This document discusses the combing process used in spinning mills to improve cotton fiber characteristics. It describes how combing removes short fibers and impurities through the actions of different combing elements like the top comb and nippers. The goal is to extract unusable fibers as noil waste while minimizing good fiber losses. The document provides details on combing machine components, the combing cycle, production calculations, and factors that influence the noil percentage. Overall, it serves to explain how combing upgrades raw cotton material to produce smoother, stronger yarn with fewer imperfections.

1. COMBER & COMBING ACTION
Introduction:
Combing is a very important process for a spinning mill. The object of combing is removal of
short fibres, Neps, impurities and to improve the fibre length uniformity followed with
improvement in mean length. The removal of immature cotton, foreign matter and improvement
in fibre fineness and fibre bundle strength are the additional advantages of combing process. In
totality combing process significantly improves the cotton characteristics by removing the
useless fibres (i.e. Fibres which are not suitable for a particular end use) from the process. These
fibres are extracted as comber Noil waste. This Complete combing process carried out by action
of different combing elements. During combing process along with useless fibres good quality
fibres are also removed especially in modern high speed combers which are huge raw material &
financial losses for the industry. We have studied in detail the combing action of these different
combing elements w.r.t. removal of Neps, SFC % & other impurities with mean length
improvement. The object of this article is to present the effect of different combing elements on
cotton processed and how we can perfectly set these combing elements to get the better combing
process with respect to desire Quality, so we can achieve maximum removal of useless fibres
with minimum losses of good fibres.
Keywords:
Comber, Combing elements, Top Comb, Top comb penetration, Top comb penetration depth,
Feed/Nips, Nips/Minutes, Lap batt, Sliver, Noil, Unicomb, Afis Pro, Imperfection, classimat
faults.
History of Comber:
There are two competing combing technologies: the Noble (1853) comb (variants Lister,
Heilman (1846) and Holden) and the French comb. The Noble comb technology is inefficient,
hence most combing in the world is carried out on the French system. The French system is
superior as it combs the entire length of a fiber. Noble combs suffer from the problem that they
will not comb 2 mm of a fiber's length. The 2 mm is the distance between counter-rotating pins.
The French system is a rectilinear combing system as opposed to earlier woollen systems
developed in England. Although the Heilman and Noble comb was an original circular design
(also developed in min and 18–19th-century England) as it happens in modern history, English

2. mills didn't share technology – resulting in development of superior technology on continental
Europe in the mid-19th century, as in France.
Combing: It is the process which is used to upgrade the raw material. It influences the
following yarn quality
 yarn evenness
 strength
 cleanness
 smoothness
 visual appearance
In addition to the above, combed cotton needs less twist than a carded yarn.
TASK OF THE COMBER:
 To produce an improvement in yarn quality, the comber must perform the following
operation.
 elimination of short fibres as noil.
 elimination of remaining impurities .
 elimination of neps.
 The basic operation of the comber is to improve the mean length or staple length by
removing the short fibres.

3.  Trailing hooks from carding should be fed as leading hooks to reduce long fibre loss in
the noil.
The Combing Process:
The combingprocess isnormallyusedtoproduce smoother,finer,strongerandmore uniformyarns.
Therefore,combingiscommonlyconfinedtohighgrade,longstaple natural fibers.Inrecentyears,
combinghasbeenutilizedforupgradingthe qualityof mediumstaple fibers.Inaddition,ayarnmade of
combedcottonneedslesstwistthana cardedyarn.However,these qualityimprovementsare obtained
at the costof additional expenditure onmachines,floor-space andpersonnel,togetherwithalossof
raw material.Yarnproductioncoastis increasedbysomethingunder1US$/Kg of yarn (dependingon
the intensityof combing)
To improve the yarn quality, the comber must perform the
following operations:
1. Elimination of precisely pre-determined quantity of short fibers;
2. Elimination of the remaining impurities;
3. Elimination of a large proportion (not all) of the neps in the fiber material;
4. Formation of a sliver having maximum possible evenness;
5. Producing of more straight and parallel fibers.
Elimination of short fibers produces an improvement mainly in staple length, but also affects the
fineness of the raw material. The micronaire value of combed sliver is slightly higher than that of
feedstock (elimination of dead fibers). Also the degree of parallelization might reduce the inter-
fiber adhesion in the sliver to such an extent that fibers slide apart while being pulled out of the
can – i.e. sliver breaks or false drafts might be caused.
Types of Comber:
The major types of combers include:-
1. Rectilinear comber (with stationary or oscillating nippers),
2. Circular combers (English worsted process),
3. Rotary comber (production of Schappe spun yarns) and
4. Hackling machines (bast fibers).

4. The Combing Machine:
The basic elements of the combing machine are shown in figure. These are the feeding element,
the nipper plate, the combing system and the detaching rollers. The main function of the feeding
element is to feed the comber lap in a series of short lengths. The nipper plate grips the fibers as
a means of holding long fibers while the short fibers, neps, and trash are being removed.
The combing system consists of two combs. The first one is a rotating bottom circular comb that
performs the main combing action. The second one is a linear top comb that completes the
function of the bottom comb through vertical combing movement.
The detachingrollsare two pairsof grippingrollsthatrotate forwardand backwardin intermittent
fashiontoholdand move the combed webfora netforwardtravel. The objectivesof combing
mentionedearlierare accomplishedbyaprecise sequence andsynchronizedseriesof actions
performedbythe combingelements.The followingtextwill review thissequence of actions,orthe
combingcycle,ina verysimplifiedmannertodemonstrate the functionof eachcombercomponent.

5. SEQUENCE OF OPERATION IN A COMBER
 Feeding, lap is fed by feed roller
 fed lap gripped by the nipper
 gripped lap is combed by circular comb
 detaching roller grips the combed lap and moves forward
 while the detaching roller delivers the material, top comb comes into action to further
clean the lap
 While going back, nipper opens and receives a new bit of lap.
Types of feeds:
1. Forward feed (concurrent feed):Feed of the sheet into the nippers occurs while the
nippers move towards the detaching roller
2. Backward feed (counter-feed): Feed of the sheet occurs during return of the nippers.
PRODUCTION CALCULATIONS
Production of the comber is dependent upon the following:
 N- Nips per min
 S- feed in mm/nip
 G- lap weight in g/m
 K- Noil percentage
 A- tension draft between lap and feed roller(from 1.05 to 1.1)
 E- efficiency
THERE ARE 8 COMBERS IN HALL 1&2
 No of heads=8
 Noil %=16.5%
 Nips/min=450-458
 Feed/nip=4.7-5.2mm
 Length of delivery=6290
 Delivery rate=215m/min
 Drafting system=3/3
 Noil suction pressure=12-15mm of water column
 Time taken to fill up a can=29min
 Sliver weight=4.720ktex

6. Technical data:
 Manufacturer: Rieter
 Model: E65
 Year: 2006
 Nos. 8
Input feed:
 Lap width: 270-300mm
 No. of lap per machine: 8
 Batt weight per meter: 60-80 gm/mt
Production data:
 Lap diameter: up to 650mm
 Feed per nip: 4.3/4.7/5.2/5.9mm
 Noil: 8-25 %
 Drafting system: 3/5
 Doubling: 8 fold
 Sliver weight: 3-6 kTex
 Break draft: 1.14-1.5
 Total draft: 9.0-23.1
Pressure:
 Loading: pneumatic
 Top detaching roller: 3-4bar
 Drafting system front roll: 2.5-3bar
 Drafting system 2nd and 3rd rolls: 3.5-4.5bar
Parameter that affects Noil%:
• The feed amount moved per cycle:
• The type of feed: Forward feed or backward feed;
• The detachment setting;
• The point density on comber;
• The depth of top comb penetration:
• Fiber length distribution in comber lap

7. • Count of comber lap
• Type of Hook Present in comber lap
Analysis by figure:

15. Conclusion:
All the above informations are collected for the acknowledgement of textile spinning learning
purpose. Thank you for enjoying.