Uploaded byAkash Kumar Dhameja
Sonet
SONET and SDH are standardized protocols that transfer multiple digital bit streams synchronously over optical fibre using lasers. SONET is used in North America while SDH is used globally. The document discusses the architecture of SONET systems including signals, devices, and connections. It also covers the SONET frame format, layers, and how SONET networks can be configured in linear, ring, or mesh topologies to provide bandwidth and protection.
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Sonet
- 1. Career Point Cares SONET/ SDH (Synchronous Optical Networking / Synchronous Digital Hierarchy) By Akash Kumar Dhameja, K12270 BCA, IV sem.
- 2. Career Point Cares INDEX •Introduction • Architecture SONET System • SONET Frame • SONET Layers • SONET Network • Advantage
- 3. Career Point Cares •Synchronous Optical Networking (SONET) and Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) are standardized protocols that transfer multiple digital bit streams synchronously over optical fibre using lasers. INTRODUCTION
- 4. Career Point Cares •Both SDH and SONET are widely used today: SONET in the United States and Canada, and SDH in the rest of the world. • The SDH standard was originally defined by the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI), and is formalized as International Telecommunications Union (ITU) standards G.707,G.783,G.784,and G.803.The SONET standard was defined by Telcordia and American National Standards Institute (ANSI) standard T1.105. CONTINUE….
- 5. Career Point Cares Signals Devices Connections ARCHITECTUREOF SONET SYSTEM
- 6. Career Point Cares Signals: •Electrical signaling levels called synchronous transport signals (STSs). • The corresponding optical signals are called optical carriers (OCs). • SDH specifies a similar system called a synchronous transport module (STM). CONTINUE….
- 7. Career Point CaresSONETRATES CONTINUE….
- 8. Career Point Cares CONTINUE…. Devices: •STS multiplexers • STS DE multiplexers • Regenerators • add/drop multiplexers • Terminals.
- 9. Career Point Cares CONTINUE…. Asimple network using SONET equipment
- 10. Career Point Cares CONTINUE…. STSMultiplexer/ DE multiplexer: • Provide the interface between an electrical tributary network and the optical network. • For example, three STS-1 signals (channels) can be combined into one STS-3 signal (channel), four STS-3s can be multiplexed into one STS-12, and so on. • STS multiplexer multiplexes an electrical signal into corresponding Optical signal. • STS DE multiplexer DE multiplexes an optical OC signal into corresponding electric signals.
- 11. Career Point Cares CONTINUE…. STSmultiplexing/de-multiplexing Note: In SONET, all clocks in the network are locked to a master clock.
- 12. Career Point Cares CONTINUE…. Byteinterleaving
- 13. Career Point Cares CONTINUE…. Regenerator •Regenerator is a repeater • Extend the length of the links
- 14. Career Point Cares SONETSYSTEM Add/drop Multiplexer • Add/drop multiplexers allow insertion and extraction of signals.
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- 16. Career Point Cares CONTINUE…. Terminals •Device that uses the services of a SONET network.
- 17. Career Point Cares CONTINUE…. Connections: •Sections(connecting two neighboring devices). • Lines(two multiplexers). • Paths(end-to-end portion ).
- 18. Career Point Cares SONETLAYERs The SONET standard includes four functional layers: • Path • Line • Section • Photonic.
- 19. Career Point Cares CONTINUE…. Path: •The path layer is responsible for the movement of a signal from its optical source to its optical destination. Line: • The line layer is responsible for the movement of a signal across a physical line • STS multiplexers and add/drop multiplexers provide line layer functions.
- 20. Career Point Cares CONTINUE…. SectionLayer: • Section layer overhead is added to the frame at this layer and control errors. Photonic Layer: • It includes physical specifications for the optical fiber channel.
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- 22. Career Point Cares •Each synchronous transfer signal STS-n is composed of 8000 frames. Each frame is a two-dimensional matrix of bytes with 9 rows by 90 × n columns. • Each byte in a SONET frame can carry a digitized voice channel. SONET FRAME
- 23. Career Point Cares CONTINUE…. STS-1and an STS-n frame
- 24. Career Point Cares •Bytes are transmitted from the left to the right and top to the bottom. • STS-n signal is transmitted at a fixed rate of 8000 frames per second. CONTINUE….
- 25. Career Point Cares Ques:Find the data rate of an STS-1 signal. Solution: STS-1, like other STS signals, sends 8000 frames per second. Each STS-1 frame is made of 9 by (1 × 90) bytes. Each byte is made of 8 bits. The data rate is EXAMPLE 1
- 26. Career Point Cares Ques:Find the data rate of an STS-3 signal. Solution STS-3, like other STS signals, sends 8000 frames per second. Each STS-3 frame is made of 9 by (3 × 90) bytes. Each byte is made of 8 bits. The data rate is EXAMPLE 2
- 27. Career Point Cares Ques:What is the duration of an STS-1 frame? STS-3 frame? STS-n frame? • Solution In SONET, 8000 frames are sent per second. This means that the duration of an STS-1, STS-3, or STS-n frame is the same and equal to 1/8000 s, or 125 μs. Note: In SONET, the duration of any frame is 125 μs. EXAMPLE 3
- 28. Career Point Cares UsingSONET equipment, we can create a SONET network that can be used as a high-speed backbone carrying loads from other networks. SONET NETWORK
- 29. Career Point Cares LinearNetwork Point-to-Point: A point-to-point network is normally made of an STS multiplexer, an STS DE multiplexer, and zero or more regenerators with no add/drop multiplexers CONTINUE….
- 30. Career Point Cares Multipoint: Amultipoint network uses ADMs to allow communications between several terminals. CONTINUE….
- 31. Career Point Cares One-Plus-OneAPS • To create protection against failure in linear networks, SONET defines automatic protection switching (APS). • In this scheme, there are normally two lines: one working line and one protection line. Both lines are active all the time. CONTINUE….
- 32. Career Point Cares One-to-OneAPS • The data are normally sent on the working line until it fails. CONTINUE….
- 33. Career Point Cares One-to-ManyAPS • This scheme is similar to the one-to-one scheme except that there is only one protection line for many working lines. CONTINUE….
- 34. Career Point Cares RingNetwork UPSR: A unidirectional path switching ring (UPSR) is a unidirectional network with two rings. SONET NETWORK
- 35. Career Point Cares BLSR: Anotheralternative in a SONET ring network is a bidirectional line switching ring (BLSR). CONTINUE….
- 36. Career Point Cares MeshNetwork: When the traffic in a ring increases, we need to upgrade. CONTINUE….
- 37. Career Point Cares ADVANTAGE Reducednetwork complexity Protection Bandwidth High data rate. Flexible Topologies Efficient management of bandwidth
- 38. Career Point Cares •http://searchnetworking.techtarget.com • http://www.fiberoptic.com • https://en.wikipedia.org • https://www.slideshare.net • https://www.techwalla.com • http://mateoalejandro.weebly.com REFRENCE
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