The document discusses different types of network topologies used in computer networks:
1. Tree topology allows expansion through branches and is commonly used for broadband transmission over long distances. It also facilitates easy fault detection and resolution. However, it can be slightly unstable if the root node or switch fails.
2. Star topology has all nodes connected to a central node. It allows very fast transmission between any two nodes but implementing and managing the centralized node is quite challenging.
3. Hybrid topology combines features of different topologies to leverage their advantages while minimizing limitations. The document provides details on the applications and characteristics of various network topologies.
A lecture to the National University of Ireland, Galway honours year and masters students in oceanography (14th November 2016) on the basics of marine data management.
Introduction to Random NumbersRandom numbers are extremely impor.docxvrickens
Introduction to Random Numbers
Random numbers are extremely important to cryptography. Let us understand why? They are unpredictable and the unpredictability makes it harder to decrypt. If the key was predictable then you would anticipate the key, which would make encryption easy to break.
What makes a number random? You do not know that is expected. Like I mentioned before, they are unpredictable. What is also important, is the fact that each number is equally likely, it means that the random number n is equality likely to come up as the number m. In statistic, we call this propertyUNIFORM DISTRIBUTION. An example of this scenario is the rolling of a fair dice. The chances of getting a 5 is the same as the chances of getting a 3.
In Cryptography, we need random numbers to create encryption keys. How do we get them? We use computers. Computers use mathematical algorithms to generate random number. We are going to call these computer generated random numbers, pseudorandom numbers. Are these numbers good enough to classify these numbers random? Maybe.
Are these computer generated random numbers unpredictable? I am going to leave this question for you to discuss in the discussion area.
Before we go any further in Random Numbers, it is important to understand a little about Entropy. Entropy is the measure of chaos or uncertainty. It is an interesting branch of mathematics. It is quite possible to compute the entropy of a probability distribution. We can look at a pseudo random number generator and define a level of entropy that is acceptable. Am application of this concept is determining if a coin is loaded. We can look at the measure of entropy.
I hope I am not getting too mathematic for you. I promise, this is the hardest mathematics we are going to cover. I cannot promise the same thing for statistics
In order to help you with understanding this concept, I am pointing you to two videos by Instructor Eddie Woo, a high school instructor in Australia - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fEWigU1dcp8
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PtEivGPxwAI
Additionally, go to Random.org and generate 20 random numbers. Do you think the number are predictable?
More details
Additionally, this week, we are going to learn general facts about Cryptography. Cryptography takes clear text and “encrypts” clear text so that an adversary will not be able to “read” the clear text message. The word plain text is used to refer to the original message and ciphered text is often used to refer to the resulting text after encryption has been applied.
It is extremely important to realize that the algorithms used for encryption have to be made public so that developers can implement them in software. Also, the computing community has to agree on a standard algorithm to use for encryption. If each user were to use a different encryption algorithm, the process would not become impractical since every time a user exchanges encrypted data with another user, they will also have to ...
NETWORKING SYSTEMS 1
NETWORKING SYSTEMS 5
Networking System
Sarju Thapa
Dr. Stephen Gardner
East Central University
Abstract
In this report, the planning to design the network will be discussed and demonstrated in detail. The planning to design the network layout will be made according to the scenario given in the requirements. The plan will be implemented by the evaluation of the aspects that are important to design the network and other necessary things to design and implement the network. After implementing the network, the network will be tested by secure communication, WAN communication Channel, Wireless network, and PAN network. The troubleshooting of the network will also be discussed and elaborated in detail. The protocols used in this network will also be taken into consideration.
Introduction
Designing a network is not a simple task for someone. There are different phases to design the network. Each phase has a very important role to design the network. The first phase is to collect all the requirements to design the network. The second phase is to evaluate the requirements to make sure that either requirement is enough to design the network or not. After evaluating the requirements, the third phase is to implement all the aspects that are gathered in requirements. The fourth and last phase after implementing the network design is to optimize the network by performance.
Network Layout
The physical arrangement of the network is called network layout. The network layout of the given is scenario is shown below:
Diagram created using CISCO PACKET TRACER 7.3.0
Demonstration
This network consists of two different places one place is headquarter which is the main point of this network and another place is Therall which is the working point of this network.
Headquarter
In headquarter, the Executive office, R&D, Reception, Guest office, and accounting office’s host are connected with one switch. Twisted pair cable is used in this part of the network. Each device directly connected with the headquarter switch. 8P8C (Actually, RJ-45 is the more common term) jack is used in this part of the network and it is located in the reception area. Bus topology is used in this part of the network. (I think that what you have in your diagram is a bus-star hybrid. The switch is the bus, the individual cables to the hosts are the star)
Thrall
In Thrall Remote, the Engineering area, production area, and reception area’s host are connected with the switch. Twisted pair cable is used in this part of the network. Each device directly connected with the headquarter switch. 8P8C jack is used in this part of the network and it is located in the reception area. Bus topology is used in this part of the network.
For bot.
2Network VulnerabilityPart 1Prepared by Edwige .docxtamicawaysmith
2
Network Vulnerability
Part 1
Prepared by
Edwige Kouassi
To
Prof: Roger Seeholzer
Network Vulnerabilities Assessment and Recommendations
Introduction
Today network security is a big concern for many organizations. Today, one of the biggest security challenges is the level of sophistication of attacks. Attackers are using common internet tools and protocols to carry out attacks [1]. This makes it difficult to distinguish between an attack and a legitimate traffic. Vulnerability is caused by insufficient protection of sensitive data and network and an attacker can exploit the weakness to access sensitive information [2].
This report is an analysis of network vulnerability of a small accounting firm. The firm has 21 workers, including the owner. Out of the 21, 10 are accountants, 3 are administrative assistants, 1 vice president, 1 financial manager, 2 interns, and 1 manager, who is also the owner. The company has 20 computers and two multi-purpose printers. The manager uses his personal iPad to read and responds to emails. The firm’s network is simple and all computers are connected to the internet via a wireless NETGEAR MT814 device.
A sketch of the current network setup
The Identified Vulnerabilities
Router: Wireless routers can be an ideal target for network hackers. The accounting firm’s network uses a NETGEAR MR814 router that is connected to a Motorola SB3100 cable modem. The router has the following vulnerabilities:
· Denial of service (DoS) attack: Happens when attackers bombard a target resource with unauthorized requests, which makes the resource to become unavailable to the authorized users. Comment by Roger Seeholzer: Source? Comment by Edwige Kouassi:
· Network injections: In this case, an attacker can inject networking re-configuration codes, which might affect the router and other intelligent networking devices. Comment by Roger Seeholzer: Source
· Default passwords or weak passwords: Leaving the default password of the router unchanged provides a perfect point of network infiltration. Similarly, weak password for the firm’s router can be risky and vulnerable to hackers. Comment by Roger Seeholzer: Was it found or are you just saying this?
Access Points:
· The firm’s wireless network is not limited or controlled to have physical boundary, which would prevent accidental associations.
· Rogue access points: Comment by Roger Seeholzer: What about this? Why have you listed rogue access points?
· Eavesdropping: Hackers can try to listen and to collect data between nodes in the wireless network. Comment by Roger Seeholzer: How is this done? Did you find this to be happening here?
· Mac spoofing: Hackers can listen to the traffic of the network and try to identify the MAC addresses of privileged workstations. Comment by Roger Seeholzer: Did you find any spoofed addresses on the wireless network (while reviewing router logs)?
· Default shared keys: Comment by Roger Seeholzer: What is thius here for? How do ...
A lecture to the National University of Ireland, Galway honours year and masters students in oceanography (14th November 2016) on the basics of marine data management.
Introduction to Random NumbersRandom numbers are extremely impor.docxvrickens
Introduction to Random Numbers
Random numbers are extremely important to cryptography. Let us understand why? They are unpredictable and the unpredictability makes it harder to decrypt. If the key was predictable then you would anticipate the key, which would make encryption easy to break.
What makes a number random? You do not know that is expected. Like I mentioned before, they are unpredictable. What is also important, is the fact that each number is equally likely, it means that the random number n is equality likely to come up as the number m. In statistic, we call this propertyUNIFORM DISTRIBUTION. An example of this scenario is the rolling of a fair dice. The chances of getting a 5 is the same as the chances of getting a 3.
In Cryptography, we need random numbers to create encryption keys. How do we get them? We use computers. Computers use mathematical algorithms to generate random number. We are going to call these computer generated random numbers, pseudorandom numbers. Are these numbers good enough to classify these numbers random? Maybe.
Are these computer generated random numbers unpredictable? I am going to leave this question for you to discuss in the discussion area.
Before we go any further in Random Numbers, it is important to understand a little about Entropy. Entropy is the measure of chaos or uncertainty. It is an interesting branch of mathematics. It is quite possible to compute the entropy of a probability distribution. We can look at a pseudo random number generator and define a level of entropy that is acceptable. Am application of this concept is determining if a coin is loaded. We can look at the measure of entropy.
I hope I am not getting too mathematic for you. I promise, this is the hardest mathematics we are going to cover. I cannot promise the same thing for statistics
In order to help you with understanding this concept, I am pointing you to two videos by Instructor Eddie Woo, a high school instructor in Australia - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fEWigU1dcp8
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PtEivGPxwAI
Additionally, go to Random.org and generate 20 random numbers. Do you think the number are predictable?
More details
Additionally, this week, we are going to learn general facts about Cryptography. Cryptography takes clear text and “encrypts” clear text so that an adversary will not be able to “read” the clear text message. The word plain text is used to refer to the original message and ciphered text is often used to refer to the resulting text after encryption has been applied.
It is extremely important to realize that the algorithms used for encryption have to be made public so that developers can implement them in software. Also, the computing community has to agree on a standard algorithm to use for encryption. If each user were to use a different encryption algorithm, the process would not become impractical since every time a user exchanges encrypted data with another user, they will also have to ...
NETWORKING SYSTEMS 1
NETWORKING SYSTEMS 5
Networking System
Sarju Thapa
Dr. Stephen Gardner
East Central University
Abstract
In this report, the planning to design the network will be discussed and demonstrated in detail. The planning to design the network layout will be made according to the scenario given in the requirements. The plan will be implemented by the evaluation of the aspects that are important to design the network and other necessary things to design and implement the network. After implementing the network, the network will be tested by secure communication, WAN communication Channel, Wireless network, and PAN network. The troubleshooting of the network will also be discussed and elaborated in detail. The protocols used in this network will also be taken into consideration.
Introduction
Designing a network is not a simple task for someone. There are different phases to design the network. Each phase has a very important role to design the network. The first phase is to collect all the requirements to design the network. The second phase is to evaluate the requirements to make sure that either requirement is enough to design the network or not. After evaluating the requirements, the third phase is to implement all the aspects that are gathered in requirements. The fourth and last phase after implementing the network design is to optimize the network by performance.
Network Layout
The physical arrangement of the network is called network layout. The network layout of the given is scenario is shown below:
Diagram created using CISCO PACKET TRACER 7.3.0
Demonstration
This network consists of two different places one place is headquarter which is the main point of this network and another place is Therall which is the working point of this network.
Headquarter
In headquarter, the Executive office, R&D, Reception, Guest office, and accounting office’s host are connected with one switch. Twisted pair cable is used in this part of the network. Each device directly connected with the headquarter switch. 8P8C (Actually, RJ-45 is the more common term) jack is used in this part of the network and it is located in the reception area. Bus topology is used in this part of the network. (I think that what you have in your diagram is a bus-star hybrid. The switch is the bus, the individual cables to the hosts are the star)
Thrall
In Thrall Remote, the Engineering area, production area, and reception area’s host are connected with the switch. Twisted pair cable is used in this part of the network. Each device directly connected with the headquarter switch. 8P8C jack is used in this part of the network and it is located in the reception area. Bus topology is used in this part of the network.
For bot.
2Network VulnerabilityPart 1Prepared by Edwige .docxtamicawaysmith
2
Network Vulnerability
Part 1
Prepared by
Edwige Kouassi
To
Prof: Roger Seeholzer
Network Vulnerabilities Assessment and Recommendations
Introduction
Today network security is a big concern for many organizations. Today, one of the biggest security challenges is the level of sophistication of attacks. Attackers are using common internet tools and protocols to carry out attacks [1]. This makes it difficult to distinguish between an attack and a legitimate traffic. Vulnerability is caused by insufficient protection of sensitive data and network and an attacker can exploit the weakness to access sensitive information [2].
This report is an analysis of network vulnerability of a small accounting firm. The firm has 21 workers, including the owner. Out of the 21, 10 are accountants, 3 are administrative assistants, 1 vice president, 1 financial manager, 2 interns, and 1 manager, who is also the owner. The company has 20 computers and two multi-purpose printers. The manager uses his personal iPad to read and responds to emails. The firm’s network is simple and all computers are connected to the internet via a wireless NETGEAR MT814 device.
A sketch of the current network setup
The Identified Vulnerabilities
Router: Wireless routers can be an ideal target for network hackers. The accounting firm’s network uses a NETGEAR MR814 router that is connected to a Motorola SB3100 cable modem. The router has the following vulnerabilities:
· Denial of service (DoS) attack: Happens when attackers bombard a target resource with unauthorized requests, which makes the resource to become unavailable to the authorized users. Comment by Roger Seeholzer: Source? Comment by Edwige Kouassi:
· Network injections: In this case, an attacker can inject networking re-configuration codes, which might affect the router and other intelligent networking devices. Comment by Roger Seeholzer: Source
· Default passwords or weak passwords: Leaving the default password of the router unchanged provides a perfect point of network infiltration. Similarly, weak password for the firm’s router can be risky and vulnerable to hackers. Comment by Roger Seeholzer: Was it found or are you just saying this?
Access Points:
· The firm’s wireless network is not limited or controlled to have physical boundary, which would prevent accidental associations.
· Rogue access points: Comment by Roger Seeholzer: What about this? Why have you listed rogue access points?
· Eavesdropping: Hackers can try to listen and to collect data between nodes in the wireless network. Comment by Roger Seeholzer: How is this done? Did you find this to be happening here?
· Mac spoofing: Hackers can listen to the traffic of the network and try to identify the MAC addresses of privileged workstations. Comment by Roger Seeholzer: Did you find any spoofed addresses on the wireless network (while reviewing router logs)?
· Default shared keys: Comment by Roger Seeholzer: What is thius here for? How do ...
Cloud computing is defined as a computer model that enables fast and with minimal effort the access, which is made on demand, from a network to a common storage computing resources.
Secure Electronic Transaction
Contents are:
Secure Electronic Transaction
SET Business Requirements
SET Protocols
Parties in SET
Implementation of SET
SET Transaction
Dual Signature in SET
Dual Signature Operation
SET Supported Transaction
Credit Card Protocols
Contents:
Introduction
Architecture
MAC Sublayer
Distribution Coordination Function
Point Coordination Function
MAC Layer Frame
Physical Layer
IEEE 802.11 FHSS
IEEE 802.11 DSSS
IEEE 802.11 Infrared
Contents:
Introduction to SONET
SONET/SDH Rates
SONET Layers Compared with OSI Model
SONET Architecture
SONET Frames
SONET Network Types
Advantages of SONET
Disadvantages of SONET
The purpose of types:
To define what the program should do.
e.g. read an array of integers and return a double
To guarantee that the program is meaningful.
that it does not add a string to an integer
that variables are declared before they are used
To document the programmer's intentions.
better than comments, which are not checked by the compiler
To optimize the use of hardware.
reserve the minimal amount of memory, but not more
use the most appropriate machine instructions.
Describe the process of coding, testing, and converting an organizational information system and outline the deliverables and outcomes of the process.
Prepare a test plan for an information system.
Apply four installation strategies: direct, parallel, single-location, and phased installation.
List the deliverables for documenting the system and for training and supporting users.
Distinguish between system and user documentation and determine which types of documentation are necessary for a given information system.
Compare the many modes available for organizational information system training, including self-training and electronic performance support systems.
Discuss the issues of providing support for end-users.
Explain why system implementation sometimes fails.
Describe the threats to system security and remedies that can be applied.
Show how traditional implementation issues apply to electronic commerce applications.
This chapter shows how to use knowledge about the wlorld to make decisions even when the
outcomes of an action are uncertain and the rewards for acting might not be reaped until many
actions have passed. The main points are as follows:
e Sequential decision problems in uncertain envirsinments,also called Markov decision
processes, or MDPs, are defined by a transition model specifying the probabilistic
outcomes of actions and a reward function specifying the reward in each state.
o The utility of a state sequence is the sum of all the rewards over the sequence, possibly
discounted over time. The solution of an MDP is a policy that associates a decision
with every state that the agent might reach. An optimal policy maximizes the utility of
the state sequences encountered when it is execut~ed.
e The utility of a state is the expected utility of the state sequences encountered when
an optimal policy is executed, starting in that state. The value iteration algorithm for
solving MDPs works by iteratively solving the equations relating the utilities of each
state to that of its neighbors.
Policy iteration alternates between calculating the utilities of states under the current
policy and improving the current policy with respect to the current utilities.
* Partially observable MDPs, or POMDPs, are much more difficult to solve than are
MDPs. They can be solved by conversion to an MDP in the continuous space of belief
states. Optimal behavior in POMDPs includes information gathering to reduce uncertainty and therefore make better decisions in the fiuture.
A decision-theoretic agent can be constructed for POMDP environments. The agent
uses a dynamic decision network to represent the transition and observation models,
to update its belief state, and to project forward possible action sequences.
Game theory describes rational behavior for agents in situations where multiple agents
interact simultaneously. Solutions of games are Nash equilibria-strategy profiles in
which no agent has an incentive to deviate from the specified strategy.
Mechanism design can be used to set the rules by which agents will interact, in order
to maximize some global utility through the operation of individually rational agents.
Sometimes, mechanisms exist that achieve this goal without requiring each agent to
consider the choices made by other agents.
We shall return to the world of MDPs and POMDP in Chapter 21, when we study reinforcement learning methods that allow an agent to improve its behavior from experience in sequential, uncertain environments.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Cloud computing is defined as a computer model that enables fast and with minimal effort the access, which is made on demand, from a network to a common storage computing resources.
Secure Electronic Transaction
Contents are:
Secure Electronic Transaction
SET Business Requirements
SET Protocols
Parties in SET
Implementation of SET
SET Transaction
Dual Signature in SET
Dual Signature Operation
SET Supported Transaction
Credit Card Protocols
Contents:
Introduction
Architecture
MAC Sublayer
Distribution Coordination Function
Point Coordination Function
MAC Layer Frame
Physical Layer
IEEE 802.11 FHSS
IEEE 802.11 DSSS
IEEE 802.11 Infrared
Contents:
Introduction to SONET
SONET/SDH Rates
SONET Layers Compared with OSI Model
SONET Architecture
SONET Frames
SONET Network Types
Advantages of SONET
Disadvantages of SONET
The purpose of types:
To define what the program should do.
e.g. read an array of integers and return a double
To guarantee that the program is meaningful.
that it does not add a string to an integer
that variables are declared before they are used
To document the programmer's intentions.
better than comments, which are not checked by the compiler
To optimize the use of hardware.
reserve the minimal amount of memory, but not more
use the most appropriate machine instructions.
Describe the process of coding, testing, and converting an organizational information system and outline the deliverables and outcomes of the process.
Prepare a test plan for an information system.
Apply four installation strategies: direct, parallel, single-location, and phased installation.
List the deliverables for documenting the system and for training and supporting users.
Distinguish between system and user documentation and determine which types of documentation are necessary for a given information system.
Compare the many modes available for organizational information system training, including self-training and electronic performance support systems.
Discuss the issues of providing support for end-users.
Explain why system implementation sometimes fails.
Describe the threats to system security and remedies that can be applied.
Show how traditional implementation issues apply to electronic commerce applications.
This chapter shows how to use knowledge about the wlorld to make decisions even when the
outcomes of an action are uncertain and the rewards for acting might not be reaped until many
actions have passed. The main points are as follows:
e Sequential decision problems in uncertain envirsinments,also called Markov decision
processes, or MDPs, are defined by a transition model specifying the probabilistic
outcomes of actions and a reward function specifying the reward in each state.
o The utility of a state sequence is the sum of all the rewards over the sequence, possibly
discounted over time. The solution of an MDP is a policy that associates a decision
with every state that the agent might reach. An optimal policy maximizes the utility of
the state sequences encountered when it is execut~ed.
e The utility of a state is the expected utility of the state sequences encountered when
an optimal policy is executed, starting in that state. The value iteration algorithm for
solving MDPs works by iteratively solving the equations relating the utilities of each
state to that of its neighbors.
Policy iteration alternates between calculating the utilities of states under the current
policy and improving the current policy with respect to the current utilities.
* Partially observable MDPs, or POMDPs, are much more difficult to solve than are
MDPs. They can be solved by conversion to an MDP in the continuous space of belief
states. Optimal behavior in POMDPs includes information gathering to reduce uncertainty and therefore make better decisions in the fiuture.
A decision-theoretic agent can be constructed for POMDP environments. The agent
uses a dynamic decision network to represent the transition and observation models,
to update its belief state, and to project forward possible action sequences.
Game theory describes rational behavior for agents in situations where multiple agents
interact simultaneously. Solutions of games are Nash equilibria-strategy profiles in
which no agent has an incentive to deviate from the specified strategy.
Mechanism design can be used to set the rules by which agents will interact, in order
to maximize some global utility through the operation of individually rational agents.
Sometimes, mechanisms exist that achieve this goal without requiring each agent to
consider the choices made by other agents.
We shall return to the world of MDPs and POMDP in Chapter 21, when we study reinforcement learning methods that allow an agent to improve its behavior from experience in sequential, uncertain environments.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.