1) Solitary thyroid nodules are common and usually detected by palpation or ultrasound. Evaluation is needed to rule out malignancy given the risk of cancer in solitary nodules.
2) Ultrasound and fine needle aspiration biopsy are important diagnostic tools, with ultrasound assessing features suggestive of malignancy and FNAB providing cytology results.
3) Treatment depends on FNAB and risk factor results, ranging from observation for benign nodules to surgery for malignant or suspicious nodules. Surgery type depends on cancer risk and includes lobectomy or total thyroidectomy.
This lecture proves an overview of assessing the thyrod nodule upon presentation. The use of imaging, including nuclear medicine, PET, CT/MR and Ultrasound is discussed.
There is more detail on ultrasound evaluation with particular emphasis on ACR TIRADS
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Factory Supply Best Quality Pmk Oil CAS 28578–16–7 PMK Powder in Stockrebeccabio
Factory Supply Best Quality Pmk Oil CAS 28578–16–7 PMK Powder in Stock
Telegram: bmksupplier
signal: +85264872720
threema: TUD4A6YC
You can contact me on Telegram or Threema
Communicate promptly and reply
Free of customs clearance, Double Clearance 100% pass delivery to USA, Canada, Spain, Germany, Netherland, Poland, Italy, Sweden, UK, Czech Republic, Australia, Mexico, Russia, Ukraine, Kazakhstan.Door to door service
Hot Selling Organic intermediates
HOT NEW PRODUCT! BIG SALES FAST SHIPPING NOW FROM CHINA!! EU KU DB BK substit...GL Anaacs
Contact us if you are interested:
Email / Skype : kefaya1771@gmail.com
Threema: PXHY5PDH
New BATCH Ku !!! MUCH IN DEMAND FAST SALE EVERY BATCH HAPPY GOOD EFFECT BIG BATCH !
Contact me on Threema or skype to start big business!!
Hot-sale products:
NEW HOT EUTYLONE WHITE CRYSTAL!!
5cl-adba precursor (semi finished )
5cl-adba raw materials
ADBB precursor (semi finished )
ADBB raw materials
APVP powder
5fadb/4f-adb
Jwh018 / Jwh210
Eutylone crystal
Protonitazene (hydrochloride) CAS: 119276-01-6
Flubrotizolam CAS: 57801-95-3
Metonitazene CAS: 14680-51-4
Payment terms: Western Union,MoneyGram,Bitcoin or USDT.
Deliver Time: Usually 7-15days
Shipping method: FedEx, TNT, DHL,UPS etc.Our deliveries are 100% safe, fast, reliable and discreet.
Samples will be sent for your evaluation!If you are interested in, please contact me, let's talk details.
We specializes in exporting high quality Research chemical, medical intermediate, Pharmaceutical chemicals and so on. Products are exported to USA, Canada, France, Korea, Japan,Russia, Southeast Asia and other countries.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
3. In the general population, thyroid nodules are discovered by palpation in 3% to 7%, and by US in 20% to 76% More common in women than men Prevalence increases linearly with age, exposure to ionizing radiation, and iodine deficiency 3 Hegedus L.: Clinical practice: the thyroid nodule. N Engl J Med 351. (17): 1764-1771.2004
4. History and Physical Most patients present with an asymptomatic mass discovered by a physician on routine neck palpation or by the patient during self-examination. Newly diagnosed thyroid nodules should be evaleuated primarily to role out malignancy. 4
6. History of childhood head/neck irradiation Family history of PTC, MTC, or MEN2 Age <20 or >70 years Male sex Enlarging nodule Abnormal cervical adenopathy Fixed nodule 6 Gharib H - EndocrinolMetabClin North Am - 01-SEP-2007; 36(3): 707-35, vi
7. Exposure to Radiation The risk is maximum 20 to 30 years after exposure. Most thyroid carcinomas following radiation exposure are papillary (PTC). There is a 40% chance that patients presenting with a thyroid nodule and a history of radiation to have thyroid cancer. 7
9. Benign Colloid nodule Hashimoto’s thyroiditis Simple or hemorrhagic cyst Follicular adenoma Subacutethyroiditis 9 Ross D.M.: Diagnostic approach to and treatment of thyroid nodules. I. In: Rose B.D., ed. UpToDateWellesley (MA)2005
10. Malignant – Primary Follicular cell-derived carcinoma: PTC, FTC, anaplastic thyroid carcinoma C-cell–derived carcinoma: MTC Thyroid lymphoma Malignant – Secondary Metastatic carcinoma 10 Ross D.M.: Diagnostic approach to and treatment of thyroid nodules. I. In: Rose B.D., ed. UpToDateWellesley (MA)2005
13. Ultrasonography Most sensitive test to detect lesions in the thyroid It is recommended that all patients who have a nodular thyroid, with a palpable solitary nodule or a multinodulargoiter,be evaluated by US Not indicated as screening test in general population 13
14. Ultrasonography Indicated in: Palpable nodule History of radiation to the neck Age<20 & >70 Family history of MTC, MEN2, or PTC Presence of cervical lymphadenopathy 14
15. US prediction of malignancy Solitary versus multiple nodules Size Extracapsular growth Complex or cystic lesions Nodule shape Suspicious cervical adenopathy 15
16. Solitary vs multiple nodules The risk of cancer is not significantly higher for solitary nodules than for glands with several nodules 16
17. Size Cancer is not less frequent in small nodules (diameter <10 mm) 17
18. Extracapsular Growth Hypoechoic nodules with irregular borders, Extension beyond the thyroid capsule, Invasion into perithyroid muscles, and Infiltration of the recurrent laryngeal nerve Are sonographic features suggestive of malignancy 18
19. Complex or Cystic nodule Complex thyroid nodules have solid and cystic components. These are often benign. Some PTCs may be cystic. 19
20. NoduleShape A rounded appearance A more tall than wide shape of the nodule A marked hypoechogenicity of a solid lesion are newly described US patterns suggestive of malignancy 20
22. Ultrasonography The sensitivity of each feature is around 85% The predictive value of these US features for cancer is in part diminished by their low sensitivity No US sign by itself can reliably predict malignancy 22
23. 23 Gharib H - EndocrinolMetabClin North Am - 01-SEP-2007; 36(3): 707-35, vi
24. 24 Transverse ultrasonographic view of the right thyroid lobe showing a 1.2-cm hypoechoic nodule (N), which was benign by fine-needle aspiration biopsy. C, carotid artery; T, trachea.
25. Color Doppler US Evaluates nodule vascularity. Hypervascularity with chaotic arrangement of blood vessels favors malignancy. Peripheral flow indicates a benign nodule. 25
26. 26 US images of a left lobe thyroid nodule. (Lt) The 1.7 1.4-cm solid left lobe thyroid nodule was hypoechoic. (Rt) Color Doppler flow imaging shows hypervascularity. FNA biopsy showed papillary thyroid carcinoma, which was confirmed at surgery.
27. Other imaging tech CT and MRI not as routine. Can asses size, retrosternal extension, position and relation to the surrounding structure. RAI scan: To differentiate hot from cold nodules Malignancy has been shown to occur in 15% to 20% of cold nodules 27
28. 28 Images of a large, asymmetric multinodular goiter. (A) Chest radiography shows marked tracheal deviation to the right (arrow). (B) Chest CT confirmed the presence of a large substernal goiter on the left to the level of tracheal bifurcation.
29. Other imaging tech PET scan: 3-dimensional reconstruction images Use in detecting primary and metastatic thyroid cancer The clinical role of PET in pre-OP investigation of thyroid nodules and in differentiating between benign and malignant lesions is controversial 29 Crippa F, Alessi A, Gerali A, et al: FDG-PET in thyroid cancer. Tumori 2003; 89:540-543 Urhan M - PET Clin - July, 2007; 2(3); 295-304.
31. US guided FNA Indicated if: Palpation-guided FNA nondiagnostic Complex (solid/cystic) nodule Palpable small nodule (<1.5 cm) Impalpable nodule Abnormal cervical nodes Nodule with suspicious US features 31
32. FNAC Specimens 70% Benign, 5% Malignant, 10% Suspicious, and 15% Unsatisfactory 32 Shwartz’s principles of surgery, 8th Ed
33. FNAC results Diagnostic / satisfactory Contains no less than six groups of well-preserved thyroid epithelial cells consisting of at least 10 cells in each group Nondiagnostic / unsatisfactory Inadequate number of cells result from acellular cystic fluid, bloody smears, or poor techniques in preparing slides 33
35. Benign (-ve) cytology Most common finding Indicative of: Colloid nodule Macrofollicular adenoma Lymphocysticthyroiditis Granulomatusthyroiditis Benign cyst 35
36. Malignant (+ve) cytology Commonest is PTC: Increased cellularity, Tumor cells arranged in sheets and papillary cell groups Typical nuclear abnormalities, which include intranuclear holes and grooves Others include: MTC, anaplastic carcinoma, and high-grade metastatic cancers 36
37. Suspecious cytology Diagnosis cannot be made Inculdes: Follicular neoplasms, Hürthle cell neoplasms, Atypical PTC, or Lymphoma 37
38. Suspecious cytology Follicular neoplasms are most common: Hypercellular with microfollicular arrangement and Decreased or absent colloid Hürthle cell neoplasm: Almost exclusively Hürthle cells Absent or scanty colloid lacking a lymphoid cell population 38
39. 39 Gharib H - EndocrinolMetabClin North Am - 01-SEP-2007; 36(3): 707-35, vi
40. Occasionally associated with a minor hematoma No serious adverse effect of the FNA No seeding of tumor cells in the needle tract has been reported Because of 5% false –ve, repeat of biopsy is recommended in some situations 40 Gharib H - EndocrinolMetabClin North Am - 01-SEP-2007; 36(3): 707-35, vi
41. Indications for repeat biopsy Follow-up of benign nodule Enlarging nodule Recurrent cyst Nodule >4 cm Initial FNA nondiagnostic No nodule shrinkage after T4 therapy 41 Castro M.R., Gharib H.: Thyroid fine-needle aspiration biopsy: progress, practice, and pitfalls. EndocrPract 9. (2): 128-136.2003
42. Tg of FNA of cervical L.N. Thyroglobulin (Tg) can be measured in lymph node or nodule aspirates. FNA-Tg levels were markedly elevated in metastatic lymph nodes FNA-Tg sensitivity was 84.0% The combination of cytology plus FNA-Tg increased FNA sensitivity from 76% to 92.0%. 42 Gharib H - EndocrinolMetabClin North Am - 01-SEP-2007; 36(3): 707-35, vi
43. Immunohistochemical markers Several molecular markers and assays HBME-1 monoclonal antibody stains papillary cancer positively but does not stain benign follicular tumors Galectin-3 acts as a cell-death suppressor distinguish benign from malignant thyroid follicular tumors 43
44. Despite most studies showing markers to have high sensitivity or specificity, no markers have high sensitivity and specificity for correctly diagnosing thyroid cancer 44 Bartolazzi A., Gasbarri A., PapottiM.Thyroid Cancer Study Group, et al: Application of an immunodiagnostic method for improving preoperative diagnosis of nodular thyroid lesions. Lancet 357. (9269): 1644-1650.2001; Segev D.L., Clark D.P., Zieger M.A., et al: Beyond the suspicious thyroid fine needle aspirate: a review. ActaCytol 47. (5): 709-722.2003 Castro M.R., Gharib H.: Continuing controversies in the management of thyroid nodules. Ann Intern Med 142. (11): 926-931.2005
46. TSH To detect early or subtle thyroid dysfunction. Inc in hashimotothyroiditis and dec in subacutethyroiditis. If TSH levels abnormal, free T3 & T4 should be measured to confirm the diagnosis. 46 American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and Associazione Medici Endocrinologi medical guidelines for clinical practice for the diagnosis and management of thyroid nodules. EndocrPract 12. (1): 63-102.2006
47. TPOAb Thyroid peroxidase antibody Measured in pt with high TSH. High levels of TPOab suggest autoimmune disease – hashimotothyroiditis 47
48. Serum Tg Correlates with iodine intake and the size of the thyroid gland rather than with the nature or function of the nodule Seldom used in nodule diagnosis Extremely elevated levels of Tg may suggest thyroid metastasis. 48 American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists. EndocrPract 12. (1): 63-102.2006 Schwartz's Principles of Surgery; 8ed
49. Serum Calcitonin Good marker for C-cell disease and correlates well with tumor burden Prevalence of MTC ranging from 0.4% to 1.4% in patients who have nodular thyroid disease Routine calcitonin measurement in all patients who have a nodular thyroid has been recommended by European studies 49 Elisei R., Bottici V., Luchetti F., et al: Impact of routine measurement of serum calcitonin on the diagnosis and outcome of medullary thyroid cancer: experience in 10,864 patients with nodular thyroid disorders. J ClinEndocrinolMetab 89. (1): 163-168.2004
52. FNAC +ve Almost always surgical resection If malignancy is secondary, further investigations needed to identify the primary 52
53. Thyroid operations Total thyroidectomy = 2 total lobectomy + isthemusectomy Subtotal thyroidectomy = 2 subtotal lobectomy + isthemusectomy Near-total thyroidectomy = Total lobectomy + subtotal lobectomy + isthemusectomy Lobectomy 53 Baily & love’s short practice of surgery; 24thed
54. Surgical management Lobectomy + isthemusectomy: In pt with low risk factors & Benign nodules Near-total or Total thyroidectomy: In pt with high risk factors & Benign nodules Malignant nodules 54 Gharib H - EndocrinolMetabClin North Am - 01-SEP-2007; 36(3): 707-35, vi
55. Surgical management Total thyroidectomy + cervical clearance: In MTC PTC and FTC with +ve L.N 55 Gharib H - EndocrinolMetabClin North Am - 01-SEP-2007; 36(3): 707-35, vi
56. FNAC -ve Administration of T4 with TSH suppression: shrinking nodule size, arresting further nodule growth, and preventing the appearance of new nodules 56 Castro M.R., Caraballo P.J., Morris J.C.: Effectiveness of thyroid hormone suppressive therapy in benign solitary thyroid nodules: a meta-analysis. J ClinEndocrinolMetab 87. (9): 4154-4159.2002
57. FNAC -ve T4 therapy not recommended for: As routine For postmenopausal women patients with cardiac disease Large nodule or MNG TSH <0.5 mIU/mL 57 Gharib H - EndocrinolMetabClin North Am - 01-SEP-2007; 36(3): 707-35, vi
58. FNAC -ve Most thyroid nodules do not need specific treatment if malignancy and abnormal thyroid function have been excluded Clinical and US follow-up should be performed every 1 to 2 years. 58 Cooper D.S., Doherty G.M., Haugen B.R.The American Thyroid Association Guidelines Taskforce, et al: Management guidelines for patients with thyroid nodules and differentiated thyroid cancer. Thyroid 16. 109-142.2006
59. FNAC nondiagnostic Cyst: aspirate and follow up 3 months Recurrent cyst: surgical Large cyst >3-4cm: surgical Benign nodule: surgical 59 Gharib H - EndocrinolMetabClin North Am - 01-SEP-2007; 36(3): 707-35, vi
61. References Shwartz’s principles of surgery, 8th Ed Sabiston text book of surgery, 18th Ed Baily & love’s short practice of surgery; 24thed Gharib H - EndocrinolMetabClin North Am - 01-SEP-2007; 36(3): 707-35, vi Cooper D.S., Doherty G.M., Haugen B.R.The American Thyroid Association Guidelines Taskforce, et al: Management guidelines for patients with thyroid nodules and differentiated thyroid cancer. Thyroid 16. 109-142.2006 Castro M.R., Caraballo P.J., Morris J.C.: Effectiveness of thyroid hormone suppressive therapy in benign solitary thyroid nodules: a meta-analysis. J ClinEndocrinolMetab 87. (9): 4154-4159.2002 Elisei R., Bottici V., Luchetti F., et al: Impact of routine measurement of serum calcitonin on the diagnosis and outcome of medullary thyroid cancer: experience in 10,864 patients with nodular thyroid disorders. J ClinEndocrinolMetab 89. (1): 163-168.2004 American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists. EndocrPract 12. (1): 63-102.2006 61
Editor's Notes
Other markers, such as thyroid peroxidaseand telomerase, have been reported to identify or exclude malignancy with variable success
Hypothyroid (inc TSH) in hashimoto…. Hyperthyroid (dec THS) in subacute