This document discusses benign epithelial tumors including squamous papilloma, squamous acanthoma, and keratocanthoma. It provides details on their classification, clinical features, histology, treatment and prognosis. Squamous papilloma is associated with HPV viruses and presents as a pink, papillary growth. Squamous acanthoma is a reactive lesion with thickened orthokeratin. Keratocanthoma appears as a crateriform nodule that heals within months. The document also covers oral nevi, noting their histologic subtypes and benign nature.
Morphologically altered tissue in which cancer is more likely to occur than its apparently normal counter part.
-WHO(1978)
Definition
Leukoplakia is defined as ‘white patch’ or ‘plaque’ in the oral cavity, which cannot be scraped off or stripped off easily and more over which cannot be charectarized clinically or pathologically as any other disease. –WHO
Redefined as a “ predominantly white lesion of oral mucosa that cannot be characterized as any other definable lesion; some oral leukoplakia will transform into cancer” (Axell T, 1996)
Homogenous Leukoplakia
Non-Homogenous Leukoplakia
Granular or Nodular Leukoplakia
Speckled or Erythroleukoplakia
Verruciform Leukoplakia
Proliferative Verrucous Leukoplakia
Morphologically altered tissue in which cancer is more likely to occur than its apparently normal counter part.
-WHO(1978)
Definition
Leukoplakia is defined as ‘white patch’ or ‘plaque’ in the oral cavity, which cannot be scraped off or stripped off easily and more over which cannot be charectarized clinically or pathologically as any other disease. –WHO
Redefined as a “ predominantly white lesion of oral mucosa that cannot be characterized as any other definable lesion; some oral leukoplakia will transform into cancer” (Axell T, 1996)
Homogenous Leukoplakia
Non-Homogenous Leukoplakia
Granular or Nodular Leukoplakia
Speckled or Erythroleukoplakia
Verruciform Leukoplakia
Proliferative Verrucous Leukoplakia
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
HOT NEW PRODUCT! BIG SALES FAST SHIPPING NOW FROM CHINA!! EU KU DB BK substit...GL Anaacs
Contact us if you are interested:
Email / Skype : kefaya1771@gmail.com
Threema: PXHY5PDH
New BATCH Ku !!! MUCH IN DEMAND FAST SALE EVERY BATCH HAPPY GOOD EFFECT BIG BATCH !
Contact me on Threema or skype to start big business!!
Hot-sale products:
NEW HOT EUTYLONE WHITE CRYSTAL!!
5cl-adba precursor (semi finished )
5cl-adba raw materials
ADBB precursor (semi finished )
ADBB raw materials
APVP powder
5fadb/4f-adb
Jwh018 / Jwh210
Eutylone crystal
Protonitazene (hydrochloride) CAS: 119276-01-6
Flubrotizolam CAS: 57801-95-3
Metonitazene CAS: 14680-51-4
Payment terms: Western Union,MoneyGram,Bitcoin or USDT.
Deliver Time: Usually 7-15days
Shipping method: FedEx, TNT, DHL,UPS etc.Our deliveries are 100% safe, fast, reliable and discreet.
Samples will be sent for your evaluation!If you are interested in, please contact me, let's talk details.
We specializes in exporting high quality Research chemical, medical intermediate, Pharmaceutical chemicals and so on. Products are exported to USA, Canada, France, Korea, Japan,Russia, Southeast Asia and other countries.
3. SQUAMOUS
PAPILLOMA• The oral squamous paillomas are seemed to be
associated with papilloma virus, the one commonly
incriminated as causative in skin warts
• It is the fourth most common oral mucosal mass and is
found in 4 of every 1000 individuals
• The HPV types 6 and 11, are commonly associated
with squamous paillomas, failed to be demonstrated in
oral maligancies
• Even though all HPV lesions are infective, the
squamous papilloma appears to have an extremely low
virulence and infectivity rate.
4. • The papilloma is an exophytic growth made up of numerous,
small finger like projections, which results in roughened,
verrucous, or ‘cauliflower ’ like surface.
• It is well circumscribed pedunculated tumor, may be sessile and
is commonly pinkish in colour.
• Most common site is tongue, followed by buccal mucosa, lip,
gingiva and palate, particularly area adjacent to uvula
• Resembles verucca vulgaris occuring on fingers, caused by
HPV
• These are often seen in patients with verrucae on hands or
fingers, and the oral lesions appear to arise through
autoinoculation by finger sucking or fingernail biting
Clinical
features:
8. • The microscopic appearance of the papilloma is
characterstic and consits of many long, thin, finger-like
projections extending above the surface of mucosa
• Projections are made up of a continous layer of stratified
squamous epithelium and containing a thin, central
connective tissue core
• Some papillomas exhibit hyperkeratosis depending upon
the location of lesion and amount of trauma or frictional
irritation to which it has been subjected
• Koilocytes may or may not be found
• Chronic inflammatory cells may be variably noted in the
connective tissue
Histologic
Features:
10. Treatment and
prognosis
• Treatment of the papilloma consists of excision, including
the base if the mucosa into which the pedicle or stalk inserts.
• Recurrence is rare if tumor is properly excised.
• Intraoral verruca vulgaris is also treated by conservative
surgical excision or curretage but liquid nitrogen cryotherapy
and topical application of kerationlytic agents are also
effective.
11. SQUAMOUS ACANTHOMA:
• The squamous acanthoma is an uncommon lesion which probably
represents a reactive phenomenon of the epithelium rather than a true
neoplasm. It bears no known epithelium rather than a true neoplasm.
• It bears no known relationship to the clear cell acanthoma, which
occurs with considerable frequency on the skin and may also be found
on the lips
• The squamous acanthoma has no distinctive clinical appearance by
which it may be identified or even suspected and may occur at virtually
any site on the oral mucosa
• The lesion is histologically distinctive and consists of a well
demarcated elevated and umblicated epithelial proliferation with a
markedly thickened layer of orthokeratin and underlying spinous layer of
cells.
13. • It is a benign epithelial neoplasm which histologically
resembles squamous cell carcinoma
• Etiology unknown, suggested to be viral, genetic,
chemical carcinogens etc
• Trauma, HPV, genetic factors and
immunocompromised status also have been implicated
as etiologic factors.
KERATOACANTHOMA:
14. • Usually occurs on external surface which are sun exposed
areas like lip, nose, cheek, zygoma etc.
• Seen in all age groups, but incidence increases with age
• It occurs twice as frequently in men as in women and is
less common in darker skinned individuals
• Lesions typically are soitary and benign as firm, round,
skin colored or reddish papules that rapidly progress to
dome shaped nodules with smooth shiny suface
• Lesion appears as an elevated umbilicated or crateriform
ulceration which is 1.5 to 2 cm in diameter
Clinical
features:
17. • Initially appears as nodule, which ulcerates and
becomes crater like ulcerated nodule, keratin is
present within the ulcer
• It grows to its full size in 4-8 weeks, remains
static, then in following 6-8 weeks, it expels the
central keratin core and heals, hence called as
self healing carcinoma, recurrence is rare.
Clinical
Course:
18. • Hyperplastic squamous epithelium growing into underlying connective tissue
• Surface covered by thick layer of ortho & para Keratin with central plugging
• Occasional dysplastic features are seen in the epithelial cells
• At the leading margin of tumour, islands of epithelium appear to be invading
connective tissue and it is almost impossible to differentiate it from
Squamous cell Carcinoma
• Perineural invasion has also been reported, but does not have an adverse
effect on biological nature of tumour
• Connective tissue is infiltrated with chronic inflammatory cells
• At the margin of the lesion, the normal adjacent epithelium is elevated
towards the central portion of crater, then an abrupt change of normal
epithelium occurs into Hyperplastic Acanthotic epithelium
• Hence, Inclusion of the adjacent border of specimen is must in the biopsy to
reach a conclusion.
Histological
Features:
20. Treatme
nt:• The lesion is usually treated by surgical excision
• Residual scar may be present in some cases
• Prognosis is excellent following excisional
surgery.
• Patient with history of keratocanthoma should
be followed for the development of new primary
skin cancers
21. ORAL NEVI
• Categorized as hamartomas, developmental malformations, the nevi
are benign proliferation of nevus cells in either epithelium or connective
tissue. Adults whites harbor this lesion rather commonly but intraoral
lesions are much less common
• On the basis of histologic location of the nevus cells, cutaneous
acquired nevi can be classified into three categories:
• Junctional nevus – when nevus are limited to the basal layer of the
epithelium
• Compound nevus – nevus cells are in the epidermis and dermis
• Intradermal nevus – nests of nevus cells are entirely in the dermis
• The most common mucosal type is the intramucosal nevus, which
accounts for more than one half of all reported oral nevi. The common
blue nevus is the second most common type found in the oral cavity.
22. Clinical
features:• The intradermal nevus is one of the most common lesions of the skin,
most persons exhibiting several, often dozen, scattered over the body.
The common mole may be a smooth flat lesion or may be elevated
above the surface. This form of mole seldom occurs on the soles of the
feet, the palms of the hands or the gentilia
• The junctional nevus may appear clinically similar to the intradermal
nevus, the distiction being chiefly histologic. It is extremely important;
however, that a distinction be drawn, since the prognosis of the two
lesions is different.
• The compound nevus is a lesion composed of two elements and
intradermal nevus and an overlying junctional nevus
• The blue nevus is a true mesodermal structure composed of dermal
melanocytes which only rarely undergo malignant transformation. The
majority of blue nevi are present at birth or appear in early childhood
and persist unchanged throughout life
25. Histologic
features:
• The nevus cells are assumed to be derived from neural crest
• Nevus cells are large ovoid, rounded, or spindle – shaped cells
with pale cytoplasm; and may contain granules of melanin
pigment.
• They have ability to migrate from the basal cell layer into
underlying connective tissue
• Intradermal nevus , the nevus cells are situated within the
connective tissue and seperated from the overlying epithelium by
a well defined band of connective tissue. In intradermal nevus,
nevus cells are not in contact with the surface epithelium
26. •Junctional nevus, this zone of demarcation is absent and the
nevus cells contact and seem to blend into the surface epithelium,
this overlying epithelium is usually thin and irregular and shows
cells apparently crossing the junction and growing down into
connective tissue
• Compound nevus shows features of both the junctional and
intradermal nevus. Nests of nevus cellsare dropping off from the
epidermis, while large nests of nevus cells are also in the dermis
• The spindle cell and epithelioid cell nevus is commonly
composed of pleomorphic cells of three basic types ; spindle cells.
Oval or epithelioid cells, and both mononuclear and multinicleated
giant cells
• The blue nevus is of two types: the common blue nevus and the
cellular blue nevus. In the common blue nevus, elongated
melanocytes with long branching dendritic processes lie in
bundles, usually oriented parallel to the epidermis, in the middle
and lower third of the dermis.
30. Treatment and
prognos is :• Since the acquired pigmented nevus is of such
common occurrence, it would obviously be impossible to
attempt to eradicate all such lesions.
• Surgical excision of all intraoral pigmented nevi is
recommended as prophylactic measure because of the
constant chronic irritation of the mucosa in nearly all
intraoral sites occasioned by eating, tooth brushing etc