The attached narrated power point presentation offers a block level and an elementary level mathematical treatment of optical communication systems employing coherent detection. The material will immensely benefit KTU final year B Tech students who prepare for the subject EC 405, Optical Communications.
These slides give an extensive knowledge about the photo diode. It covers the circuit diagram and its energy band diagram. Also includes important information about noise factors and resoponsitivities.
Transmission system used for optical fibers Jay Baria
In this presentation I have explained various types of transmission system used for optical transmission and also described about the budget method that has to be followed while selecting an source for optical fibers and also about the factors that should be consider while selecting an source.
The attached narrated power point presentation offers a block level and an elementary level mathematical treatment of optical communication systems employing coherent detection. The material will immensely benefit KTU final year B Tech students who prepare for the subject EC 405, Optical Communications.
These slides give an extensive knowledge about the photo diode. It covers the circuit diagram and its energy band diagram. Also includes important information about noise factors and resoponsitivities.
Transmission system used for optical fibers Jay Baria
In this presentation I have explained various types of transmission system used for optical transmission and also described about the budget method that has to be followed while selecting an source for optical fibers and also about the factors that should be consider while selecting an source.
In telecommunication, an eye pattern, also known as an eye diagram, is an oscilloscope display in which a digital signal from a receiver is repetitively sampled and applied to the vertical input, while the data rate is used to trigger the horizontal sweep. It is so called because, for several types of coding, the pattern looks like a series of eyes between a pair of rails. It is a tool for the evaluation of the combined effects of channel noise and intersymbol interference on the performance of a baseband pulse-transmission system. It is the synchronised superposition of all possible realisations of the signal of interest viewed within a particular signaling interval.
The attached narrated power point presentation mentions the various figures of merit and the types of noise associated with photodetectors. The material will be useful for KTU final year B Tech students who prepare for the subject EC 405, Optical Communications.
In telecommunication, an eye pattern, also known as an eye diagram, is an oscilloscope display in which a digital signal from a receiver is repetitively sampled and applied to the vertical input, while the data rate is used to trigger the horizontal sweep. It is so called because, for several types of coding, the pattern looks like a series of eyes between a pair of rails. It is a tool for the evaluation of the combined effects of channel noise and intersymbol interference on the performance of a baseband pulse-transmission system. It is the synchronised superposition of all possible realisations of the signal of interest viewed within a particular signaling interval.
The attached narrated power point presentation mentions the various figures of merit and the types of noise associated with photodetectors. The material will be useful for KTU final year B Tech students who prepare for the subject EC 405, Optical Communications.
In today's fast driven business world, each industry is trying to find different means to deliver Products, Services and information in more timely manner in the most cost effective way. SONET (Synchronous Optical Network) provides one of the most effective solutions to the high demands of the data communication requirements of these fast phased business organization as well as general data communication needs.
Synchronous optical networking (SONET) and synchronous digital hierarchy (SDH) are standardized protocols that transfer multiple digital bit streams synchronously over optical fiber using lasers or highly coherent light from light-emitting diodes (LEDs). At low transmission rates data can also be transferred via an electrical interface. The method was developed to replace the plesiochronous digital hierarchy (PDH) system for transporting large amounts of telephone calls and data traffic over the same fiber without synchronization problems.
This slide is very fruitful for those engineering students who give high preference to communication subject like Telecommunication, Optical Fiber Communication and even Wireless communication.
Contents:
Introduction to SONET
SONET/SDH Rates
SONET Layers Compared with OSI Model
SONET Architecture
SONET Frames
SONET Network Types
Advantages of SONET
Disadvantages of SONET
Data Communications and Optical Network - ForouzanPradnya Saval
Defining Data Communication needs, Transmission Hierarchy
Optical Networks: SONET/SDH standard, Architecture, Format, Hardware, Configuration, advantages
PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF CLIPPED STBC CODED MIMO OFDM SYSTEMIAEME Publication
A combination of Multiple-Input Multiple-Output Spatial Division Multiplexing technology and Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing technique, namely MIMO-OFDM systems, been well-known as a potential technology to provide high speed data transmission and spectrum efficiency to attain throughput of 1 Gbit/sec and beyond improves link reliability for modern wireless communications. The rising development of Internet related contents and demand of multimedia services leads to increasing curiosity to high speed communications. It has been shown that by using MIMO system, it is possible to increase that capacity considerably.
To meet the demands of high speed required by mobile communication of past generations ,one solution is
to increase the number of antennas to the show and the reception of the wireless link this is called MIMO
(Multiple input ,Multiple output )technology .however ,the integration of multiple antennas on the same
PCB is delicate because of the small volume that require some applications and electromagnetic antenna
between the coupling ,phenomena that we cannot neglect them .indeed a strong isolation between them has
been reached to reduce fading of the signal caused by the electromagnetic antenna reached to reduce
fading of the signal caused by the electromagnetic coupling and maximize the overall gain .in this article
we are interested then integration on the same printed circuit of eight antennas MIMO are not operation in
the same frequency band .the first antenna of this last work at 2.4GHz .other antennas have resonance
frequency folling each with 20MHz offset this device is characterized by its original form that keeps is
highly isolated antennas from the point of view electromagnetic coupling
To meet the demands of high speed required by mobile communication of past generations ,one solution is to increase the number of antennas to the show and the reception of the wireless link this is called MIMO (Multiple input ,Multiple output )technology .however ,the integration of multiple antennas on the same PCB is delicate because of the small volume that require some applications and electromagnetic antenna between the coupling ,phenomena that we cannot neglect them .indeed a strong isolation between them has been reached to reduce fading of the signal caused by the electromagnetic antenna reached to reduce fading of the signal caused by the electromagnetic coupling and maximize the overall gain .in this article we are interested then integration on the same printed circuit of eight antennas MIMO are not operation in the same frequency band .the first antenna of this last work at 2.4GHz .other antennas have resonance frequency folling each with 20MHz offset this device is characterized by its original form that keeps is highly isolated antennas from the point of view electromagnetic coupling
DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION A CIRCULAR SHAPE NETWORK ANTENNA MICRO STRIP FOR SOME...ijcseit
To meet the demands of high speed required by mobile communication of past generations ,one solution is
to increase the number of antennas to the show and the reception of the wireless link this is called MIMO
(Multiple input ,Multiple output )technology .however ,the integration of multiple antennas on the same
PCB is delicate because of the small volume that require some applications and electromagnetic antenna
between the coupling ,phenomena that we cannot neglect them .indeed a strong isolation between them has
been reached to reduce fading of the signal caused by the electromagnetic antenna reached to reduce
fading of the signal caused by the electromagnetic coupling and maximize the overall gain .in this article
we are interested then integration on the same printed circuit of eight antennas MIMO are not operation in
the same frequency band .the first antenna of this last work at 2.4GHz .other antennas have resonance
frequency folling each with 20MHz offset this device is characterized by its original form that keeps is
highly isolated antennas from the point of view electromagnetic coupling
Application of Information technology equipments and how they works and basic requirements ,how solutions are provided to clients as per the client need each and every step from initial stage to final process by SMEs(Small Medium Enterprises) Expressed through beautiful slides in easy and lay man way.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
2. 17.2
SONET was developed by ANSI;
SDH was developed by ITU-T.
SONET : Synchronous Optical Network
SDH: Synchronous Digital Hierarchy
Definition: SONET is a physical layer network technology designed to
carry large volumes of traffic over relatively long distances on fiber optic
cabling.
The United States (ANSI) and Europe (ITU-T) have responded by
defining standards that, though independent, are fundamentally similar
and ultimately compatible.
The ANSI standard is called the Synchronous Optical Network (SONET).
The ITU-T standard is called the Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH).
3. 17.3
ARCHITECTUREARCHITECTURE
Let us first introduce the architecture of a SONETLet us first introduce the architecture of a SONET
system: signals, devices, and connections.system: signals, devices, and connections.
Signals
SONET Devices
Connections
Topics discussed in this section:Topics discussed in this section:
6. SONET LAYERSSONET LAYERS
The SONET standard includes four functional layers:The SONET standard includes four functional layers:
thethe photonicphotonic, the, the sectionsection, the, the lineline, and the, and the pathpath layer.layer.
They correspond to both the physical and the data linkThey correspond to both the physical and the data link
layers.layers.
Path Layer
Line Layer
Section Layer
Photonic Layer
Device–Layer Relationships
Topics discussed in this section:Topics discussed in this section:
9. SONET layers : Path Layer
Path Layer is responsible for the movement of a signal from its optical
source to its optical destination.
The signal is change from an electronic form to into optical form.
Multiplexed with other signal.
Encapsulated in a frame.
STS multiplexers provide path layer functions.
10. SONET layers : Line Layer
Line Layer is responsible for the movement of a signal across a physical
line.
Line layer overhead is added to the frame at this layer.
STS multiplexers and add/drop multiplexers provide the line layer function.
11. SONET layers : Section Layer
Section Layer is responsible for the movement of a signal across a physical
line.
It handles framing, scrambling and error control.
Section layer overhead is added to the frame at this layer.
12. SONET layers : Photonic Layer
Photonic layer corresponds to the physical layer of the OSI model.
It includes physical specification for the optical fiber channel.
SONET uses NRZ encoding.
14. 17-3 SONET FRAMES17-3 SONET FRAMES
Each synchronous transfer signal STS-n is composedEach synchronous transfer signal STS-n is composed
of 8000 frames. Each frame is a two-dimensionalof 8000 frames. Each frame is a two-dimensional
matrix of bytes with 9 rows by 90 × n columns.matrix of bytes with 9 rows by 90 × n columns.
Frame, Byte, and Bit Transmission
STS-1 Frame Format
18. Each byte in a SONET frame can carry a
digitized voice channel.
Note
19. 17.19
Example
Find the data rate of an STS-l signal.
Solution:
STS-l, like other STS signals, sends 8000 frames per second. Each
STS-l frame is made of 9 by (l X 90) bytes. Each byte is made of 8 bits.
The data rate is
STS-1 data rate = 8000 X 9 X (1 X 90) x8= 51.840 Mbps
20. 17.20
Example
Find the data rate of an STS-3 signal.
Solution
STS-3, like other STS signals, sends 8000 frames per second. Each
STS-3 frame is made of 9 by (3 X 90) bytes. Each byte is made of 8
bits. The data rate is
STS-3 data rate= 8000 x 9 x (3 X 90) x 8 =155.52 Mbps
21. Advantage of SONET
Increased bandwidth over traditional telecomm system
Increased configuration flexibility that supports future applications, with
variety of transmission rates
Reduction in equipment requirement
An increase in network reliability
22. 17.22
DRONACHARYA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, GURGAON
Computer Science & Engineering
Assignment
Semester- VI (I & II) Branch: CSE
Subject with Code: Computer Networks (IT-305-F)
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Q:1 What is Frame Relay? Explain SONET/SDH in detail.