This document provides information about various processes in yarn manufacturing, including blow room, carding, draw frame, combing, speed frame, and ring frame. It defines key terms, describes machine components and their functions, and explains the processes that occur at each stage of yarn production to transform raw fibers into yarn. Flow charts are included to illustrate the inputs, machines, and outputs at each stage of the yarn manufacturing process.

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Yarn Manufacturing
TECHNOLOGY
Types of Yarn
• Carded Yarn.
• Combed Yarn.
Comparison of
Combed Yarn & Carded Yarn
Combed Yarn Carded Yarn
Comber is used No Comber is used
Less short fibers More short fibers
Less Hairiness More Hairiness
More Luster Less Luster
Bale of Fiber Flow Chart For Carded Yarn
Input Process/ Machine Output
Bale → Blow room → Lap
Lap → Carding m/c → Sliver
Sliver → Breaker Draw Frame → Sliver
Sliver → Finisher Draw Frame → Sliver
Sliver → Roving Frame
/Speed Frame/Simplex
→ Roving
Roving → Ring Frame → Yarn
Flow Chart For Combed Yarn
Input Process/ Machine Output
Bale → Blow room → Lap
Lap → Carding m/c → Sliver
Sliver → Pre comb drawing → Sliver
Sliver → Lap former → Lap
Lap → Combing → Sliver
Sliver → Post comb drawing → Sliver
Sliver → Simplex → Roving
Roving → Ring Frame → Yarn

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Blow Room
Blow Room is called the mother of yarn
manufacturing. It consists of a number of
machines used in succession to open and
clean the cotton fiber to the required degree.
40 to 70% trash is removed in this section.
Blow room line Bale plucker
Opener
Mixer
Step cleaner

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Objects of Blow Room
1. Opening :
To open the compressed bales of fibers &
To make the cotton tuft a small size as for as
possible.
2. Cleaning :
To remove the dirt, dust, broken seeds broken
leafs and other foreign materials from the fibers.
More…
Objects of Blow Room
3. Blending & Mixing:
 To make good value of yarn and to decrease the
production cost by mixing different grade of fibers.
4. Lap forming :
 To transfer the opened and cleaned fibers into a
sheet form of definite width and uniform unit
length which is called lap.
TECHNOLOGICAL POINTS IN BLOW
ROOM
Opening in blow room means opening into small
flocks
The larger the dirt particle , the better they can
be removed
The higher the degree of opening, the higher the
degree of cleaning. A very high cleaning effect is
almost always purchased at the cost of a high
fiber loss. Higher roller speeds give a better
cleaning effect but also more stress on the fiber.
Rollers Drums & Beaters Actions involved in Blow Room
1. Action of opposite spike: (opening)
By The action of opposite spikes opening the
cotton fiber is done.
2. Action of Air flow: (Transport + Cleaning)
During processing, the movement of cotton from
machines to machine is done by air flow. It also
helps the separation of lint and trash.
More…

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Cleaning by Air flow Actions involved in Blow Room
3. Action of Beaters: (Cleaning & Opening)
Beaters are responsible for removing almost all
of the impurities extracted in the blow room.
Beater also helps in opening of cotton fiber.
4. Action of regulating motion: (Uniform
output)
The action of regulating motion gives the
uniform output.
Cleaning Efficiency
Cleaning efficiency of blow room can be fin out
by the following simple calculation.
(Input Trash - Output Trash)*100
Input Trash
Problem
Find the Blow Room cleaning effy :
Raw cotton trash= 6%
Lap trash = 1.6%
Solve: (6-1.6)*100/6
=73%
Carding
Carding may be defined as the reduction of an
entangled mass of fibers to a filmy web by
working between two closely spaced,
relatively moving surface closed with sharp
wire points.
Objects of Carding
1. Opening to individual fibers.
2. Elimination of Impurities and dust.
3. Fiber blending.
4. Sliver formation.

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Flow diagram of Carding m/c
• A = Cylinder
• B = Flat
• C = Taker in
• D = Feed roller
• E = Feed plate
• F = Doffer
Actions of Carding m/c
1. Carding Action
This is the action between flat & cylinder.
• Pin direction: Opposite.
• Rotation: Opposite.
Actions of Carding m/c
2. Stripping Action
This is the action between Cylinder - Taker in
• Pin direction: Same.
• Rotation: Same.
Actions of Carding m/c
3. Doffing Action
This is the action between Doffer & Cylinder.
• Pin direction: Opposite.
• Rotation: Same.
Actions of Carding m/c
4. Combing Action
This is the action between Feed roller & Taker
in.
• Pin direction: Same.
• Rotation: Same.
Carding Machine

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Carding Machine Draw frame
• It is a process of yarn manufacturing in which
the sliver is elongated when passing through
pairs of rollers, each pair faster than the
previous one.
Actions involved in Draw frame:
Drafting: The process of increasing length per
unit weight of sliver. It is mainly due to
varying speed of the rollers.
Doubling: The process of combining two or
more carded sliver into a single form is called
doubling. In draw frame m/c generally six to
eight slivers are fed and converted into one.
Drawing = Drafting + Doubling.
TASKS OF DRAW FRAME
• Through draft fibers get parallelized
• Hooked fibers are straightened.
• Through the suction ,intensive dust removal is
achieved.
• Blending can be done here.
Drawing Machine

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Find out the production/shift in lbs of a modern draw frame, from
the following particulars: Delivery speed = 600 m/min, No of
delivery/frame = 2, Draft = 8, No of doubling = 8, Feed sliver wt
= 0.01 lb/Yd, Efficiency = 90%
Solution:
Draft= (Feed wt/Delivery wt)* Doubling
So, Delivery wt= (Feed wt/ Draft)* Doubling
So, Delivery wt= (0.01/8)* 8 = 0.01 lb/yd
Production = 600 m/ min = 600*1.09 yds/min = 654 yds/min
= 654*0.01 lbs/min = 6.54 lbs/min = 6.54*60*8 lbs/shift
= 3139.2 lbs/shift
For 90% efficiency and no. of delivery, the ultimate production is, 3139.2*0.9*2 =
5650.56 lb/shift (Ans)
Lap former
• Lap former is the machine where lap is
produced from slivers. It is necessary for
producing combed yarn. Because the input of
comber machine is lap.
Comber
• Combing :
Combing may be defined as to remove short
fibers , neps and remaining impurities of card
sliver by using comb with the help of knives,
brushes and rollers.
Objects of combing
• To remove short fibers below a preselected
length so that the spinner enable to produce
finer / better yarn.
• To remove neps and foreign matter from the
cotton / sliver.
• Make the fiber straight and parallel.
Blow room lap Comber lap
Short fiber high Short fibre low
Uniformity low Uniformity high
Trash high Trash low
Lap count .0011-.0019 Ne Lap count .0075 -.009
Lap wt /yds 12-16 ounce Lap wt /yds 1.6-2.5 ounce
Lap width 1m Lap width 300 mm

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Combing figure
• A= Feed roller
• B= Feed plate
• C= Nipper
• D= Top comb
• E= Detaching roller
• F= Cylinder
Combing Action
• Firstly, Sliver comes through feed plate, After
passing the edge, the nipper comes down to
clamp the fiber between feed plate & itself.
Then the first combing is done by the cylinder.
Combing Action
• Then, nipper moves upward. Sliver feeding starts again. When
sliver comes to detaching roller, the rollers give a backward
movement to join it with previously combed sliver. That time
Top comb comes down and by the forwarding movement of
detaching roller, second time combing is done by top comb.
This process is a intermittent process. Because
all these are carried out up to 300 times per
minute.
Combing Machine Speed frame
• Task of Speed frame:
• To produce roving from sliver.
• To impact strength to the fiber by twisting.
• To wind up the resulting roving on to roving
bobbin.

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Speed frame machine Operation involved in Speed Frame
• Creeling: Sliver feeding with the help of
several rollers. 40 drawn slivers can be creeled
at a time.
• Drafting: To reduce wt per unit length of
roving in speed frame so that produces roving
can be converted into yarn easily with draft in
drafting Zone. For this normally 3 pairs of
rollers are used.
Operation involved in Speed Frame
Twisting:
To insert small amount of twist to get required
strength of roving . so that no breakage of yarn
and possible to wind of roving in convenient
package. Usually 30-65 turns per meter twist is
given which are created by flyer. But twist in
roving are given such that the fibers hold its
constituent fibers together and not create hinder
during drafting in Ring frame.
Winding:
To wind the roving on to a suitable bobbin
which will help handling , transfer and feeding
to ring frame. Due to winding , as dia of
bobbin is gradually increased, the speed of
bobbin is continuously decreased with the
help of building motion so that no breakage
of roving for too much tension.
• Building : With the help of building motion ,
the correct or proper shaped package is made
by winding of roving on bobbin in some
consequent process.
• Doffing : To replace empty bobbin at a place
of full bobbin.
Speed frame action
• A= Sliver can
• B= Drafting zone
• C= Flyer
• D= Roving bobbin
• E= Gearing

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Sliver & Roving Ring frame
• Ring frame is the machine where yarn is finally
produced from the roving.
Function of a Ring frame:
• To satisfy the roving to form yarn of the
required count/ fineness of yarn by drafting &
twisting.
• To increase strength.
• To build up the yarn on to bobbin in form of a
suitable package for storage, transportation
and processing.
Operation involved in ring frame
• Creeling
• Roving bobbin is fitted on the top of the m/c
on the creel on both sides of the m/c. creel
helps to freely rotate of roving bobbin and
hold such that roving feed to the drafting zone
on tension.
• Drafting
• Drafting operation reduces wt per unit length
of roving . roving comes from the bobbin are
passed through the drafting.
• Twisting:
• Spiral turns are inserted along the fiber axis . It
increases yarn strength .The traveler which
helps to insert twisting yarn, gets drive
indirectly from spindle.

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Winding:
After twisting the yarns are wound on a suitable
package , layers of yarn are wound properly are
above another on the package . It should be
suitable for unwinding
Building:
For proper size and shape of the package the
bobbins are lifted gradually. The resultant
bobbins are conical shape full bobbin.
• Doffing:
• After the required length of yarn is wound on
the package , the m/c is stopped . Doffing is
the process of replacing the full bobbin by an
empty bobbin.
Flow diagram of Ring Frame
A= Roving bobbin.
B= Roving guide.
C= Drafting zone.
D= Balloon control ring.
E= Ring.
F= Traveler.
G= Yarn bobbin.
H= Gearing.
Traveler
• Traveler is the most tiny & important part
made by metal through which yarn passes its
way from balloon control ring to the yarn
package. It has no drive of its own. But it is
dragged round by the yarn. During its rotation
it produces twist.
Traveler Ring Frame

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Ring Yarn & Rotor Yarn
If there is a simplex machine in the process of
yarn manufacturing, that is ring yarn. And if
there is no simplex or ring frame, but a rotor
spinning machine which converts sliver to yarn
directly, the yarn manufactured is a rotor yarn.
Rotor spinning machine Y1 = Ring Yarn & Y2= Rotor Yarn