The document provides an overview of Synchronous Optical Network (SONET), including its standards for optical telecommunications transport, architecture, and types of networks. It details SONET layers, rates, and advantages such as high data rates and flexible topologies, alongside disadvantages like high costs and complexity compared to Ethernet. Key components discussed include synchronous transport signals (STS), optical carriers (OC), and various network configurations.

1. Department of Computer Science and Engineering
Hamdard University Bangladesh
SONET

2. Contents
 Introduction to SONET
 SONET/SDH Rates
 SONET Layers Compared with OSI Model
 SONET Architecture
 SONET Frames
 SONET Network Types
 Advantages of SONET
 Disadvantages of SONET
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3. Introduction to SONET
 SONET stands for Synchronous Optical Network.
 Standard for optical telecommunications transport.
 It defines optical carrier (OC) levels.
 Synchronous transport signals (STSs) for the fiber-
optic–based transmission hierarchy.
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4. SONET/SDH Rates
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5. SONET Layers Compared with OSI
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6. SONET Archıtecture
Path
Termination
Path
Termination
Line
Termination
Line
Termination
Section
Termination
path
line line line
ADM ADMregenerator
section section sectionsection
 Signals: Electrical signaling levels called STSs (Synchronous Transport
Signals, (STMs)). Optical signals are called OCs (Optical Carriers)
 Devices: STS Multiplexer/ Demultiplexer, Regenerator, Add/Drop Multiplexer
and Terminals
 Connections: SONET devices are connected using sections, lines, and paths
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7. SONET Frames
 Each synchronous transfer signal STS-n is composed of 8000 frames.
 Each frame is a two-dimensional matrix of bytes with 9 rows by 90 ×
n columns.
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8.  A SONET STS-n signal is transmitted at 8000 frames per second.
 Each byte in a SONET frame can carry a digitized voice channel.
 In SONET, the data rate of an STS-n signal is n times the data rate of an STS-1
signal.
 In SONET, the duration of any frame is 125 μs.
STS Frames in Transition
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9. SONET Networks
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10. Point-to-Point Network
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11. Multipoint Network
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12. Ring Network:
Unidirectional Path Switching Ring
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13. Ring Network:
Bi-directional Line Switching Ring (BLSR)
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14. Mesh Network
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15. Reduced network
complexity
Protection
Bandwidth
High data
rate.
Flexible
Topologies
Efficient
management of
bandwidth
Advantages
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16.  High cost.
 Complex equipment as compared to cheaper Ethernet
 Strict synchronization schemes required.
Disadvantages
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17. Thats All !
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