The document discusses toluidine blue (TB) staining. It explains that TB is a metachromatic vital stain that selectively stains acidic tissue components. It outlines the structure, principle, and applications of TB staining, including its use in detecting potentially malignant oral lesions. The document also discusses the preparation, procedure, interpretation and sensitivity/specificity of TB staining.
Definition
General properties
Composition
Function of saliva
Formation of saliva
Method for collecting saliva
Advantages
Limitations
Analysis of saliva done for the diagnosis of systemic disease
Definition:
by Stedmann’s & Lipincott medical dictionary.
A clear, tasteless, odourless, slightly acidic (pH 6.8) viscous fluid, consisting of the secretion from the parotid, sublingual, submandibular salivary glands and the mucous glands of the oral cavity.
General properties
Volume: 1000 to 1500 mL of saliva is secreted per day and, it is approximately about 1 ml/ minute.
Contribution by each major salivary gland is:
i. Parotid glands: 25%
ii. Submandibular glands: 70%
iii. Sublingual glands: 5%.
Reaction: Mixed saliva from all the glands is slightly acidic with pH of 6.35 to 6.85.
Specific gravity: It ranges between 1.002 and 1.012.
Tonicity: Saliva is hypotonSalivary flow
The average person produces approximately 0.5 L – 1.5 L per day
Unstimulated Flow (resting salivary flow―no external stimulus)
Typically 0.2 mL – 0.3 mL per minute
Stimulated Flow (response to a stimulus, usually taste, chewing, or medication [eg, at mealtime])
Typically 1.5 mL – 2 mL per minute
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Definition
General properties
Composition
Function of saliva
Formation of saliva
Method for collecting saliva
Advantages
Limitations
Analysis of saliva done for the diagnosis of systemic disease
Definition:
by Stedmann’s & Lipincott medical dictionary.
A clear, tasteless, odourless, slightly acidic (pH 6.8) viscous fluid, consisting of the secretion from the parotid, sublingual, submandibular salivary glands and the mucous glands of the oral cavity.
General properties
Volume: 1000 to 1500 mL of saliva is secreted per day and, it is approximately about 1 ml/ minute.
Contribution by each major salivary gland is:
i. Parotid glands: 25%
ii. Submandibular glands: 70%
iii. Sublingual glands: 5%.
Reaction: Mixed saliva from all the glands is slightly acidic with pH of 6.35 to 6.85.
Specific gravity: It ranges between 1.002 and 1.012.
Tonicity: Saliva is hypotonSalivary flow
The average person produces approximately 0.5 L – 1.5 L per day
Unstimulated Flow (resting salivary flow―no external stimulus)
Typically 0.2 mL – 0.3 mL per minute
Stimulated Flow (response to a stimulus, usually taste, chewing, or medication [eg, at mealtime])
Typically 1.5 mL – 2 mL per minute
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Definition:
by Stedmann’s & Lipincott medical dictionary.
A clear, tasteless, odourless, slightly acidic (pH 6.8) viscous fluid, consisting of the secretion from the parotid, sublingual, submandibular salivary glands and the mucous glands of the oral cavity.
General properties
Volume: 1000 to 1500 mL of saliva is secreted per day and, it is approximately about 1 ml/ minute.
Contribution by each major salivary gland is:
i. Parotid glands: 25%
ii. Submandibular glands: 70%
iii. Sublingual glands: 5%.
Reaction: Mixed saliva from all the glands is slightly acidic with pH of 6.35 to 6.85.
Specific gravity: It ranges between 1.002 and 1.012.
Tonicity: Saliva is hypotonic.
DECALCIFICATION AND PREPARATION OF GROUND SECTION OF TEETH /certified fixed o...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Pathophysiology of myoepithelial cells in salivary glandsishita1994
In salivary glands and other exocrine glands, there are
star‑shaped cells lying between the basal lamina and the acinar
and ductal cells. These cells structurally resemble epithelial cells
and smooth muscles and, thus, are referred to as myoepithelial
cells (MECs). Because of their shape and interwoven processes,
they were commonly referred to as “star‑shaped cells” or
“basket cells.” Tamarin described these cells as being “like an
octopus sitting on a rock”.
Since the formation of various parts of the face involves fusion of diverse components.
Occasionally this fusion can be incomplete give rise to various anomalies
MANDIBULOFACIAL DYSOSTOSIS OR FIRST ARCH SYNDROME
- Entire first arch may remain underdeveloped on one or both sides, affecting
Lower eyelid
Maxilla
Mandible
External ear.
- Prominence of the cheek is absent
- Ear is displaced ventrally and caudally
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Definition:
by Stedmann’s & Lipincott medical dictionary.
A clear, tasteless, odourless, slightly acidic (pH 6.8) viscous fluid, consisting of the secretion from the parotid, sublingual, submandibular salivary glands and the mucous glands of the oral cavity.
General properties
Volume: 1000 to 1500 mL of saliva is secreted per day and, it is approximately about 1 ml/ minute.
Contribution by each major salivary gland is:
i. Parotid glands: 25%
ii. Submandibular glands: 70%
iii. Sublingual glands: 5%.
Reaction: Mixed saliva from all the glands is slightly acidic with pH of 6.35 to 6.85.
Specific gravity: It ranges between 1.002 and 1.012.
Tonicity: Saliva is hypotonic.
DECALCIFICATION AND PREPARATION OF GROUND SECTION OF TEETH /certified fixed o...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Pathophysiology of myoepithelial cells in salivary glandsishita1994
In salivary glands and other exocrine glands, there are
star‑shaped cells lying between the basal lamina and the acinar
and ductal cells. These cells structurally resemble epithelial cells
and smooth muscles and, thus, are referred to as myoepithelial
cells (MECs). Because of their shape and interwoven processes,
they were commonly referred to as “star‑shaped cells” or
“basket cells.” Tamarin described these cells as being “like an
octopus sitting on a rock”.
Since the formation of various parts of the face involves fusion of diverse components.
Occasionally this fusion can be incomplete give rise to various anomalies
MANDIBULOFACIAL DYSOSTOSIS OR FIRST ARCH SYNDROME
- Entire first arch may remain underdeveloped on one or both sides, affecting
Lower eyelid
Maxilla
Mandible
External ear.
- Prominence of the cheek is absent
- Ear is displaced ventrally and caudally
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Pathological evaluation of melanocytic lesionsHisashi Uhara
In this lecture, the following basic steps by which I routinely scan specimens in our hospital will be presented with examples.
1. Evaluate the specimen preparation.
1) Is the incision for the specimen made perpendicular to the skin surface?
2) Is the slice of tissue from volar skin made perpendicular to the furrows of skin?
2. Estimate the specimen size and location.
1) Estimate the size of the lesion from the magnification of the objective lens.
2) Estimate the specimen location.
3. Precaution before evaluation
1) Observe the specimens without clinical information as much as possible.
2) Obtain as much information as possible at low magnification.
4. The steps for observation
1) At low magnification: Check the symmetric properties and circumscription of the lesion based on the following points.
a. Distance from the densest area of the lesion to both ends.
b. Variation of the thickness of epidermis from the center to both ends.
c. Distribution of melanin in the coronoid layer, epidermis, and dermis.
d. Distribution of nests and distance between each nest.
e. Density of solitary distributed melanocytes.
f. Existence of inflammatory infiltration in the dermis and its distribution.
g. Continuity of the spread of nests and tumor cells in both ends.
h. Is the bottom of the lesion smooth or not?
2) At high magnification: Check the details of tumor cells.
a. Tumor cells in the epidermis: Existence of necrosis, atypia (large nucleolus), or mitosis.
b. Other findings in the epidermis: Distribution of melanin in the cornified layer, the existence of tumor cells in the upper epidermis, the polymorphism of tumor cells, the relationship between tumor cells and keratinocytes.
c. In the dermis: An overlapping, crowded, or sheet-like gathering of tumor cells, maturation of tumor cells, mitotic figures, or melanin of tumor cells at the bottom of the lesion.
d. In the adnexal area: The existence of tumor cells in adnexal walls.
5. After provisionally giving a pathological diagnosis, check discrepancies between the pathological diagnosis and clinical findings. Return to the pathological evaluation if necessary.
Recent advances in diagnostic aids 2 /certified fixed orthodontic courses by ...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Recent advances in diagnostic aids /certified fixed orthodontic courses by In...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Recent advances in imaging techniques/ /certified fixed orthodontic courses b...Indian dental academy
Welcome to Indian Dental Academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy has a unique training program & curriculum that provides students with exceptional clinical skills and enabling them to return to their office with high level confidence and start treating patients
State of the art comprehensive training-Faculty of world wide repute &Very affordable
Oral mucosa reflects the health of the whole human body at a first glance.If any disorder is present in the system it will first appear in oral cavity. Here is an overview of certain pigmented lesions.
It is the preparation of tissues for microscopic examination.
It is an effective diagnostic tool in clinical pathology.
Histological preparations reveal normal tissue structure, tissue abnormalities and cancerous conditions.
Oral cancer is the world’s 6th most common malignancy and has one of the lowest survival rates, often due to late diagnosis. The most important determinant factor in cancer survival is diagnostic delay and it directly affects the survival rate.
Most oral cancers are preceded by precancerous lesions and early cancers that can be identified by visual inspection of the oral cavity. Conventional oral examination is useful in the discovery of some oral lesions, but it does not identify all potentially premalignant lesions, as some are not readily apparent to visual inspection alone.
Adjunctive techniques have emerged that may facilitate early detection of oral premalignant and malignant lesions. Thorough clinical examinations being one of the best modalities in suspecting the pathology, the biggest disadvantage in the diagnosis lies in detecting the site of biopsy and also whether biopsy is required or not in early lesions.
Nowadays various diagnostic aids have been established in detecting such lesions but easy chair-side techniques can be used if possible. And one such technique is by using vital staining with dyes which is used for early recognition of lesion and also can improve the patient survival rate.
identification of bacteria- lecture 7.pptxOsmanAli92
he culture media are classified in many different ways: Based on the physical state Liquid media Solid media Semisolid media Based on the presence or absence of oxygen Anaerobic media Aerobic media Based on nutritional factors Simple media Synthetic media Complex
Staining is a technique used to enhance contrast in samples, generally at the microscopic level.Staining and fluorescent tagging can serve similar purposes. Biological staining is also used to mark cells in flow cytometry, and to flag proteins or nucleic acids in gel electrophoresis.
Tyler was a blast he was a very funny kid, he had me laughing the whole time, which made it very hard to take notes. He was a fourth generation Mexican American, and the first of his family to go to college. His parents taught him well that life is harder in America for a Mexican. Margaret E. Montoya states a similar experience: “Her lessons about combing, washing, and doing homework frequently relayed a different message: be prepared, because you will be judged by your skin color, your names, your accents. They will see you as ugly, lazy dumb and dirty.” (Montoya 436) Montoya’s experience is very closely related to that of Tyler’s childhood, his parents would try their very best to instill good qualities of hard work and determination into their child, because they knew he was going to need it. Tyler has done well for himself, he is an honors student and he has a 3.5 GPA, he works very hard to be the best he can be, but is still seen as inferior. Tyler’s job just became harder, after the passing of this bill, all of the Mexicans are presumed to be illegal until proven innocent. Thanks to this new law, upon first sight he is looked at as a nuisance, a criminal, and a foreigner. However, he is an excellent student, a volunteer who donates ten hours a week of his time at homeless shelters, and a resident, whose family has been on this land longer that John McCain has been alive. The fact that this racism still happens today, and is seemingly getting worse, just adds to what Montoya’s mother taught her “be prepared, because you will be judged” (Montoya 436)
These three people have many things in common with all Americans, including; they want to live their life, be successful, and be judged on their effort and accomplishments like everyone else. These are people just trying to live the American Dream, which is just made harder by this law that has been passed which just increases the active racism in this country. The 1070 law has done it’s job: making it harder for Mexican Americans to be successful and be equal to whites, through increasing active racism Tyler was a blast he was a very funny kid, he had me laughing the whole time, which made it very hard to take notes. He was a fourth generation Mexican American, and the first of his family to go to college. His parents taught him well that life is harder in America for a Mexican. Margaret E. Montoya states a similar experience: “Her lessons about combing, washing, and doing homework frequently relayed a different message: be prepared, because you will be judged by your skin color, your names, your accents. They will see you as ugly, lazy dumb and dirty.” (Montoya 436) Montoya’s experience is very closely related to that of Tyler’s childhood, his parents would try their very best to instill good qualities of hard work and determination into their child, because they knew he was going to need it. Tyler has done well for himself, he is an honors student and he has a 3.5 GPA, he works very hard to b
Opportunity for Dentists (BDS/MDS )to relocate to United kingdom -Register as a DENTAL HYGIENIST/ DENTAL THERAPIST without Board exams and after approval you can register in GDC as a DH/DT and start working as a DH/DT Immediately and get paid.
You can complete the whole process in 3-4 months.Salary range for DH/DT is around 2500-3500 Pounds per month.
Eligibility / requirements-
1. An International English Language Testing System (IELTS) certificate
at the appropriate level.(Within 2 yrs of application date )
2: A recent primary dental qualification that has been taught and examined in English..(Within 2 yrs of application date )
3: A recent pass in a language test for registration with a regulatory authority in a country where the first language is English.
If you are interested Please contact us for more details.
1ST, 2ND AND 3RD ORDER BENDS IN STANDARD EDGEWISE APPLIANCE SYSTEM /Fixed ort...Indian dental academy
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals
who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry,
Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
I –Aligners are made with FDA approved transparent thermoplastic materials using 3D scanning, 3D Printing and finally Trays with Pressure vacuum formers.
Dear Doctor,
Indian Dental Academy Now offers comprehensive online Orthodontics course.
Course includes:
1.whiteboard lecture presentations
2.Case Discussions
3.with hundreds of pictures.
4.Demo on Models
5.Demo on Patients
6. subtitles in your own language
12 months unlimited access and support @350 USD only.
For Demo please visit :www.idalectures.com/preview/
For more details visit: www.idalectures.com
Please contact us for any clarifications:
idalectures@gmail.com
indiandentalacademy@gmail.com
Thanks & Regards
Indian Dental Academy
--
Indian Dental Academy
Leader in continuing dental education
www.indiandentalacademy.com
skype:indiandentalacademy
+919248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Cytotoxicity of silicone materials used in maxillofacial prosthesis / dental ...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Diagnosis and treatment planning in completely endntulous arches/dental coursesIndian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Properties of Denture base materials /rotary endodontic coursesIndian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Use of modified tooth forms in complete denture occlusion / dental implant...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
2. LEARNINGOBJECTIVES
At the end of the journal club the learner should
be able to
• Define staining
• Classify stains
• Vital stains
• Structure of TB
• Its principle
• Applications
• Method of staining and interpretation
www.indiandentalacademy.com
3. REFRENCES
• Carleton’s: Histological technique, 5th Ed., Oxford
University Press.
• CFA Culling: Cellular pathology technique, 4th Ed.,
Butterworth’s Publication.
• John D. Bancroft: Theory and practice of
histological techniques, 5th Ed., Churchill
Livingstone.
• Toluidine blue uptake in potentially malignant
oral lesions in vivo: Clinical and histological
assessment;Sergio Gandolfo et al;Oral oncologywww.indiandentalacademy.com
4. • Diagnostic efficacy of Lugol’s iodine and
Toluidine blue in oral premalignant and
malignant lesions; Kamarthi Nagaraju et al; Indian
Journal of Dental Reaserch;2010.
• Advanced Diagnostic Aids in Oral Cancer; KMK
Masthan et al; Asian Pacific J Cancer Prev,2012;
13, 3573-3576.
• Supravital Staining: It’s Role In Detecting Early
Malignancies;Mahesh Chandra Hegde,
Panduranga M et al:Indian Journal of
Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery Vol.
58, No. 1, January-March 2006.
• 06-Cell Patholgy – Ch 06; Staining theory.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
5. STAINING
• Staining may be loosely defined as treating the
tissues or cells with a reagent or series of reagents
so that they acquire a colour, usually no particles
of dye are visible and the stained elements are
transparent.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
6. THEORIES OF STAINING
ELECTROVALENT BONDING:
• Ionic bonding involves electrostatic attraction
between oppositely charged ions.
• One ion is a fixed ion in the tissue section and the
other is the dye ion.
• Anionic (negatively charged) dyes will bind to
cations (positively charged) in the tissue, and
cationic dyes will bind to tissue anions.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
8. HYDROGENBONDING
• It is a force of attraction between a hydrogen atom
in one molecule and a small atom of high
electronegativity in another molecule.
• Thus, it is an intermolecular force, not an
intramolecular force.
• The hydrogen bond has a very limited range and
will only form if the two interacting groups are
brought sufficiently close together.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
9. VanderWaals’ forces
• These are short-range forces and will only have an
effect if the two atoms are between about 0.12 and
0.2 nm apart.
• They are active when there is dipole-dipole
interaction.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
10. COVALENTBOND
• These are very strong bonds and are not easily
broken once formed.
• They are important in the attachment of dyes to
antibodies in immuno-fluorescence.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
13. Anionic Dyes
i. Aniline blue: blue
ii. Eosin: pink-red
iii. Fast green: green
iv. Orange G: orange
v. Picric acid: yellow
www.indiandentalacademy.com
14. Special Stains and Reactions
i. Elastic stains
ii. Lipid stains
iii. Metachromatic stains
iv. Silver stains
v. Vital stains
vi. Romanowsky dyes.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
15. VITALSTAINS
• A technique in which harmless dye is used to
stain the living tissues for microscopical
observation.
• It can be divided into
INTRAVITAL
SUPRAVITAL
www.indiandentalacademy.com
16. INTRAVITAL
• Intravital staining in the living body (in vivo) .
• The stain may be injected into a living animal
and the stained tissues are removed and
examined.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
17. SUPRAVITAL
• Supravital staining outside the body usually
applied to slide preparation of detached cell.
• The living tissue may be removed directly and
subsequently stained.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
18. INTRODUCTION
• Toluidine blue is an acidophilic metachromatic
dye that selectively stains acidic tissue
components .
• It is also known as tolonium chloride.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
19. • TB has been used as a vital stain to highlight
potentially malignant oral lesions and may
identify early lesions.
• TB may stain malignant epithelia of the mucous
membrane in vivo, whereas normal tissue failed
to retain the dye.
• It can outline the full extent of dysplastic
epithelium or carcinoma prior to excisions.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
20. • Loss of heterozygosity may be detected in TB-
stained lesions. TB-stained tissue may appear
dark royal blue or pale royal blue color
www.indiandentalacademy.com
21. HISTORY
• TB was discovered by William Henry Perkin in
1856.
• TB was first applied for in vivo staining by Reichart
in 1963 for uterine cervical carcinoma in situ.
• Neibel ,Chomet and Shedd first used TB for the
detection of premalignant and malignant lesions of
the oral cavity .
www.indiandentalacademy.com
22. STRUCTURE
• TB also known as methylanaline or
aminotoluene.
• It basically has 3 isoforms, namely, ortho-
toluidine, para-toluidine, and meta-toluidine.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
24. PRINCIPLE
• TB stains tissues based on the principle of
metachromasia.
• The dye reacts with the tissues to produce a
color different from that of the original dye and
from the rest of the tissue.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
25. METACHROMASIA
• Majority of the dyes stain tissues in differing
degrees of intensity of the same color.
• However , certain tissue components, in the
presence of certain basic dyes, will stain a color
other than that of the dye.
• Such staining reaction is known as metachromasy
and the tissue is said to exhibit metachromasia and
the dye as a metachromatic dye.www.indiandentalacademy.com
26. • Metachromasia was discovered in 1875 by Cornil,
Jurgens, and Ranvier.
• Among the principal tissue components that exhibit
metachromasia are mucin, cartilage, and mast cell
granules.
• The dyes are mainly of thiazine group, thionine,
TB, azure A, azure B, methyl violet, safranin, and
acridine orange.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
27. PRINCIPLE
• It is a phenomenon whereby a dye may absorb
light at different wavelengths depending on its
concentration and surroundings
• The dye has the ability to change its color
without changing its chemical structure.
• The physical changes that bring about this color
change is dye aggregation.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
28. • Metachromasia is attributed to stacking of dye
cations at the sites of high density of anionic
groups in the tissue.
• Stacking shortens the wavelength of maximum
absorption, a hypsochromic shift.
• So that the maximum wavelength in the spectrum
of the transmitted light is longer.
• This makes the observed color red instead of
blue. www.indiandentalacademy.com
29. • The dye exists in a normal monomeric
(orthochromatic) form to a potential polymeric
(metachromatic) form.
• The negative charges on the chromotropes attract
the positively charged polar groups on the dye
leading to dye-to-dye aggregation.
• There are three forms of metachromasia alpha (α),
beta (β), and gamma (g) giving a range of colors.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
31. TYPE COLOR STRUCTURE TISSUE
α(alpha) Blue Monomeric Hyaluronic acid
β(beta) Purple Dimer & trimer Pectin
(gamma) Red Polymeric Mast granules
www.indiandentalacademy.com
32. • The color absorption shifts to shorter wavelengths,
leaving only the longest wavelengths to be seen.
• This is believed to represent polymerization of the
dye.
• The greater the degree of polymerization, the
stronger is the metachromasia.
• Metachromasia requires water between dye
molecules to form the polymer.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
33. • TB is a small weakly hydrophilic cationic dye.
• Attached to DNA or RNA, this dye has a blue color.
• Attached to GAGs in mast cell granules or cartilage
matrix, the dye displays a purple metachromatic
color.
• TB is typically applied from weakly acidic aqueous
solutions.
• DNA, RNA, and GAG are polyanionic, whereas
most proteins are polycationic.www.indiandentalacademy.com
34. APPLICATIONS
• Connective tissue mucins stains purple to red,
while the background is stained blue.
• Acid mucosubstances (sulphated and
carboxylated) are metachromatic, where as neutral
mucins are orthochromatic.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
35. • These tissues contain highly electronegative
polymers which concentrates the dye molecules
in close proximity to one another.
• These include chondroitin sulphate, heparin,
keratin sulphate & hyaluronic acid.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
36. • Mast cell granules stain purple in color due to
the presence of heparin and histamine.
• Amyloid stain blue but under polarized light they
give a bright red birefringence.
• It is metachromatically stained by methyl violet,
and orthochromatically by standard toluidine
blue method
www.indiandentalacademy.com
37. • The methyl violet is a mixture of tetra, penta, and
hex methyl pararosaniline and coloration of
amyloid is by selective affinity for one of these
colored fractions, hence polychromasia would be
more suitable explanation for this staining.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
38. Endocrine cells:
• Many endocrine cells exhibit masked
metachromasia.
• This characteristic can be unmasked by prior
treatment of tissue sections by hot acid
hydrolysis by HCl.
• This releases carboxyl groups from polypeptides
which are then free to react with and change the
color of basic dyes such as toluidine blue.
• Endocrine cell granules stain – purple to red.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
39. • Corneybacterium diphtheria, stains red violet color.
• These granules contain polymerized inorganic
polyphosphate responsible for metachromasia.
• Toluidine blue or methylene blue granules stain –
red violet color contrasting with the blue staining of
the bacterial protoplasm.
• Helicobacter stains dark blue against a variably
blue background. The concentration of TB used is
1%
www.indiandentalacademy.com
40. TBin MALIGNANCY
• TB is used based on the fact that dysplastic and
neoplastic cells may contain quantitatively more
nucleic acids than normal tissues.
• Also, malignant epithelium may facilitate easy
penetration of the dye.
• The other proposals about the uptake of TB include
the high density of nuclear material, loss of cell
cohesion, and increased mitosis.www.indiandentalacademy.com
41. PREPARATIONOF TBSTAIN
A 100 mL
of 1% TB
pH =4.5
10 mL of
1% acetic
acid
1 gm TB
powder
86 mL
distilled
water
4.19 mL
absolute
alcohol
www.indiandentalacademy.com
42. PROCEDUREFORTB STAINING
Patient is asked to rinse his mouth
twice with water for 20 seconds
1% acetic acid is given for 20
seconds
1% TB solution is then applied for 20
seconds
1% acetic acid is given for 20
seconds
Water rinse for 20 seconds
www.indiandentalacademy.com
43. INTERPRETATION
Light blue staining is considered doubtful.
A dark blue (royal or navy) stain is considered positive.
No colour absorbed by the lesion, it is taken as a
negative stain www.indiandentalacademy.com
44. SENSITIVITY ANDSPECIFICITY
STUDY SENSITIVITY SPECIFICITY
Mashburg et al; 1980 86-100 44-100
Rosenberg et al;
1989
93.5% to 97.8 73.3% to 92.9
Epstein et al; 1992 92.5 63.2
Jhonson et al; 1996 100. 62
Lingen et al; 2008 78-100 31-100
www.indiandentalacademy.com
45. CONCLUSION
• Early detection and timely intervention is the
essence of any cancer treatment protocol.
• Supravital staining with 1% toluidine blue is
useful in the early detection of malignancies.
• TB stain is of value due to its high sensitivity but
is reduced in specificity due to the potential of
false positive results in benign lesions.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
46. • It is useful in high risk populations to enable
earlier detection.
• It assists in selecting the best site for biopsy.
• It is very useful in the developing countries like
India because of the cost effectiveness and easy
technique.
• The test is sensitive, simple, noninvasive and
highly cost effective procedure.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
47. PROS
• The chemistry of the
TB dye was
explained.
• The applications of
TB were well
explained.
• The principle of
metachromasia was
well explained.
CONS
• The theories of
staining were not
given.
• The principle behind
the application of TB
was not given in
detail.
www.indiandentalacademy.com