This document presents a microcontroller-based design for an automatic solar tracker. The solar tracker system controls the movement of a solar panel to keep it aligned with the sun's position, allowing it to maximize thermal energy collection. It uses a microcontroller programmed to move the panel from east to west over the course of the day without sensors, based on the sun's consistent daily path. Testing showed the solar tracking system precisely tracks the sun and provides more output power than a static solar panel. The design is intended for both single-axis and double-axis tracking to address solstice issues.
Single AXIs Smart SOLAR TRACKING SYSTEM USING ARDUINOasadur babu
To design a smart solar tracking system
To construct a solar tracking circuit to improve the performance of PV system
To test the functionality of LDR sensor and Servo Motor in tracking system
To design a tracking system with low cost components
Arduino based Dual Axis Smart Solar TrackerIJAEMSJORNAL
Solar energy is rapidly advancing as an important means of renewable energy resource. It is radiant light and heat from the Sun that is harnessed using a range of ever-evolving technologies such as solar heating, photovoltaic, solar thermal energy, solar architecture, molten salt power plants and artificial photosynthesis. Trackers direct solar panels or modules toward the sun. These devices change their orientation throughout the day to follow the sun’s path to maximize energy capture. The use of solar trackers can increase electricity production by around a third, and some claim by as much as 40% in some regions, compared with modules at a fixed angle. In any solar application, the conversion efficiency is improved when the modules are continually adjusted to the optimum angle as the sun traverses the sky. This paper presents the designing of a solar tracking system which is based on Arduino UNO and which provides movement of solar panel in the direction of maximum sun light incident. As a result of which we get more efficient system which is compact, low cost as well as easy to use.
Single AXIs Smart SOLAR TRACKING SYSTEM USING ARDUINOasadur babu
To design a smart solar tracking system
To construct a solar tracking circuit to improve the performance of PV system
To test the functionality of LDR sensor and Servo Motor in tracking system
To design a tracking system with low cost components
Arduino based Dual Axis Smart Solar TrackerIJAEMSJORNAL
Solar energy is rapidly advancing as an important means of renewable energy resource. It is radiant light and heat from the Sun that is harnessed using a range of ever-evolving technologies such as solar heating, photovoltaic, solar thermal energy, solar architecture, molten salt power plants and artificial photosynthesis. Trackers direct solar panels or modules toward the sun. These devices change their orientation throughout the day to follow the sun’s path to maximize energy capture. The use of solar trackers can increase electricity production by around a third, and some claim by as much as 40% in some regions, compared with modules at a fixed angle. In any solar application, the conversion efficiency is improved when the modules are continually adjusted to the optimum angle as the sun traverses the sky. This paper presents the designing of a solar tracking system which is based on Arduino UNO and which provides movement of solar panel in the direction of maximum sun light incident. As a result of which we get more efficient system which is compact, low cost as well as easy to use.
Power output from a small solar panel can be affected by its power consumption when it consumes power from the solar panel. There has been a lack of proper research and experiment in the use of small solar panel with tracking systems. Its significance was detailed in this paper where the voltage output are compared with those which were externally powered. The solar trackers and a microcontroller have been designed and fabricated for this research. Due to the use of the tracking system (single axis and dual axis), the power consumption varies from one to another and its effect on the voltage output. Several experiments have been conducted and it was concluded that small solar panels are not efficient enough to utilize with tracking capabilities due to an increase in power consumption. The externally powered system was found to generate 18% more output compared to a selfsustaining system and that the increase in average power consumptions compared to a fixed panel were 31.7% and 82.5% for single-axis and dualaxis tracker respectively. A concrete evidence was made that utilizing solar tracking capabilities for low power rated solar panel is unfeasible.
Optimization of photovoltaic energy by a microcontroller saad motahhir
One of the major challenges of all nations today is to find new energy sources to meet the needs for continued growth in Energy Term. The conversion of sunlight into electricity via photovoltaic solar cells is becoming a necessity in particular through the observation of a global evolution in clean energy that respects the environment. The main challenge is to optimize as much as possible the cost / energy ($/watt) ratio thus boosting both energy performance and at the same time take full advantage of the sun's rays throughout the day.In this context the sun trackers are such devices for efficiency improvement.
Contribution to the optimization of energy withdrawn from a PV panel using an...saad motahhir
Considering the high initial capital cost of photovoltaic (PV) panels and their low conversion efficiency, it is imperative to operate the PV system at the maximum power point (MPP). In this context, our goal in this thesis is to develop and improve the PV system, by contributing to the optimization of energy withdrawn from PV panel using an embedded system. For this purpose, in order to simulate and test MPPT algorithm, the model of the PV panel should be first studied in accordance with the real behavior of the PV panel. Therefore, the single diode model of the PV panel is introduced in Matlab/Simulink and PSIM. Moreover, for the first time, the PV panel model is developed in Proteus; an experimental test bench was built to validate the developed model. On the other hand, this work proposes a modified incremental conductance (INC) algorithm to improve the MPP tracker (MPPT) capability for PV system when the irradiation is suddenly modified. Three modifications are made in the INC algorithm, which are described as follows: (1) A check to identify the increase in irradiation and make a correct decision. (2) Eliminate the all-division computations in the INC algorithm and make the algorithm structure simpler allowing the algorithm to be easily implemented by a low-cost embedded system. (3) A modified variable step INC algorithm is used, which can reduce the steady-state oscillations and improve the tracking speed under sudden irradiance variation. The first modification is simulated using PSIM through “Software in the Loop” test and the results show that the modified algorithm provides an accurate response to a sudden variation of solar irradiation with an efficiency of 98.8 %. The second modification is simulated using the PV panel model proposed in Proteus. For verification, a hardware test bench is implemented by using Arduino Uno board in which the low-cost Atmega328 microcontroller is integrated. This has led to a low-cost PV system with an efficiency of 98.5 %. The third modification is developed following the techniques employed in the automotive and aeronautical embedded system. This is done by following the V-cycle development process, which means that our controller will be validated using “Model in the Loop/Software in the Loop/Processor in the Loop” tests. In this sense, integrating the MPPT embedded system in the automotive or the aeronautical area will be possible. It should be mentioned that Matlab/Simulink is used for MIL/SIL/PIL tests, thus STM32F4 board is used for PIL test. On the other side, if minimizing the cost of the PV system is not important than guarantying a very high level of robustness and efficiency, it is required to use a more powerful method. Therefore in this thesis, we design and implement MPPT based on Kalman Filter. The expected outcome of this proposal is an efficient MPPT method which presents a very high level of robustness, reliability and accuracy. The obtained results clearly highlight the superiority of
A Street Light Control framework which works naturally is least demanding as well as the canny
framework. This project describes a street lighting application developed utilizing a hybrid powergeneration
technology that combines solar energy into a single, unified power generation system. Solar
energy vitality is quickly picking up notoriety as an essential method for growing renewable vitality assets.
Solar energy following permits more vitality to be delivered in light of the fact that the sun oriented vitality
has the capacity stay adjusted to sun. The force from the sun blocked by the earth is roughly 1.8*1011MW,
which is numerous a huge number of times bigger than the present utilization rate on the earth of all
business vitality sources. The design objective of the solar renewable street-light system is to develop a
self-sufficient street lighting system that generates and stores electric power whenever solar radiation are
available, and then provides lighting during the night time. The bureau for the battery stockpiling and
controller circuits ought to be sufficiently little with the goal that it can be promptly installable in many
areas.
A Light Dependent Resistor is used to activate street light during night time. The RTC is a device which
counts data and time. Depending upon time the RTC provides a voltage source which will trigger the motor
solar panel to rotate in a direction of light source. There by the solar panel will get activated and provide
voltage to the battery to operate depend on load requirement
SINGLE AXIS PV-PANEL TRACKING FOR AUTOMATED STREET LIGHT CONTROLLER eeiej_journal
A Street Light Control framework which works naturally is least demanding as well as the canny framework. This project describes a street lighting application developed utilizing a hybrid power generation technology that combines solar energy into a single, unified power generation system. Solar
energy vitality is quickly picking up notoriety as an essential method for growing renewable vitality assets. Solar energy following permits more vitality to be delivered in light of the fact that the sun oriented vitality has the capacity stay adjusted to sun. The force from the sun blocked by the earth is roughly 1.8*1011MW, which is numerous a huge number of times bigger than the present utilization rate on the earth of all business vitality sources. The design objective of the solar renewable street-light system is to develop a self-sufficient street lighting system that generates and stores electric power whenever solar radiation are available, and then provides lighting during the night time. The bureau for the battery stockpiling and controller circuits ought to be sufficiently little with the goal that it can be promptly installable in many areas.
IOSR Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering(IOSR-JEEE) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of electrical and electronics engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in electrical and electronics engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Measurement of 3 Solar Panel Output Involving Controller and ReflectorTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Solar cell as one of renewable energy source had been treated differently in this research. In order to optimize its output and efficiency, three panels output was measured simultaneously by vary its movement and sun light exposure. The variations of measurement are one static panel without any treatment; one static panel with two mirrors as reflector; and one dynamic panel with reflector. The dynamic panel movement controlled by microcontroller. Result had revealed that the treatment succesfully improve the output of solar cell.
Power output from a small solar panel can be affected by its power consumption when it consumes power from the solar panel. There has been a lack of proper research and experiment in the use of small solar panel with tracking systems. Its significance was detailed in this paper where the voltage output are compared with those which were externally powered. The solar trackers and a microcontroller have been designed and fabricated for this research. Due to the use of the tracking system (single axis and dual axis), the power consumption varies from one to another and its effect on the voltage output. Several experiments have been conducted and it was concluded that small solar panels are not efficient enough to utilize with tracking capabilities due to an increase in power consumption. The externally powered system was found to generate 18% more output compared to a selfsustaining system and that the increase in average power consumptions compared to a fixed panel were 31.7% and 82.5% for single-axis and dualaxis tracker respectively. A concrete evidence was made that utilizing solar tracking capabilities for low power rated solar panel is unfeasible.
Optimization of photovoltaic energy by a microcontroller saad motahhir
One of the major challenges of all nations today is to find new energy sources to meet the needs for continued growth in Energy Term. The conversion of sunlight into electricity via photovoltaic solar cells is becoming a necessity in particular through the observation of a global evolution in clean energy that respects the environment. The main challenge is to optimize as much as possible the cost / energy ($/watt) ratio thus boosting both energy performance and at the same time take full advantage of the sun's rays throughout the day.In this context the sun trackers are such devices for efficiency improvement.
Contribution to the optimization of energy withdrawn from a PV panel using an...saad motahhir
Considering the high initial capital cost of photovoltaic (PV) panels and their low conversion efficiency, it is imperative to operate the PV system at the maximum power point (MPP). In this context, our goal in this thesis is to develop and improve the PV system, by contributing to the optimization of energy withdrawn from PV panel using an embedded system. For this purpose, in order to simulate and test MPPT algorithm, the model of the PV panel should be first studied in accordance with the real behavior of the PV panel. Therefore, the single diode model of the PV panel is introduced in Matlab/Simulink and PSIM. Moreover, for the first time, the PV panel model is developed in Proteus; an experimental test bench was built to validate the developed model. On the other hand, this work proposes a modified incremental conductance (INC) algorithm to improve the MPP tracker (MPPT) capability for PV system when the irradiation is suddenly modified. Three modifications are made in the INC algorithm, which are described as follows: (1) A check to identify the increase in irradiation and make a correct decision. (2) Eliminate the all-division computations in the INC algorithm and make the algorithm structure simpler allowing the algorithm to be easily implemented by a low-cost embedded system. (3) A modified variable step INC algorithm is used, which can reduce the steady-state oscillations and improve the tracking speed under sudden irradiance variation. The first modification is simulated using PSIM through “Software in the Loop” test and the results show that the modified algorithm provides an accurate response to a sudden variation of solar irradiation with an efficiency of 98.8 %. The second modification is simulated using the PV panel model proposed in Proteus. For verification, a hardware test bench is implemented by using Arduino Uno board in which the low-cost Atmega328 microcontroller is integrated. This has led to a low-cost PV system with an efficiency of 98.5 %. The third modification is developed following the techniques employed in the automotive and aeronautical embedded system. This is done by following the V-cycle development process, which means that our controller will be validated using “Model in the Loop/Software in the Loop/Processor in the Loop” tests. In this sense, integrating the MPPT embedded system in the automotive or the aeronautical area will be possible. It should be mentioned that Matlab/Simulink is used for MIL/SIL/PIL tests, thus STM32F4 board is used for PIL test. On the other side, if minimizing the cost of the PV system is not important than guarantying a very high level of robustness and efficiency, it is required to use a more powerful method. Therefore in this thesis, we design and implement MPPT based on Kalman Filter. The expected outcome of this proposal is an efficient MPPT method which presents a very high level of robustness, reliability and accuracy. The obtained results clearly highlight the superiority of
A Street Light Control framework which works naturally is least demanding as well as the canny
framework. This project describes a street lighting application developed utilizing a hybrid powergeneration
technology that combines solar energy into a single, unified power generation system. Solar
energy vitality is quickly picking up notoriety as an essential method for growing renewable vitality assets.
Solar energy following permits more vitality to be delivered in light of the fact that the sun oriented vitality
has the capacity stay adjusted to sun. The force from the sun blocked by the earth is roughly 1.8*1011MW,
which is numerous a huge number of times bigger than the present utilization rate on the earth of all
business vitality sources. The design objective of the solar renewable street-light system is to develop a
self-sufficient street lighting system that generates and stores electric power whenever solar radiation are
available, and then provides lighting during the night time. The bureau for the battery stockpiling and
controller circuits ought to be sufficiently little with the goal that it can be promptly installable in many
areas.
A Light Dependent Resistor is used to activate street light during night time. The RTC is a device which
counts data and time. Depending upon time the RTC provides a voltage source which will trigger the motor
solar panel to rotate in a direction of light source. There by the solar panel will get activated and provide
voltage to the battery to operate depend on load requirement
SINGLE AXIS PV-PANEL TRACKING FOR AUTOMATED STREET LIGHT CONTROLLER eeiej_journal
A Street Light Control framework which works naturally is least demanding as well as the canny framework. This project describes a street lighting application developed utilizing a hybrid power generation technology that combines solar energy into a single, unified power generation system. Solar
energy vitality is quickly picking up notoriety as an essential method for growing renewable vitality assets. Solar energy following permits more vitality to be delivered in light of the fact that the sun oriented vitality has the capacity stay adjusted to sun. The force from the sun blocked by the earth is roughly 1.8*1011MW, which is numerous a huge number of times bigger than the present utilization rate on the earth of all business vitality sources. The design objective of the solar renewable street-light system is to develop a self-sufficient street lighting system that generates and stores electric power whenever solar radiation are available, and then provides lighting during the night time. The bureau for the battery stockpiling and controller circuits ought to be sufficiently little with the goal that it can be promptly installable in many areas.
IOSR Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering(IOSR-JEEE) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of electrical and electronics engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in electrical and electronics engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Measurement of 3 Solar Panel Output Involving Controller and ReflectorTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Solar cell as one of renewable energy source had been treated differently in this research. In order to optimize its output and efficiency, three panels output was measured simultaneously by vary its movement and sun light exposure. The variations of measurement are one static panel without any treatment; one static panel with two mirrors as reflector; and one dynamic panel with reflector. The dynamic panel movement controlled by microcontroller. Result had revealed that the treatment succesfully improve the output of solar cell.
Project details - I have made a project Dual Axis Solar Tracker using Arduino to align the solar panel towards the higher density of Sun light. I have used a ATMEGA168 controller IC for programming, and two servo motor for movement of solar panel. It was now also available on EngineersGarage with the link- http://www.engineersgarage.com/contribution/how-to-make-a-solar-tracker. Check this out.
Software control systems for smart antennaeSAT Journals
Abstract A PCB containing microcontroller provides suitable DC voltages to the phase shifters and generates the smart antenna array beam steering. The detected WiFi signals are transferred into a mobile device through a WiFi adapter. This chapter will focus on the software design to automatically control the complete smart antenna array system. Since two microcontrollers PIC18F4550 and LPC1768 are used to build control PCBs. There are also two specifically designed software programs developed in order to configure the individual PCB. For the PIC18F4550, a graphical user interface (GUI) was developed to communicate between a laptop and the control PCB. The GUI sends commands to a Microchip compiler called MPLAB and transfers the control C code into a Hexadecimal (Hex) document. Through the Bootloader program, this Hex code will be copied into the microchip PIC18F4550 and then configures the digital potentiometers to generate variable output voltages. A script using VB is made to link all of the control steps automatically. Key Words: Software Control System, Smart Antenna, Manual Control, Switching Control, Automatic Control
Maximum solar absorption using dual axis solar panel reportAnkit Kaul
The solar tracker is used to orient various payloads toward the sun in order to trap the energy to the maximum extent. Payloads can be photovoltaic cells, reflectors, lenses or other optical devices. This tracker circuit finds the sun at dawn, follows the sun during the day, and resets for the next day. Here the payload is a Solar Photo Voltaic Panel.
Sunlight has two components, the "direct beam" that carries about 90% of the solar energy, and the "diffuse sunlight" that carries the remainder .The diffuse portion is the blue sky on a clear day. As the majority of the energy is in the direct beam, maximizing collection requires the sunlight to fall straight onto the panels as long as possible. This is where the tracker comes.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
SINGLE AXIS PV-PANEL TRACKING FOR AUTOMATED STREET LIGHT CONTROLLER eeiej_journal
A Street Light Control framework which works naturally is least demanding as well as the canny framework. This project describes a street lighting application developed utilizing a hybrid powergeneration technology that combines solar energy into a single, unified power generation system. Solar energy vitality is quickly picking up notoriety as an essential method for growing renewable vitality assets. Solar energy following permits more vitality to be delivered in light of the fact that the sun oriented vitality has the capacity stay adjusted to sun
The presentation is complementary to a 8051 micro-controller based active solar tracker model consisting of light dependent resistors and assembly language programming.This is not a chronological tracker which has fixed angular rotation per second but adapts according the intensity of sun light.
Sun trackin solar panel with auto dust cleaning systemsachin kumar
There is a project report of on sun tracking solar panel with auto dust cleaning system.
There is very usefull for those student which are make a project on solar tracker and autu dust cleaning systen.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
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Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
1. ABSTRACT:
Renewable energy resources are getting priorities in the whole world in order to
provide a sustainable power production and safe world to the future generation. Solar energy
is rapidly gaining the focus as an important means of expanding renewable energy uses.
Solar trackers are the most appropriate and proven technology to increase the efficiency of
solar panels through keeping the panels aligned with suns position. A microcontroller based
design methodology of an automatic solar tracker is presented in this paper. The unit controls
the movement of solar panel always aligned towards the direction of the sun, due to this
maximum thermal energy would be culminated from solar panel. Sun always moves from
east to west direction independent of weather condition, so with this concept without using
sensors movement of the solar panel from east to west direction is done with the help of
programme loaded into the microcontroller. This prototype is designed for single axis as well
as for double axis to solve solstice problem. From hardware testing we come to know that
solar tracking system tracks the sun precisely and provides more power at the output as
compared to that static solar panel.
SKTRMCE,DEPT. OF ECE
Page 1
2. INDEX:
S.NO
LIST OF TOPICS
P.NO
1.
INTRODUCTION
3
2.
BLOCK DIAGRAM
4
3.
LIST OF COMPONENTS
5
4.
INTERFACING OF COMPONENTS WITH
MICROCONTROLLER
12
5.
WORKING OF SOLAR TRACKER
13
6.
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
14
7.
CONCLUSION
16
SKTRMCE,DEPT. OF ECE
Page 2
3. INTRODUCTION:
Commercial made solar trackers are a nice addition to any solar panel array.
They help increase the time that panels directly face the sun and allow them to produce their
maximum power. Unfortunately they can be expensive to buy. We decided to make our own
solar tracker to see if we could reduce the cost. We did not want to reinvent the wheel but
wanted to make it more affordable. We started out small and came up with the idea of solar
tracking using time instead of using a device that would sense where the sun is and move
the panels toward it. The objective of this project is to control the position of a solar panel in
accordance with the motion of sun. Brief Methodology: This project is designed with solar
panels, RTC, Microcontroller, Stepper Motor and its driving circuit. In this project RTC is used
to find or the location of Sun. It’s a open loop system.
Renewable energy is rapidly gaining importance as an energy resource as
fossil fuel prices fluctuate. At the educational level, it is therefore critical for engineering and
technology students to have an understanding and appreciation of the technologies
associated with renewable energy. One of the most popular renewable energy sources is
solar energy. Many researches were conducted to develop some methods to increase the
efficiency of Photo Voltaic systems (solar panels). One such method is to employ a solar
panel tracking system. This project deals with a RTC based solar panel tracking system.
Solar tracking enables more energy to be generated because the solar panel is always able
to maintain a perpendicular profile to the sun’s rays. Development of solar panel tracking
systems has been ongoing for several years now. As the sun moves across the sky during
the day, it is advantageous to have the solar panels track the location of the sun, such that
the panels are always perpendicular to the solar energy radiated by the sun. This will tend to
maximize the amount of power absorbed by PV systems. It has been estimated that the use
of a tracking system, over a fixed system, can increase the power output by 30% - 60%. The
increase is significant enough to make tracking a viable preposition despite of the
enhancement in system cost. It is possible to align the tracking heliostat normal to sun using
electronic control by a micro controller. Design requirements are:
1) during the time that the sun is up, the system must follow the sun’s position inthe sky.
2) This must be done with an active control, timed movements are useful. It should be totally
automatic and simple to operate. The operator interference should be minimal and restricted
to only when it is actually required
SKTRMCE,DEPT. OF ECE
Page 3
5. LIST OF COMPONENTS:
Power supply
Microcontroller(AT89C51)
Solar panel
DC motor
LCD(Liquid crystal Display)
RTC(Real Time Clock-DS1307)
L293D Driver
keypad
POWER SUPPLY:
In this project power supplies with +5V & -5V option normally +5V is enough for total
circuit. Another supply is used in case of OP amp circuit .Transformer primary side has
230/50HZ AC voltage whereas at the secondary winding the voltage is step downed to
12/50hz and this voltage is rectified using two full wave rectifiers .The rectified output is given
to a filter circuit to filter the unwanted ac in the signal After that the output is again applied to
SKTRMCE,DEPT. OF ECE
Page 5
6. a regulator LM7805(to provide +5v) regulator. WhereasLM7805 is for providing 5V
regulation.
CIRCUIT FEATURES:
Brief description of operation: Gives out well regulated +5V output, output current capability
of 1A
Circuit complexity: Very simple and easy to build
Circuit performance: Very stable +5V output voltage, reliable operation
Power supply voltage: 230V AC
Power supply current: 1A
MICROCONTROLLER:(AT89C51)
AT89C51 MICROCONTROLLER
FEATURES
89C51 based architecture
8
-Kbytes of on-chip Reprogrammable Flash Memory
128 x 8 RAM
Two 16 Timer/Counters
-bit
Full duplex serial channel
Boolean processor
Four 8 I/O ports, 32 I/O lines
-bit
Memory addressing capability
– 64K ROM and 64K RAM
Power save modes:
– Idle and power-down
Six interrupt sources
Most instructions execute in 0.3 us
CMOS and TTL compatible
Maximum speed: 40 MHz @ Vcc = 5V
Industrial temperature available
Packages available:
– 40-pin DIP
– 44-pin PLCC
SKTRMCE,DEPT. OF ECE
Page 6
7. – 44-pin PQFP
SOLAR PANEL:
Photovoltaic energy is the conversion of sunlight into electricity. A photovoltaic cell,
commonly called a solar cell or PV, is the technology used to convert solar energy directly
into electrical power. A photovoltaic cell is a non mechanical device usually made from silicon
alloy The photovoltaic cell is the basic building block of a photovoltaic system. Individual
cells can vary in size from about 0.5 inches to about 4 inches across. However, one cell only
produces 1 or 2 watts, which isn't enough power for most applications.
The performance of a photovoltaic array is dependent upon the sunlight .Climatic conditions
(eg., clouds, fog) have a significant effect on the amount of solar energy received by a
photovoltaic array and, in turn, its performance. Most current technology photovoltaic
modules are about 10% efficient in converting solar radiation. Further research is being
conducted to raise this efficiency to 20%.
BRUSHLESS DC GEAR MOTOR :
Conventional DC motors use a stationary magnet with a rotating armature
combining the commutation segments and brushes to provide automatic commutation.
In comparison, the brushless DC motor is a reversed design: the permanent
magnet is rotating whereas the windings are part of the stator and can be energized without
requiring a commutator-and-brush system.
SPECIFICATION:
INPUT VOLTAGE-15V
INPUT CURRENT- 0.6A
R.P.M -10:1
SKTRMCE,DEPT. OF ECE
Page 7
8. Fig. Brushless Dc Motor
LCD (LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY) :
The Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) is a low power device (microwatts). Now a
days in most applications LCDs are using rather using of LED displays because of its
specifications like low power consumption, ability to display numbers and special characters
which are difficult to display with other displaying circuits and easy to program. An LCD
requires an external or internal light source. Temperature range of LCD is 0ºC to 60ºC and
lifetime is an area of concern, because LCDs can chemically degrade these are
manufactured with liquid crystal material (normally organic for LCDs) that will flow like a liquid
but whose molecular structure has some properties normally associated with solids .
FIELD EFFECT LCD:
Field-effect LCDs are normally used in such applications where source of energy is a
prime factor (e.g., watches, portable instrumentation etc.).They absorb considerably less
power than the light-scattering type. However, the cost for field-effect units is typically higher,
and their height is limited to 2 inches. On the other hand, light-scattering units are available
up to 8 inches in height. Field-effect LCD is used in the project for displaying the appropriate
information
Fig.Liquid Crystal Display
SKTRMCE,DEPT. OF ECE
Page 8
9. DS 1307(RTC)
Real-Time Clock (RTC) Counts Seconds, Minutes, Hours, Date of the Month,
Month, Day of the Week, and Year with Leap-Year
Fig.DS1307 pin and Pin configuration
The DS1307 serial alarm real-time clock provides a full binary coded decimal
(BCD) clock calendar that is accessed by a simple serial interface. The clock/calendar
provides seconds, minutes, hours, day, date, month, and year information. The end of the
month date is automatically adjusted for months with fewer than 31 days, including
corrections for leap year. The clock operates in either the 24-hour or 12-hour format with
AM/PM indicator. In addition, 96 bytes of NV RAM are provided for data storage. The
DS1307 will maintain the time and date, provided the oscillator is enabled, as long as at least
one supply is at a valid level
An interface logic power-supply input pin (VCCIF) allows the DS1307 to drive SDA and SCL
pins to a level that is compatible with the interface logic. This allows an easy interface to 3V
logic in mixed supply systems.
The DS1307 offers dual-power supplies as well as a battery input pin. The dual power
supplies support a programmable trickle charge circuit that allows a rechargeable energy
source (such as a super cap or rechargeable battery) to be used for a backup supply. The
VBAT pin allows the device to be backed up by a non-rechargeable battery. The DS1307 is
fully operational from 2.0V to 5.5V.
Two programmable time-of-day alarms are provided by the DS1307. Each alarm can
generate an interrupt on a programmable combination of seconds, minutes, hours, and day.
“Don’t care” states can be inserted into one or more fields if it is desired for them to be
ignored for the alarm condition.
The time-of-day alarms can be programmed to assert two different interrupt
outputs or to assert one common interrupt output. Both interrupt outputs operate when the
device is powered by VCC1, VCC2, or VBAT.
The DS1307 supports a direct interface to SPI serial data ports or standard 3-wire interface.
A straightforward address and data format is implemented in which data transfers can occur
1 byte at a time or in multiple-byte-burst mode.
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10. L293D DRIVER:
The L293D is a monolithic integrated high voltage, high current four channel driver
designed to accept standard DTL or TTL logic levels and drive inductive loads (such as
relays solenoids, DC and stepping motors) and switching power transistors. To simplify use
as two bridges is pair of channels is equipped with an enable input. A separate supply input
is provided form the logic, allowing operational at a low voltage and internal clamp diodes are
included. This device is suitable for use in switching applications at frequencies up to 5 KHz.
The L293D is assembled in a 16 lead plastic package which has 4 center pins connected
together and used for heat sinking.
Fig.L293D pin configuration
FEATURES:
600ma. output current capability perchannel
1.2a pe ak o utput current (nonrepetitive) per channel
enable facility
overtemperature protection
logical ”0” input voltage up to 15v
internal clamps diodes
KEYPAD:
Keypads are a part of HMI or Human Machine Interface and play really important
role in a small embedded system where human interaction or human input is needed. Matrix
keypads are well known for their simple architecture and ease of interfacingwith any
microcontroller.
Scanning a matrix keypad:
There are many methods depending on how the keypadis connected with the controller,
but the basic logic is same. The columns as i/p and rows making them o/p, this whole
procedure of reading the keyboard is called scanning.
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11. Fig. Matrix Keypad
CRYSTAL OSCILLATOR:
crystal oscillator is an electronic circuit that produces electrical oscillations at a
particular designed frequency determined by the physical characteristics of one or more
crystals, generally of quartz, positioned in the circuit feedback loop. A piezoelectric effect
causes a crystal such as quartz to vibrate and resonate at a particular frequency. The quartz
crystal naturally oscillates at a particular frequency, its fundamental frequency that can be
hundreds of megahertz. The crystal oscillator is generally used in various forms such as a
frequency generator, a frequency modulator and a frequency converter.
Fig. CRYSTAL OSCILLATOR
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12. INTERFACING OF COMPONENTS WITH MICROCONTROLLER AT89C51:
Interfacing Lcd With Microcontroller
Fig. Interfacing of DS1307 with
Fig. Interfacing of L293D with DC Motor
microcontroller
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13. WORKING OF SOLAR TRACKING SYSTEM:
The system contains two modules, one is tracking and the other is controlling
module. Tracking module which will take angular rotation with the help of DC gear motor in
synchronous with the starting position of the sun. As sun rises from East, it will also take the
angle according to the angle of raising sun. So it will continuously track the sun till the sun
sets in the West.
Initially when the supply from the power kit was drawn and given to all the components
of the control circuit and keyboard. When the power supply is switched ON the panel comes
to the original position and by the keypad switches the clock time in the LCD screen can be
setted by the keypad switches. K1, K2 and K3 are the switches of keypad. K1 represents
Increment switch, K2 represents Decrement switch and K3 represents Enable switch. Initially
the panel stands at reference position 8:00AM and according to the setting time the panel
rotates with the help of brushless DC Gear Motor.
Module is designed with efficient Microcontroller from ATMEL 89C51 which helps to
drive the tracking module at different instants. The keypad switches was connected to the
microcontroller through latch to the port2(Pins 2.6, 2.7,2.8) and microcontroller was
connected to the LCD screen through the pins(P1.4 to P1.7) and the LCD displays the preset
time.
DS1307 is the RTC(Real Time Clock) used to produce clock pulses through
microcontroller which connects the LCD display, displays the time.
L293D driver was connected to the DC Motor, microcontroller and 9V battery. The
pulses that was produced by the microcontroller helps to connect the DC supply to the DC
brushless motor.
The DC brushless motor was mounted on a separate stand and connected to a shaft
which rotates the solar panel given from the microcontroller based upon this gear motor
operates.
When the supply was given to the dc gear motor, according to the setting from keypad,
the solar panel reaches the set state from the initial position with one degree as one second
and after reaching the set position it covers every degree by one degree.
Solar tracker provides three ways of operation and control mechanism through the
programme written in the microcontroller. The three ways of operation includes normal day
light condition, bad weather condition and bidirectional rotation. Whether there is normal day
light or bad weather sun always present in the sky. With this programme loaded into the
microcontroller to move the panel from east to west direction automatically. Once the day of
24 hours completed panel brought to initial position to start the new day.
The entire day is divided into 24x6=144 parts of 10 minute each. The day light is
assumed to be present for 10 hours that is 60 parts of 10 minutes. Stepper motor has
resolution of 1.8ºper step. The worm gear ratio that has been used is 30:1. With this the
number of steps required by the stepper motor to move the panel through 2.4º is 40. With
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14. beginning of the daylight from a reference point the system starts counting the stepping
cycles each of 40 steps.
ADVANTAGES:
1. Solar power is pollution free during use. Production end wastes and emissions are
manageable using existing pollution controls. End-of-use recycling technologies are under
development.
2. Facilities can operate with little maintenance after initial setup.
3. Solar electric generation is economically superior where grid connection or fuel transport is
difficult, costly or impossible.
4. When grid-connected, solar electric generation can displace the highest cost electricity
during times of peak demand can reduce grid loading.
5. Grid-connected solar electricity can be used locally thus reducing transmission/distribution
losses.
6. Once the initial capital cost of building a solar power plant has been spent, operating costs
are extremely low compared to existing power technologies.
7. The power obtained by solar tracking is almost constant over a period of time when
compared with the output obtained by a panel without tracking.
DISADVANTAGES:
1. Solar electricity is almost more expensive than electricity generated by other sources.
2. Solar electricity is not available at night and is less available in cloudy weather conditions.
Therefore, a storage or complimentary power system is required.
3. Limited power density.
4. Solar cells produce DC which must be converted to ACwhen used in currently existing
distribution grids
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15. Fig. Overview Of Simple Solar Tracker
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16. CONCLUSION:
In recent years, the generation of electricity using solar technology has seen a
tremendous growth, in particular because of the economic considerations and smooth
operation of the solar panels. Even though the initial costs are high, but operation costs and
maintenance costs are low. Solar tracking system today offer an innovative method to track
the solar insolation and provide economic compatibility of the generation of electric power
where grid connections are difficult to setup and costly.
Here the tracking system is based on microcontroller with effective systematic operation and
the solar panel is rotated by the dc gear motor effectively.
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