structures under the pendentives that the load of the dome is transferred toVeneers - thin facades

26. Dome

27. The Pantheon, Rome

28. HagiaSophia, Byzantine Church, Istanbul

29. Other Uses of Stone in ConstructionStone is rarely used today as a structural materialExpensive to quarry and transportMostly stone veneers are usedDecorative stone used on façadesStone slabs are used for entry halls, patios, and gardens.

30. Wood ConstructionAdvantages:AttractiveVersatileAbundant/RenewableLightCan be worked onsite with portable hand toolsVariety of colors and grainsWeathers wellCan be paintedCan be used on the façade or as a structural materialDisadvantages:WarpsCracksHighly flammableTermitesRot

31. Post and Beam Construction Similar to post-and-lintel construction Vertical and horizontal timbers are cut and pieced together with wooden pegs The beams allow for windows, doors, and interior supports Supports another story or roofs

32. Postandbeam construction

33. Post and Beam

34. TrussesTrusses - Lengths of wood, iron, or steel pieced together in a triangular shapeTrusses span larger distancesTrusses are used as design and engineering elements

35. Trusses

36. Balloon FramingAn American construction building technique.A product of the Industrial Revolution (early 20th century)Mass production and assembly of materialsOriginally “balloon framing” was an insulting term due to the fact that people were skeptical that it would work.

37. Balloon framing.

38. Cape Cod–style houses built by Levitt & Sons, Levittown, NY (c. 1947–1951).

39. CAST IRON CONSTRUCTIONCast-IronWas also a product of the 19th century’s Industrial RevolutionIt was a welcome alternative to stone and woodAllowed for the erection of taller buildings with thinner wallsHas great strength but is heavyPrefabrication Steel-cage construction

40. Engraving of Sir Joseph Paxton’s Crystal Palace, London (1851).

41. GUSTAVE EIFFEL. Eiffel Tower, Paris (1889).

42. Steel-Cage ArchitectureVery strong metal with some carbon and other metalsHarder than cast iron and very expensive; however, less of the material needs to be usedSkeletal forms of steel result in “steel cages”Façades and inner walls are hung from the skeleton

43. TermsSteel - strong metal of iron alloyed with small amounts of carbon and a variety of other metals. Steel cages - skeletal forms onto which I-beams can be riveted or welded. Pilasters

44. Steel-cage construction.

45. Louis Sullivan. Wainwright Building, St. Louis, MO (1890).

46. “Less is more.”–Ludwig Miës van der Rohe

47. REINFORCED CONCRETEReinforced Concrete - (or ferroconcrete)Steel rods and/or steel mesh are inserted into wet concrete.Steel is inserted at points of greatest stress before hardening.Advantages: Less susceptible to pulling apart at stress pointsThe concrete prevents the steel from rusting. Can span great distances then stoneSupports more weight then steelCan take on more natural shapes.

48. FRANK LLOYD WRIGHT. Kaufmann House (“Fallingwater”), Bear Run, PA (1936).

49. MOSHE SAFDIE. Habitat, Expo 67, Montreal (1967).

50. STEEL-CABLE ARCHITECTURESteel-cable bridges are not new. The Asian culture has made suspension bridges for thousands of years. Steel Cable - many parallel wires are intertwined so that they share the stress of the load. Advantages:Strong FlexibleCan sway during weather and traffic conditions

51. Figure 11.18, p.228: JOHN A. ROEBLING. Brooklyn Bridge, New York (1869–1883).

52. SHELL ARCHITECTURE Modern materials and engineering methods now enclose spaces with inexpensive shell structures. Shells are capable of spanning greater spaces Constructed from reinforced concrete, wood, steel, etc. Concept as old as the tent or new as a geodesic dome

53. BUCKMINSTER FULLER. United States Pavilion, Expo 67, Montreal (1967).

54. NEW MATERIALS, NEW VISIONSNew idea in architecture: “If you can think it, we can build it.”Global architects now adopt high-tech metals and methods.Different visions concerning assembling designs and buildings have created new and interesting buildings. Architects are also using unorthodox building materials.

55. EERO SAARINEN. Jefferson National Expansion Memorial, Gateway Arch, St. Louis, MO (1966).

56. Discussion Questions:Why is architecture so important to us as humans?Why is architecture an artform and a science (engineering)?