The document summarizes a project to design and develop an automatic Solar Tracker Robot (STR) using a microcontroller that is capable of tracking maximum sunlight. The STR consists of components like a PIC16F877A microcontroller, light dependent resistors (LDRs) as sensors, servo motors, and a digital compass. The LDRs detect sunlight and the servo motor aligns the solar panel to receive maximum light. The digital compass is used to detect the robot's position. Experimental results found the STR could increase the efficiency of the solar panel by an average of 19.26% compared to a fixed panel. The STR automatically adjusts its position using the digital compass and microcontroller programming.
Arduino based Dual Axis Smart Solar TrackerIJAEMSJORNAL
Solar energy is rapidly advancing as an important means of renewable energy resource. It is radiant light and heat from the Sun that is harnessed using a range of ever-evolving technologies such as solar heating, photovoltaic, solar thermal energy, solar architecture, molten salt power plants and artificial photosynthesis. Trackers direct solar panels or modules toward the sun. These devices change their orientation throughout the day to follow the sun’s path to maximize energy capture. The use of solar trackers can increase electricity production by around a third, and some claim by as much as 40% in some regions, compared with modules at a fixed angle. In any solar application, the conversion efficiency is improved when the modules are continually adjusted to the optimum angle as the sun traverses the sky. This paper presents the designing of a solar tracking system which is based on Arduino UNO and which provides movement of solar panel in the direction of maximum sun light incident. As a result of which we get more efficient system which is compact, low cost as well as easy to use.
IRJET- Smart and Intelligent Dual Axis Solar Tracker using Arduino Micro-Cont...IRJET Journal
This document describes the design and implementation of an intelligent dual axis solar tracker using an Arduino microcontroller. It begins with an introduction to the increasing demand for renewable energy and benefits of solar tracking systems compared to fixed solar panels. It then provides details on the hardware components used, including light dependent resistors to sense the sun's position, Arduino as the controller, and servo motors to rotate the solar panels on two axes. Experimental results show the dual axis tracker has the highest efficiency at 67% and power output compared to single axis and fixed systems. A cost analysis in MATLAB found the dual axis system saves over Rs. 5000 annually in electricity costs compared to other methods.
report on automatic tracking solar power system Yuvraj Singh
This document is a report on an automatic tracking solar power system submitted for a Bachelor of Technology degree in Electrical Engineering. It discusses the design and implementation of a solar tracking system using a microcontroller to control servo motors that position solar panels to maintain their perpendicular orientation to the sun's rays throughout the day. This is done to maximize energy generation as the sun moves across the sky. Light dependent resistors are used as sensors to detect sunlight and trigger repositioning of the panels. Experimental results showed the tracking system increased energy output by 25-30% compared to fixed solar panels.
The document describes a dual axis solar tracker designed by four students. It includes details on the solar tracker's components like LDR sensors, Arduino microcontroller, servo motors, charge controller, and solar panels. The tracker uses LDR sensors and a microcontroller to rotate the solar panels along two axes to continuously face the sun for maximum energy collection. It can provide around a 40% gain in solar panel efficiency compared to fixed panels. The document also discusses solar energy technology, advantages of tracking systems, and the students' hardware prototypes.
Single AXIs Smart SOLAR TRACKING SYSTEM USING ARDUINOasadur babu
This document describes a single axis smart solar tracking system using an Arduino. The system uses two LDR sensors and a servo motor connected to an Arduino to track the sun and maximize energy collection from a photovoltaic panel. The LDR sensors detect light intensity and send readings to the Arduino, which controls the servo motor to adjust the panel's position accordingly. Testing showed the system successfully orients the panel toward a light source to improve efficiency over a stationary panel. In conclusion, the project demonstrated that LDR sensors and an Arduino can effectively track the sun's position with a simple, low-cost design.
The document describes a student project to create a solar tracker for a solar panel. The goals are to maximize solar energy collection by moving the panel automatically to track the sun's movement and to design and build an electronic circuit to control a DC motor for panel movement based on light sensor input. Key components discussed include an MSP430 microcontroller, light sensors, a motor driver chip, DC motor, and supporting electronics. Block diagrams and prototype photos are provided. Advantages of solar energy discussed include its abundance, pollution-free use, and suitability for remote applications.
Dual Axis Solar Tracker Using MicrocontrollerIRJET Journal
This document describes a dual axis solar tracker system that uses a microcontroller to rotate solar panels throughout the day to maximize solar energy collection. The system tracks the sun's movement across the sky by using a real-time clock and microcontroller to calculate the sun's position and send signals to a stepper motor to adjust the panel orientation accordingly. It aims to increase solar panel efficiency by more than 40% compared to fixed panels. The system was tested outdoors where it successfully tracked the sun and measurements found it increased hourly solar energy production.
This document provides details about a dual axis solar tracker project submitted for a diploma in electrical engineering. It includes an acknowledgment, declaration, table of contents, and abstract summarizing the goal of developing a prototype solar tracking system to enhance the performance of photovoltaic modules. The working involves using light dependent resistors and a microcontroller to control servo motors that rotate the solar panel to maximize exposure to sunlight based on sensor inputs, with the aim of increasing overall power output.
Arduino based Dual Axis Smart Solar TrackerIJAEMSJORNAL
Solar energy is rapidly advancing as an important means of renewable energy resource. It is radiant light and heat from the Sun that is harnessed using a range of ever-evolving technologies such as solar heating, photovoltaic, solar thermal energy, solar architecture, molten salt power plants and artificial photosynthesis. Trackers direct solar panels or modules toward the sun. These devices change their orientation throughout the day to follow the sun’s path to maximize energy capture. The use of solar trackers can increase electricity production by around a third, and some claim by as much as 40% in some regions, compared with modules at a fixed angle. In any solar application, the conversion efficiency is improved when the modules are continually adjusted to the optimum angle as the sun traverses the sky. This paper presents the designing of a solar tracking system which is based on Arduino UNO and which provides movement of solar panel in the direction of maximum sun light incident. As a result of which we get more efficient system which is compact, low cost as well as easy to use.
IRJET- Smart and Intelligent Dual Axis Solar Tracker using Arduino Micro-Cont...IRJET Journal
This document describes the design and implementation of an intelligent dual axis solar tracker using an Arduino microcontroller. It begins with an introduction to the increasing demand for renewable energy and benefits of solar tracking systems compared to fixed solar panels. It then provides details on the hardware components used, including light dependent resistors to sense the sun's position, Arduino as the controller, and servo motors to rotate the solar panels on two axes. Experimental results show the dual axis tracker has the highest efficiency at 67% and power output compared to single axis and fixed systems. A cost analysis in MATLAB found the dual axis system saves over Rs. 5000 annually in electricity costs compared to other methods.
report on automatic tracking solar power system Yuvraj Singh
This document is a report on an automatic tracking solar power system submitted for a Bachelor of Technology degree in Electrical Engineering. It discusses the design and implementation of a solar tracking system using a microcontroller to control servo motors that position solar panels to maintain their perpendicular orientation to the sun's rays throughout the day. This is done to maximize energy generation as the sun moves across the sky. Light dependent resistors are used as sensors to detect sunlight and trigger repositioning of the panels. Experimental results showed the tracking system increased energy output by 25-30% compared to fixed solar panels.
The document describes a dual axis solar tracker designed by four students. It includes details on the solar tracker's components like LDR sensors, Arduino microcontroller, servo motors, charge controller, and solar panels. The tracker uses LDR sensors and a microcontroller to rotate the solar panels along two axes to continuously face the sun for maximum energy collection. It can provide around a 40% gain in solar panel efficiency compared to fixed panels. The document also discusses solar energy technology, advantages of tracking systems, and the students' hardware prototypes.
Single AXIs Smart SOLAR TRACKING SYSTEM USING ARDUINOasadur babu
This document describes a single axis smart solar tracking system using an Arduino. The system uses two LDR sensors and a servo motor connected to an Arduino to track the sun and maximize energy collection from a photovoltaic panel. The LDR sensors detect light intensity and send readings to the Arduino, which controls the servo motor to adjust the panel's position accordingly. Testing showed the system successfully orients the panel toward a light source to improve efficiency over a stationary panel. In conclusion, the project demonstrated that LDR sensors and an Arduino can effectively track the sun's position with a simple, low-cost design.
The document describes a student project to create a solar tracker for a solar panel. The goals are to maximize solar energy collection by moving the panel automatically to track the sun's movement and to design and build an electronic circuit to control a DC motor for panel movement based on light sensor input. Key components discussed include an MSP430 microcontroller, light sensors, a motor driver chip, DC motor, and supporting electronics. Block diagrams and prototype photos are provided. Advantages of solar energy discussed include its abundance, pollution-free use, and suitability for remote applications.
Dual Axis Solar Tracker Using MicrocontrollerIRJET Journal
This document describes a dual axis solar tracker system that uses a microcontroller to rotate solar panels throughout the day to maximize solar energy collection. The system tracks the sun's movement across the sky by using a real-time clock and microcontroller to calculate the sun's position and send signals to a stepper motor to adjust the panel orientation accordingly. It aims to increase solar panel efficiency by more than 40% compared to fixed panels. The system was tested outdoors where it successfully tracked the sun and measurements found it increased hourly solar energy production.
This document provides details about a dual axis solar tracker project submitted for a diploma in electrical engineering. It includes an acknowledgment, declaration, table of contents, and abstract summarizing the goal of developing a prototype solar tracking system to enhance the performance of photovoltaic modules. The working involves using light dependent resistors and a microcontroller to control servo motors that rotate the solar panel to maximize exposure to sunlight based on sensor inputs, with the aim of increasing overall power output.
The document describes a solar tracking system that aims to maximize solar panel efficiency by maintaining a perpendicular orientation to the sun's rays. It discusses three ways to increase photovoltaic system efficiency: increasing solar cell efficiency, maximizing energy conversion from solar panels, and using solar tracking. The proposed system uses light dependent resistors and a microcontroller to sense the sun's position and control a stepper motor to adjust the panel accordingly, allowing it to generate 30-60% more power than a fixed panel. It provides block diagrams of the system components and design requirements.
This document describes the benefits of a dual axis solar tracker. It begins by providing background on solar energy production in India and the technologies of photovoltaics and concentrated solar power. It then discusses how single and dual axis solar trackers work, with dual axis trackers able to follow the sun's movement across the sky more precisely for about 40% greater energy production. The document outlines the circuit diagram and components used in the dual axis solar tracker, including Arduino, servo motors, light dependent resistors and charge controller. It concludes by discussing the financial benefits and future improvements possible with solar tracking technologies.
Maximum solar absorption using dual axis solar panel reportAnkit Kaul
The solar tracker is used to orient various payloads toward the sun in order to trap the energy to the maximum extent. Payloads can be photovoltaic cells, reflectors, lenses or other optical devices. This tracker circuit finds the sun at dawn, follows the sun during the day, and resets for the next day. Here the payload is a Solar Photo Voltaic Panel.
Sunlight has two components, the "direct beam" that carries about 90% of the solar energy, and the "diffuse sunlight" that carries the remainder .The diffuse portion is the blue sky on a clear day. As the majority of the energy is in the direct beam, maximizing collection requires the sunlight to fall straight onto the panels as long as possible. This is where the tracker comes.
This project deals with the CAD design and construction of an automatic Solar Tracking system for Sun Tracking and Sun Following based upon the sun vector and the sun's position at any given time and the position of the sun for any GPS location on the earth. It drives hybrid solar Stirling technology for thermal and electricity generation and finds application in smart microgrid development for power and energy distribution an dispatch in off-grid and grid-tied applications. Automatic sun tracker positioner and control system for a motorized parabolic dish solar reflector and mechatronic solar tracking control system project describes the development and CAD design in a dual-axis sun tracker application for a stand-alone off-grid 3 kW solar electrical self-tracking concentrating solar power system. This autonomous power stand-alone solar tracking application and parabolic collector harness sunlight in a dish Stirling system or concentrated photovoltaic system by implementing a dynamic mechatronic platform and digital electronic control system for an autonomous concentrating solar power for CSP and CPV. The same sun tracker can also be used in solar PV photovoltaic where the solar panels follow the sun throughout the day.
A solar tracking system is proposed to maximize solar energy collection using a panel that tracks the sun from east to west automatically. The system uses an LDR light sensor to detect sunlight intensity and control a stepper motor driver to move the panel. It operates by sensing changes in light levels to keep the panel oriented towards the strongest sunlight throughout the day. A microcontroller is used to process sensor feedback and power the motor drive accordingly. The tracking system aims to continually point the panel towards the sun to obtain the highest solar intensity from morning to afternoon.
IRJET- Dual Axis Solar Tracking System using ArduinoIRJET Journal
This document describes a dual-axis solar tracking system developed using Arduino that aims to maximize solar energy collection. It discusses how solar trackers can improve power gain by rotating panels to always face the sun's position. A dual-axis tracker is able to rotate in both horizontal and vertical directions, unlike single-axis trackers. The proposed system uses Arduino, light dependent resistors, motors, and a display to control panel rotation based on sun position. Experimental results show the dual-axis system improves efficiency by 30-45% compared to fixed and single-axis mounting.
Dual axis solar tracking using arduino with lab view (1)LOCHANBHATT1
This document describes the development of a dual axis solar tracking system using an Arduino microcontroller. A dual axis solar tracker moves solar panels along two axes (horizontal and vertical) to keep the panels perpendicular to the sun's rays and maximize energy absorption. It requires solar cells, a voltage regulator, an Arduino Nano microcontroller, light dependent resistors to sense sunlight, an L298N motor driver, and DC motors to adjust the panel positioning. The system uses LDR sensors and an Arduino to read sunlight levels and control the motors to continually adjust the panel orientation towards the sun throughout the day.
This document is a project report on the design and implementation of a solar tracker system using a microcontroller. It includes an introduction outlining the need for renewable energy sources like solar power. The objectives are to design a system to track solar UV light for solar panels and accurately measure the sun's altitude angle from sunrise to sunset. The literature review covers types of solar trackers including single-axis and dual-axis systems. It also discusses active and passive solar tracking methods and reviews concepts like solar irradiation and efficiency of fixed and tracking solar collectors. Block diagrams, flow charts and the methodology are discussed in subsequent chapters.
Design of Dual Axis Solar Tracker System Based on Fuzzy Inference Systems ijscai
Electric power is a basic need in today’s life. Due to the extensive usage of power, there is a need to look
for an alternate clean energy source. Recently many researchers have focused on the solar energy as a
reliable alternative power source. Photovoltaic panels are used to collect sun radiation and convert it into
electrical energy. Most of the photovoltaic panels are deployed in a fixed position, they are inefficient as
they are fixed only at a specific angle. The efficiency of photovoltaic systems can be considerably increased
with an ability to change the panels angel according to the sun position. The main goal of such systems is
to make the sun radiation perpendicular to the photovoltaic panels as much as possible all the day times.
This paper presents a dual axis design for a fuzzy inference approach-based solar tracking system. The
system is modeled using Mamdani fuzzy logic model and the different combinations of ANFIS modeling.
Models are compared in terms of the correlation between the actual testing data output and their
corresponding forecasted output. The Mean Absolute Percent Error and Mean Percentage Error are used
to measure the models error size. In order to measure the effectiveness of the proposed models, we
compare the output power produced by a fixed photovoltaic panels with the output which would be
produced if the dual-axis panels are used. Results show that dual-axis solar tracker system will produce
22% more power than a fixed panels system.
KEYWORDS
Fuzzy, Membership function, Universe of discourse, PV, ANFIS, DC motor, FLC.
1. INTRODUCTION
Fuzzy logic can be viewed as an extension of classical logical
This document describes the design and implementation of a dual-axis solar tracking system. It discusses the need for solar trackers to improve efficiency over stationary panels, provides an overview of the hardware and software components used including solar panels, LDR sensors, servo motors, microcontroller, and introduces the block diagrams and flow charts of the system. It also presents the simulation results, cost analysis, applications and concludes that such a tracking system can effectively increase energy generation for small to medium scale power needs.
SOLAR ENERGY TRACKER SYSTEM SEMINAR REPORTeeeraviriet
The document discusses renewable energy sources and focuses on solar photovoltaic energy. It states that solar PV capacity has grown rapidly in recent decades and is expected to become a major energy source in the future. However, solar PV still needs to be improved to maximize output, especially in areas with less sunlight. The project aims to develop a prototype solar tracking system to more efficiently orient panels toward the sun and increase solar PV performance.
The Project under construction is expected to track the sun position all the daytime in order to deliver the maximum electrical energy from the PV array panel by keeping the sunray perpendicular to the panel , the tracker has two linear actuators moving the panel in 2-axis motion horizontally and vertically . The unit has its own controller which consists of a microcontroller and driving circuits, the sun illumination intensity is measured with four photo sensors, two on each axis .
This document describes a project report submitted by four students for their Bachelor of Technology degree in Electrical Engineering. The report details the design and development of a dual axis solar tracker system. A dual axis solar tracker is able to track the sun's movement across both axes (east-west and north-south) to maximize solar panel exposure and increase energy generation by 35-45% compared to a fixed panel. The system is controlled using an Arduino UNO microcontroller and sensors to position the solar panel towards the strongest sunlight.
IOSR Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering(IOSR-JEEE) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of electrical and electronics engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in electrical and electronics engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
This document describes a student project to build a single axis solar tracker using a modified particle swarm optimization maximum power point tracking (PSO-MPPT) algorithm. It includes sections on maximum power point of PV panels, different MPPT algorithms including PSO, the block diagram, charge controller, buck converter, solar tracker, voltage/current sensing circuits, hardware implementation, the PSO software, and test results. The results show the solar tracker effectively tracked the sun and the PSO-MPPT algorithm found the maximum power point under different lighting conditions including partial shading. The hardware implementation matched the performance in the reference paper on PSO-based MPPT.
Power output from a small solar panel can be affected by its power consumption when it consumes power from the solar panel. There has been a lack of proper research and experiment in the use of small solar panel with tracking systems. Its significance was detailed in this paper where the voltage output are compared with those which were externally powered. The solar trackers and a microcontroller have been designed and fabricated for this research. Due to the use of the tracking system (single axis and dual axis), the power consumption varies from one to another and its effect on the voltage output. Several experiments have been conducted and it was concluded that small solar panels are not efficient enough to utilize with tracking capabilities due to an increase in power consumption. The externally powered system was found to generate 18% more output compared to a selfsustaining system and that the increase in average power consumptions compared to a fixed panel were 31.7% and 82.5% for single-axis and dualaxis tracker respectively. A concrete evidence was made that utilizing solar tracking capabilities for low power rated solar panel is unfeasible.
Design and Construction of Automatic Dual-Axis Solar Tracking System Using Li...Mahfuza Mansura
Solar energy is most promising green energy resource.. This project was done to increase the power produced by solar PV Cells by developing a advance dual-axis solar tracking system.
SINGLE AXIS PV-PANEL TRACKING FOR AUTOMATED STREET LIGHT CONTROLLER eeiej_journal
A Street Light Control framework which works naturally is least demanding as well as the canny framework. This project describes a street lighting application developed utilizing a hybrid power generation technology that combines solar energy into a single, unified power generation system. Solar
energy vitality is quickly picking up notoriety as an essential method for growing renewable vitality assets. Solar energy following permits more vitality to be delivered in light of the fact that the sun oriented vitality has the capacity stay adjusted to sun. The force from the sun blocked by the earth is roughly 1.8*1011MW, which is numerous a huge number of times bigger than the present utilization rate on the earth of all business vitality sources. The design objective of the solar renewable street-light system is to develop a self-sufficient street lighting system that generates and stores electric power whenever solar radiation are available, and then provides lighting during the night time. The bureau for the battery stockpiling and controller circuits ought to be sufficiently little with the goal that it can be promptly installable in many areas.
This document describes a solar panel-powered street lighting system that uses a microcontroller to automatically track the sun and provide lighting at night. The system includes:
1. A PIC16F877A microcontroller that controls the system components and tracks the solar panel position using a motor.
2. A real-time clock and light dependent resistor that help determine when to activate the tracking motor and provide lighting.
3. A solar panel, battery for power storage, and LED lights for the street lighting. The solar panel charges the battery during the day and provides power to the lights at night.
4. An LCD display to show system information and status. The microcontroller sends messages to the
This document contains a candidate's declaration signed by four students certifying that the work presented in their report titled "MICRO CONTROLLER BASED SOLAR TRACKING SYSTEM USING STEPPER MOTOR" was completed by them under supervision. It also includes certificates signed by two professors confirming the students completed the project work. The document provides an acknowledgement thanking those who assisted and supported the project work.
This document describes the design and implementation of a dual axis solar tracking system using a PIC microcontroller. It aims to maximize solar panel efficiency by maintaining perpendicular alignment with the sun. Light dependent resistors are used as sensors and provide input to the PIC microcontroller to determine the position of the sun and control DC motors on each axis accordingly. The system was able to increase energy generation over fixed and single axis systems according to experimental results. Dual axis tracking provided the highest output, with an additional 6% gain over single axis tracking.
The document describes a solar tracking system that aims to maximize solar panel efficiency by maintaining a perpendicular orientation to the sun's rays. It discusses three ways to increase photovoltaic system efficiency: increasing solar cell efficiency, maximizing energy conversion from solar panels, and using solar tracking. The proposed system uses light dependent resistors and a microcontroller to sense the sun's position and control a stepper motor to adjust the panel accordingly, allowing it to generate 30-60% more power than a fixed panel. It provides block diagrams of the system components and design requirements.
This document describes the benefits of a dual axis solar tracker. It begins by providing background on solar energy production in India and the technologies of photovoltaics and concentrated solar power. It then discusses how single and dual axis solar trackers work, with dual axis trackers able to follow the sun's movement across the sky more precisely for about 40% greater energy production. The document outlines the circuit diagram and components used in the dual axis solar tracker, including Arduino, servo motors, light dependent resistors and charge controller. It concludes by discussing the financial benefits and future improvements possible with solar tracking technologies.
Maximum solar absorption using dual axis solar panel reportAnkit Kaul
The solar tracker is used to orient various payloads toward the sun in order to trap the energy to the maximum extent. Payloads can be photovoltaic cells, reflectors, lenses or other optical devices. This tracker circuit finds the sun at dawn, follows the sun during the day, and resets for the next day. Here the payload is a Solar Photo Voltaic Panel.
Sunlight has two components, the "direct beam" that carries about 90% of the solar energy, and the "diffuse sunlight" that carries the remainder .The diffuse portion is the blue sky on a clear day. As the majority of the energy is in the direct beam, maximizing collection requires the sunlight to fall straight onto the panels as long as possible. This is where the tracker comes.
This project deals with the CAD design and construction of an automatic Solar Tracking system for Sun Tracking and Sun Following based upon the sun vector and the sun's position at any given time and the position of the sun for any GPS location on the earth. It drives hybrid solar Stirling technology for thermal and electricity generation and finds application in smart microgrid development for power and energy distribution an dispatch in off-grid and grid-tied applications. Automatic sun tracker positioner and control system for a motorized parabolic dish solar reflector and mechatronic solar tracking control system project describes the development and CAD design in a dual-axis sun tracker application for a stand-alone off-grid 3 kW solar electrical self-tracking concentrating solar power system. This autonomous power stand-alone solar tracking application and parabolic collector harness sunlight in a dish Stirling system or concentrated photovoltaic system by implementing a dynamic mechatronic platform and digital electronic control system for an autonomous concentrating solar power for CSP and CPV. The same sun tracker can also be used in solar PV photovoltaic where the solar panels follow the sun throughout the day.
A solar tracking system is proposed to maximize solar energy collection using a panel that tracks the sun from east to west automatically. The system uses an LDR light sensor to detect sunlight intensity and control a stepper motor driver to move the panel. It operates by sensing changes in light levels to keep the panel oriented towards the strongest sunlight throughout the day. A microcontroller is used to process sensor feedback and power the motor drive accordingly. The tracking system aims to continually point the panel towards the sun to obtain the highest solar intensity from morning to afternoon.
IRJET- Dual Axis Solar Tracking System using ArduinoIRJET Journal
This document describes a dual-axis solar tracking system developed using Arduino that aims to maximize solar energy collection. It discusses how solar trackers can improve power gain by rotating panels to always face the sun's position. A dual-axis tracker is able to rotate in both horizontal and vertical directions, unlike single-axis trackers. The proposed system uses Arduino, light dependent resistors, motors, and a display to control panel rotation based on sun position. Experimental results show the dual-axis system improves efficiency by 30-45% compared to fixed and single-axis mounting.
Dual axis solar tracking using arduino with lab view (1)LOCHANBHATT1
This document describes the development of a dual axis solar tracking system using an Arduino microcontroller. A dual axis solar tracker moves solar panels along two axes (horizontal and vertical) to keep the panels perpendicular to the sun's rays and maximize energy absorption. It requires solar cells, a voltage regulator, an Arduino Nano microcontroller, light dependent resistors to sense sunlight, an L298N motor driver, and DC motors to adjust the panel positioning. The system uses LDR sensors and an Arduino to read sunlight levels and control the motors to continually adjust the panel orientation towards the sun throughout the day.
This document is a project report on the design and implementation of a solar tracker system using a microcontroller. It includes an introduction outlining the need for renewable energy sources like solar power. The objectives are to design a system to track solar UV light for solar panels and accurately measure the sun's altitude angle from sunrise to sunset. The literature review covers types of solar trackers including single-axis and dual-axis systems. It also discusses active and passive solar tracking methods and reviews concepts like solar irradiation and efficiency of fixed and tracking solar collectors. Block diagrams, flow charts and the methodology are discussed in subsequent chapters.
Design of Dual Axis Solar Tracker System Based on Fuzzy Inference Systems ijscai
Electric power is a basic need in today’s life. Due to the extensive usage of power, there is a need to look
for an alternate clean energy source. Recently many researchers have focused on the solar energy as a
reliable alternative power source. Photovoltaic panels are used to collect sun radiation and convert it into
electrical energy. Most of the photovoltaic panels are deployed in a fixed position, they are inefficient as
they are fixed only at a specific angle. The efficiency of photovoltaic systems can be considerably increased
with an ability to change the panels angel according to the sun position. The main goal of such systems is
to make the sun radiation perpendicular to the photovoltaic panels as much as possible all the day times.
This paper presents a dual axis design for a fuzzy inference approach-based solar tracking system. The
system is modeled using Mamdani fuzzy logic model and the different combinations of ANFIS modeling.
Models are compared in terms of the correlation between the actual testing data output and their
corresponding forecasted output. The Mean Absolute Percent Error and Mean Percentage Error are used
to measure the models error size. In order to measure the effectiveness of the proposed models, we
compare the output power produced by a fixed photovoltaic panels with the output which would be
produced if the dual-axis panels are used. Results show that dual-axis solar tracker system will produce
22% more power than a fixed panels system.
KEYWORDS
Fuzzy, Membership function, Universe of discourse, PV, ANFIS, DC motor, FLC.
1. INTRODUCTION
Fuzzy logic can be viewed as an extension of classical logical
This document describes the design and implementation of a dual-axis solar tracking system. It discusses the need for solar trackers to improve efficiency over stationary panels, provides an overview of the hardware and software components used including solar panels, LDR sensors, servo motors, microcontroller, and introduces the block diagrams and flow charts of the system. It also presents the simulation results, cost analysis, applications and concludes that such a tracking system can effectively increase energy generation for small to medium scale power needs.
SOLAR ENERGY TRACKER SYSTEM SEMINAR REPORTeeeraviriet
The document discusses renewable energy sources and focuses on solar photovoltaic energy. It states that solar PV capacity has grown rapidly in recent decades and is expected to become a major energy source in the future. However, solar PV still needs to be improved to maximize output, especially in areas with less sunlight. The project aims to develop a prototype solar tracking system to more efficiently orient panels toward the sun and increase solar PV performance.
The Project under construction is expected to track the sun position all the daytime in order to deliver the maximum electrical energy from the PV array panel by keeping the sunray perpendicular to the panel , the tracker has two linear actuators moving the panel in 2-axis motion horizontally and vertically . The unit has its own controller which consists of a microcontroller and driving circuits, the sun illumination intensity is measured with four photo sensors, two on each axis .
This document describes a project report submitted by four students for their Bachelor of Technology degree in Electrical Engineering. The report details the design and development of a dual axis solar tracker system. A dual axis solar tracker is able to track the sun's movement across both axes (east-west and north-south) to maximize solar panel exposure and increase energy generation by 35-45% compared to a fixed panel. The system is controlled using an Arduino UNO microcontroller and sensors to position the solar panel towards the strongest sunlight.
IOSR Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering(IOSR-JEEE) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of electrical and electronics engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in electrical and electronics engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
This document describes a student project to build a single axis solar tracker using a modified particle swarm optimization maximum power point tracking (PSO-MPPT) algorithm. It includes sections on maximum power point of PV panels, different MPPT algorithms including PSO, the block diagram, charge controller, buck converter, solar tracker, voltage/current sensing circuits, hardware implementation, the PSO software, and test results. The results show the solar tracker effectively tracked the sun and the PSO-MPPT algorithm found the maximum power point under different lighting conditions including partial shading. The hardware implementation matched the performance in the reference paper on PSO-based MPPT.
Power output from a small solar panel can be affected by its power consumption when it consumes power from the solar panel. There has been a lack of proper research and experiment in the use of small solar panel with tracking systems. Its significance was detailed in this paper where the voltage output are compared with those which were externally powered. The solar trackers and a microcontroller have been designed and fabricated for this research. Due to the use of the tracking system (single axis and dual axis), the power consumption varies from one to another and its effect on the voltage output. Several experiments have been conducted and it was concluded that small solar panels are not efficient enough to utilize with tracking capabilities due to an increase in power consumption. The externally powered system was found to generate 18% more output compared to a selfsustaining system and that the increase in average power consumptions compared to a fixed panel were 31.7% and 82.5% for single-axis and dualaxis tracker respectively. A concrete evidence was made that utilizing solar tracking capabilities for low power rated solar panel is unfeasible.
Design and Construction of Automatic Dual-Axis Solar Tracking System Using Li...Mahfuza Mansura
Solar energy is most promising green energy resource.. This project was done to increase the power produced by solar PV Cells by developing a advance dual-axis solar tracking system.
SINGLE AXIS PV-PANEL TRACKING FOR AUTOMATED STREET LIGHT CONTROLLER eeiej_journal
A Street Light Control framework which works naturally is least demanding as well as the canny framework. This project describes a street lighting application developed utilizing a hybrid power generation technology that combines solar energy into a single, unified power generation system. Solar
energy vitality is quickly picking up notoriety as an essential method for growing renewable vitality assets. Solar energy following permits more vitality to be delivered in light of the fact that the sun oriented vitality has the capacity stay adjusted to sun. The force from the sun blocked by the earth is roughly 1.8*1011MW, which is numerous a huge number of times bigger than the present utilization rate on the earth of all business vitality sources. The design objective of the solar renewable street-light system is to develop a self-sufficient street lighting system that generates and stores electric power whenever solar radiation are available, and then provides lighting during the night time. The bureau for the battery stockpiling and controller circuits ought to be sufficiently little with the goal that it can be promptly installable in many areas.
This document describes a solar panel-powered street lighting system that uses a microcontroller to automatically track the sun and provide lighting at night. The system includes:
1. A PIC16F877A microcontroller that controls the system components and tracks the solar panel position using a motor.
2. A real-time clock and light dependent resistor that help determine when to activate the tracking motor and provide lighting.
3. A solar panel, battery for power storage, and LED lights for the street lighting. The solar panel charges the battery during the day and provides power to the lights at night.
4. An LCD display to show system information and status. The microcontroller sends messages to the
This document contains a candidate's declaration signed by four students certifying that the work presented in their report titled "MICRO CONTROLLER BASED SOLAR TRACKING SYSTEM USING STEPPER MOTOR" was completed by them under supervision. It also includes certificates signed by two professors confirming the students completed the project work. The document provides an acknowledgement thanking those who assisted and supported the project work.
This document describes the design and implementation of a dual axis solar tracking system using a PIC microcontroller. It aims to maximize solar panel efficiency by maintaining perpendicular alignment with the sun. Light dependent resistors are used as sensors and provide input to the PIC microcontroller to determine the position of the sun and control DC motors on each axis accordingly. The system was able to increase energy generation over fixed and single axis systems according to experimental results. Dual axis tracking provided the highest output, with an additional 6% gain over single axis tracking.
The document describes the design and construction of a microcontroller-based single axis solar tracker. It aims to maximize solar panel efficiency by keeping the panels aligned with the sun throughout the day. The system uses light dependent resistors and a microcontroller to sense the sun's position and control a motor to adjust the panel orientation accordingly. When tested, the design is intended to demonstrate improved energy production over static panels.
This document discusses the design of a closed loop solar tracker as part of a capstone project. The objectives are to design an effective sensor array to guide a drive system to track the sun's movement and position a photovoltaic panel at the optimal angle. The system will use LDR sensors, DC motors, an L293D motor driver IC, and an ATmega16 microcontroller. It will track the sun automatically to maximize the solar panel's energy output. The team aims to present the working solar tracker at the end of the course to provide a low-cost solution for remote areas lacking electricity access.
Automatic dual axis solar tracking system(eee499.blogspot.com)slmnsvn
This document presents the design of an automatic dual-axis solar tracking system. It includes an introduction discussing increasing global energy demand and the benefits of solar energy. The mechanical design uses servo motors to change the position of the solar panel perpendicular to the sun's rays, increasing efficiency. Experimental results found the tracking system improved efficiency by 30-45% compared to a fixed panel. In conclusions, the solar tracker provides a cost-effective solution and its design could be enhanced with additional weather protection in future work.
Dual axis solar tracking system using microcontrollerPrathima Prathu
This document describes a dual axis solar tracking system that uses a microcontroller. It aims to utilize maximum solar energy by using a solar panel that tracks the sun's position with help from light detecting resistors and a microcontroller. This is more efficient than stationary panels as it allows the panel to remain perpendicular to the incoming solar energy. The system has higher energy output and flexibility than single axis trackers while being more eco-friendly. It could help reduce energy crisis issues by optimizing solar energy collection.
This document provides an introduction and overview of a student project to design an automatic single axis solar tracker using a microcontroller. The project aims to increase the power generated by a solar panel by keeping it perpendicular to the sun's rays as the sun moves across the sky. The system will use light dependent resistors and a comparator circuit to sense the sun's position and control a stepper motor to adjust the panel orientation accordingly. It outlines the components that will be used, including an AT89S51 microcontroller, light sensors, a comparator IC, stepper motor, and driver circuitry. It also includes diagrams of the overall system design and the power supply circuit.
This document describes a dual axis solar tracker prototype. It uses two mechanisms - a linear actuator to move the solar panel in the Y-Z plane and a worm gear setup to move it in the X-Y plane. Three light dependent resistor sensors are used to sense the light intensity and direct the panel towards the maximum intensity to maximize energy capture. A microcontroller reads the sensor outputs and controls the actuators to adjust the panel position until the light readings from the three sensors are approximately equal. This automatic adjustment allows the panel to continuously track the sun's movement for increased solar energy harvesting.
This document describes a microcontroller-based solar tracker project created by students at Sree Narayana Gurukulam College of Engineering. The project involves designing and building a system that uses sensors and a servo motor controlled by a microcontroller to automatically adjust the position of a solar panel to track the sun and maximize energy collection. It provides the background, objectives, block diagram, component descriptions, circuit diagram, and PCB design of the solar tracker. The goal is to increase the efficiency of solar energy systems by keeping the solar panel aligned directly with the sun throughout the day.
This document is a report submitted for the degree of Bachelor of Technology in Electronics and Communication Engineering. It discusses the design of a solar tracking system using a microcontroller. The system aims to use sensors to detect sunlight and motors to adjust the position of a solar panel to maximize sunlight exposure. It provides objectives of the project and lists main components as sensors, DC motors, panels and microcontrollers. It also includes sections on the theoretical background of these components and a literature review of past solar tracking system projects.
Solar tracking system using 8051 microcontrollerVISHAL NAGAR
This document describes a solar tracking system that uses an 8051 microcontroller to automatically position a solar panel to track the sun from east to west for maximum sunlight exposure. It works by using light dependent resistors (LDRs) to sense the intensity of light and send signals to a stepper motor driver and stepper motor to adjust the panel's position. The system aims to maximize the amount of solar energy collected by keeping the panel perpendicular to the sun throughout the day. It provides economic and environmental benefits over fixed solar panels.
Project details - I have made a project Dual Axis Solar Tracker using Arduino to align the solar panel towards the higher density of Sun light. I have used a ATMEGA168 controller IC for programming, and two servo motor for movement of solar panel. It was now also available on EngineersGarage with the link- http://www.engineersgarage.com/contribution/how-to-make-a-solar-tracker. Check this out.
This document provides information on solar tracking systems and photovoltaic panels. It discusses how solar tracking systems can increase the efficiency of photovoltaic panels by keeping them oriented towards the sun throughout the day. By maintaining an angle of incidence close to 0 degrees, solar tracking maximizes the amount of sunlight absorbed. This can boost the output of PV panels by 30-50% compared to fixed panels. The document also provides details on the components and functioning of solar tracking systems, including sensors, microcontrollers and motors. It examines how improvements in solar cell technology and solar tracking have increased the viability of solar power as a renewable energy source.
Solar trackers orient solar panels towards the sun using light sensors and motors. There are two main types: single-axis trackers rotate around one axis, while dual-axis trackers rotate around two axes for maximum sun exposure. Trackers increase solar panel output by approximately 40% compared to fixed panels. They work by measuring light intensity with sensors to determine the sun's position and adjusting the panel orientation accordingly through active control systems. Open loop trackers use computer algorithms and timing systems rather than sensors. Solar trackers improve efficiency and power generation from solar installations.
Development of Automatic PV Power Pack Servo Based Single Axis Solar Tracking...IOSR Journals
This document describes the development of an automatic single-axis solar tracking system using a servo motor mechanism. The system includes light dependent resistors (LDRs) to sense sunlight intensity, a microcontroller to send signals to the servo motor, and a mechanical structure to support the photovoltaic panel. The controller coding and servo mechanism were first simulated using PROTEUS 7 software. Then a prototype was developed including the mechanical structure, LDR sensors, microcontroller, servo motor, and battery. Testing showed the tracking system improved average efficiency by 7.67% compared to a fixed panel.
This document describes the development of an automatic single-axis solar tracking system using a servo motor mechanism. The system includes light dependent resistors (LDRs) to sense sunlight intensity, a microcontroller to send signals to the servo motor, and a mechanical structure to support the photovoltaic panel. The controller coding and servo mechanism were first simulated using PROTEUS 7 software. Then a prototype was developed including the mechanical design, active control components like the LDRs, microcontroller and servo motor, and a power system. Testing showed the tracking system improved average efficiency by 7.67% compared to a fixed panel.
This document describes a solar tracking system that uses an 8051 microcontroller to automatically position a solar panel to track the sun from east to west for maximum sunlight exposure. It works by using light dependent resistors (LDRs) to sense the intensity of light and send signals to a stepper motor driver and stepper motor to rotate the panel. The system aims to maximize the utilization of solar energy through the solar tracking mechanism. It provides an affordable and efficient way to automatically track the sun's movement throughout the day.
Solar Tracking For Maximum Utilization Of Solar EnergyIRJET Journal
This document describes a solar tracking system that aims to maximize solar energy utilization by automatically adjusting the position of solar panels to always face the sun. It uses light dependent resistors (LDRs) and a DC motor controlled by a microcontroller to enable one-axis of horizontal tracking automatically and another axis of vertical tracking manually. By more accurately positioning the panels perpendicular to the sun's rays throughout the day, the system can increase energy collection efficiency compared to fixed panels. It discusses the hardware components, control logic, and concludes that such a low-cost tracking system has potential to increase renewable energy access in rural areas.
Fresnel lens and tracking to improve the solar panel efficiencyIAEME Publication
This document summarizes a study on improving solar panel efficiency through the use of a sun-tracking system and Fresnel lens. A microcontroller-based system was designed to track the sun's movement using light sensors and motors to keep the solar panel perpendicular to the sun's rays. A Fresnel lens was also used to concentrate sunlight on the panel. Experimental results showed the sun-tracking system improved efficiency over a stationary panel and that additional gains were made when combined with the Fresnel lens. Graphs of output data over time demonstrated increased power production from the sun-tracking and concentrated system compared to the stationary panel alone.
Development of a Smart Mechatronic Tracking System to Enhance Solar Cell Pan...IJMER
Two degree of freedom Mechatronic solar tracking system was developed in the present study
to improve the performance of photovoltaic cell panels. The present tracking control algorithm was
applied on a small prototype, simulating a solar cells panel tracking system, designed and constructed in
this work. The Mechatronic tracking hardware section consists mainly of a commercial arduino micro-controller with built in, two servo motor drivers, data input/output, and micro processor modules. Other
components of the tracking hardware are, servo motors actuators and four LDR light intensity sensors. A
feedback control soft ware program, designed and constructed in the present work, enables the solar
tracker to automatically compensate for the sun location’s change to enhance the PV cells efficiency. The
LDR sensors are employed to continuously detect the sun rays intensity at four, light exposed isolated
positions, representing up-right, up-left, down-right, and down-left sides of the solar panel. LDRs data is
hence sent to the control software. The data is used to decide proper actuation actions and send them to
the servomotors to redirect the PV cells panel perpendicular to incident sun rays. Sensors and actuation
signals are exchanged via the in/out data module of the Arduino package. Results of the present
experimental work show that using the present tracking system increases the PV cell out power by about
38% compared with that of a fixed collector
SMARTSOLAR ENERGY MONITORING POSITION TRACKING SYSTEM WITH FAULT DETECTIONIRJET Journal
This document presents a smart solar energy monitoring system that tracks the position of a solar panel and detects faults. It consists of a solar panel, servo motors, LDR sensors, temperature sensor, humidity sensor and microcontroller. The system monitors the current, voltage, humidity, temperature and LDR values and sends this data over WiFi to an IoT application using Node MCU. It also tracks the position of the solar panel by adjusting the angle of the LDR sensors with servo motors according to light intensity measured by the LDRs. If the voltage and current values do not match the LDR readings, a fault is detected and displayed. The system provides efficient solar energy monitoring, fault detection and solar panel positioning globally using Io
Making model of dual axis solar tracking with Maximum Power Point Trackingijsrd.com
Now a days solar harvesting is more popular. As the popularity become higher the material quality and solar tracking methods are more improved. There are several factors affecting the solar system. Major influence on solar cell, intensity of source radiation and storage techniques The materials used in solar cell manufacturing limit the efficiency of solar cell. This makes it particularly difficult to make considerable improvements in the performance of the cell, and hence restricts the efficiency of the overall collection process. Therefore, the most attainable maximum power point tracking method of improving the performance of solar power collection is to increase the mean intensity of radiation received from the source used. The purposed of tracking system controls elevation and orientation angles of solar panels such that the panels always maintain perpendicular to the sunlight. The measured variables of our automatic system were compared with those of a fixed angle PV system. As a result of the experiment, the voltage generated by the proposed tracking system has an overall of about 28.11% more than the fixed angle PV system. There are three major approaches for maximizing power extraction in medium and large scale systems. They are sun tracking, maximum power point (MPP) tracking or both.
IRJET - Two Axis with Four Sensors Solar Tracking SystemIRJET Journal
This document describes a two-axis solar tracking system with four light dependent resistor (LDR) sensors. The system uses an Arduino UNO microcontroller to control two DC motors that adjust the position of a solar panel based on input from the four LDR sensors. The LDR sensors detect light intensity and send signals to the Arduino to rotate the solar panel and ensure it remains perpendicular to the sun's rays for maximum energy absorption. Experimental results showed the dual-axis tracking system increased solar panel efficiency by up to 40% compared to a fixed solar panel system. The low-cost system provides an automatic way to track the sun's movement and improve renewable energy harvesting.
Optimization of photovoltaic energy by a microcontroller saad motahhir
One of the major challenges of all nations today is to find new energy sources to meet the needs for continued growth in Energy Term. The conversion of sunlight into electricity via photovoltaic solar cells is becoming a necessity in particular through the observation of a global evolution in clean energy that respects the environment. The main challenge is to optimize as much as possible the cost / energy ($/watt) ratio thus boosting both energy performance and at the same time take full advantage of the sun's rays throughout the day.In this context the sun trackers are such devices for efficiency improvement.
Development of a Smart Mechatronic Tracking System to Enhance Solar Cell Pane...IJMER
Two degree of freedom Mechatronic solar tracking system was developed in the present study
to improve the performance of photovoltaic cell panels. The present tracking control algorithm was
applied on a small prototype, simulating a solar cells panel tracking system, designed and constructed in
this work. The Mechatronic tracking hardware section consists mainly of a commercial arduino microcontroller
with built in, two servo motor drivers, data input/output, and micro processor modules. Other
components of the tracking hardware are, servo motors actuators and four LDR light intensity sensors. A
feedback control soft ware program, designed and constructed in the present work, enables the solar
tracker to automatically compensate for the sun location’s change to enhance the PV cells efficiency. The
LDR sensors are employed to continuously detect the sun rays intensity at four, light exposed isolated
positions, representing up-right, up-left, down-right, and down-left sides of the solar panel. LDRs data is
hence sent to the control software. The data is used to decide proper actuation actions and send them to
the servomotors to redirect the PV cells panel perpendicular to incident sun rays. Sensors and actuation
signals are exchanged via the in/out data module of the Arduino package. Results of the present
experimental work show that using the present tracking system increases the PV cell out power by about
38% compared with that of a fixed collector
Microcontroller based dual axis solar trackerPritam Suts
This document summarizes a student project to build a prototype dual-axis solar tracker. Key points:
- The tracker uses four light dependent resistors (LDRs) and a microcontroller to sense light intensity and position two servo motors to align a solar panel perpendicular to incoming sunlight for maximum efficiency.
- A potential divider circuit is used to measure LDR resistance and provide input to the microcontroller. The microcontroller then controls the servo motors based on the LDR readings.
- The student constructed the circuit, programmed the microcontroller using Arduino software, and tested the prototype to confirm it successfully tracks light sources and maximizes solar panel output.
This document describes a project report on a DC motor controller using an 89C51 microcontroller. It was submitted by three students to fulfill requirements for their engineering degree. The project involved designing a circuit to control a DC motor interfaced with a driver circuit using an 89C51 microcontroller. It also included constructing a prototype solar cell movement system and an emergency light inverter circuit to operate lights from a battery charged by the solar panel.
Automated Solar Tracking System for Efficient Energy Utilizationvivatechijri
This paper proposes a project that involves an automated solar tracking system which will make use
of LDR’s to track the position of sun. The output of LDR’s will be compared and analyzed to provide correct
alignment of the solar panel. Also another tracking technique is being implemented along, which uses the relation
of sun earth position at a given location. This telemetric data is given to microcontroller which will drive the
motors to align the solar panel. This is useful during cloudy weather and rainy days when it is difficult to check
the position of sun. Solar panels give output efficiency of around 15% to 20% based on the type of panel. The use
of solar tracking system increases it to a range of about 30% to 35%. This project further involves use of reflective
sheets on the sides of solar panel which will concentrate the reflected rays on the panel. Due to this the efficiency
is further increased around 40%. This project is a cost effective solution for stationary solar systems to increase
efficiency.
IRJET-Design and Implementation of Automatic Dual Axis Solar Tracking SystemIRJET Journal
This document describes the design and implementation of an automatic dual-axis solar tracking system. It aims to maximize solar panel efficiency by automatically rotating the panels to continuously face the sun throughout the day. The system uses light detecting resistors and a microcontroller to sense the sun's position and control two stepper motors that rotate the solar panel on two axes (north-south and east-west). This allows the panels to track the sun across the sky and absorb higher intensities of sunlight compared to fixed panels, increasing overall power output. The system was tested to automatically rotate the panels and align them with the sun, demonstrating increased efficiency of approximately 40% over stationary panels.
This document describes the design and construction of an automatic solar tracking system created by four students at Lagos State Polytechnic. The system uses sensors and a microcontroller to automatically rotate solar panels to track the sun's movement and maximize sunlight exposure for increased power generation. It aims to consume maximum solar energy through solar tracking and improve panel performance and efficiency. The system's mechanical structure supports the solar panel on a rotating frame. Sensors provide input to the microcontroller which controls DC motors to adjust the panel's position based on an algorithm to maintain optimal sun exposure. The tracking system prototype demonstrates a working software solution to maximize solar cell output.
Two Axes Sun Tracking System for Heliostat in Algeriaijeei-iaes
In this paper, using Proteus software, sun tracking system with two axes program has developed
and simulated for site of GHARDAIA, in the south of ALGERIA. Two direct current motors have used to
move heliostat in North–South and East–West axis polar, in order to tracking the sun path.In addition, the
distinction between day and night has provided by light dependent resistor (LDR).An algorithm of two axes
sun tracking system hab developed and simulated under Proteus software, after DC motor’s parameters
have verified and simulated under MATLAB software. The results show that: in the first, the development
of the heliostat control requires the knowledge of the position of each heliostat relative to the tower to
ensure the proper operation of the motors, and the uniformity of the reflected beam to the target.Then the
choice of the drive motors is based on the useful power, including the weight of the heliostat, and all efforts
affects on operation of motors in different seasons of the year, like the wind.And The position of the
heliostat depends of chopper duty cycle.Finally,Conducting a power tower with mobile heliostats requires a
techno-economic study on all components (heliostats, tower...) of the plant, for example weather two
motors for each heliostat field.
This document describes a solar tracking system that uses light sensors and a microcontroller to rotate a solar panel towards the sun for increased efficiency. It discusses two main tracking techniques - fixed control algorithms that calculate the sun's position based on time/date, and dynamic tracking that actively finds the sun's position. The system uses two LDR light sensors to detect sunlight and a motor driver controlled by a microcontroller to rotate the solar panel towards the brighter sensor. When constructed, the solar tracker was able to maintain the panel at an angle perpendicular to the sun, increasing power output by over 30% compared to a fixed panel.
This document describes a solar tracking system that uses light sensors and a microcontroller to rotate a solar panel towards the sun for increased efficiency. It discusses two main tracking techniques - fixed control algorithms that calculate the sun's position based on time/date, and dynamic tracking that actively finds the sun's position. The system uses two LDR light sensors to detect sunlight and a motor driver controlled by a microcontroller to rotate the solar panel towards the brighter sensor. This allows the panel to continuously face the sun to maximize energy collection.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
2. vice versa. Servo motor is the actuator used to move the
solar panel due to the high torque and small in size. The
STR will automatically adjust the position of the robot so
that it always faces the same direction. This will ensure
the solar panel receiving optimum sunlight if external
force is applied to move the STR.
III. METHODOLOGY
In this project, the tracking system of the robot will be
controlled by two Light Dependent Resistors (LDRs) act
as input signals, and a servo motor as an actuator to rotate
the solar panel. Besides, the navigation of the robot most
of the time will be controlled by using digital compass
data to correct the error. Meanwhile, the digital compass
data will give feedback to the microcontroller using Inter
Integrated Circuit (I2C) interfacing. In the controller part,
it consists of PIC16F877A chip. The whole circuit Figure 1. Solar tracker robot control architecture
includes the LDR, servo motors, and the digital compass
will be controlled by this chip.
A. System Architecture
Fig. 1 shows the architecture of the whole system
including light sensors, digital compass, limit switches,
three servo motors, and servo motor driver. Two major
parts, from the figure are tracker and the base. The
PIC16F877A chip on the control circuit is the main
processor where it will control the whole system. I2C is
used in this architecture to interface with the slave devices
(Digital Compass Module HMC6352).
B. Sensor Arrays
Figure 2. Condition of sensors array
The LDR sensors will be setup as Fig. 2. When both
sensors are equally illuminated, their respective Start
resistances are approximately the same. When either
sensor falls in shadow, its resistance increases beyond the No
range and the PIC microcontroller will activate the motor
to drive both sensors under even illumination [9]. When Read value from
comparator
west cell (W) is in shadow, tracker rotates to east, while
when east cell (E) in shadow, tracker will rotate to west.
The flow chart for moving solar panel is shown in Fig. 3. Yes
No
C. Digital Compass EW = 00? E_switch?
Digital compass is used to read the current position of
the robot. The STR is set to heading north, which is 0° so No
that solar panel will track the sunlight form east to west.
Once the STR is not in the set point, the operation as Fig. EW = 01? Yes
Turn servo
motor to east
4 will operate.
D. Main Board Control Unit No
Fig. 5 shows the schematic diagram for the STR Turn servo
system. The system consists of microcontroller, two LDR motor to west
Yes EW = 10?
sensors, digital compass, motor driver L293D, servo
motors, limit switches, and others components. No
Yes
W_switch?
EW = 11?
Yes
No
End
Figure 3. Solar panel control architecture
48
3. B. Analysis on Solar Panel
Start
Data is collected using Fluke 1750 power quality
recorder for one day, which is on 22 March 2010. Data is
taken from 9 a.m. to 4 p.m. for 8 samples data. The power
Read current position efficiency of solar panel can be calculated using (1), while
from digital compass the average power efficiency can be calculated using (2).
P2 P1
Turn
A 100% . (1)
servo A CCW, Yes
1to180 P1
degree?
servo B CCW
No
B
( P P ) 100% .
2 1 (2)
Turn
P 1
181 to 359 Yes servo A CW,
degree? servo B CW Where P1 = Power produced by the fixed solar panel
(Watt) and P2 = Power produced by the solar panel
No
CW – Clockwise attached to solar tracker (Watt).
CCW – Counter clockwise End The increments of power efficiency are shown in Table
II. The average power efficiency for 22 March 2010 is
Figure 4. Base control architecture 19.26%. Referring to Table II, the increments of
efficiency are significant from 9 a.m. to 11 a.m. This is
because STR is tracking the maximum sunlight compared
to the fixed solar panel. However, from 12 p.m. to 4 p.m.,
there is only a slightly increase in efficiency due to the
fixed solar panel is receiving almost the same intensity of
sunlight as solar panel on STR. The temperature is
recorded to show that higher the temperature, higher the
performance of solar panel. The comparison graph of
power generated by tracking solar panel and fixed solar
panel is shown as Fig. 6.
TABLE II.
DATA COLLECTED FOR 12/1/2011
Day 1 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4
22/3/10 am am am pm pm pm pm pm
Fixed Solar Panel
Voltage, 9.
7. 16 5. 8 11.4 12.41 10.56 12.56 11.68
V1 (V) 46
Current,
0.18 0.17 0.17 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.15 0.14
Figure 5. Main board control unit circuit schematic I1 (A)
Power, P1
1.28 1.00 1.94 1.99 1.69 2.01 1.75 1.32
(W)
IV. RESULT AND ANALYSIS
Tracking Solar Panel
A. Analysis on Light Dependent Resistor
The resistance value and voltage for different types of Voltage, 10.0
11.21 9.9 13.0 12.74 10.65 12.62 11.85
V2 (V) 4
light source are shown in Table I. The output voltage
when the LDR is under shadow is 1.15V, therefore the Current,
0. 20 0.19 0.18 0.17 0.16 0.16 0.15 0.14
reference voltage which is to be input for comparator is I2 (A)
set to 1.0V. Power, P2
2.24 1.88 2.34 2.17 1.70 2.02 1.78 1.41
(W)
TABLE I. Increase
RESISTANCE AND VOLTAGE VALUE FOR LDR in
75 88 16 9 0.6 0.5 1.7 6.8
efficiency
Types of Light Source Resistance, kΩ Voltage, V (%)
Temp.
Direct sunlight 0.19 0.19 23 25 27 27 28 29 29 25
(°C)
Cloudy 0.60 0.57 Location: Power Electronic Laboratory, University Tun Hussein Onn
Malaysia (UTHM)
Shadow 1.40 1.15
Natural light (Ambient light) 5.04 2.60
No light (Complete darkness) 8.00 3.20
49
4. V. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
A. Conclusion
Tracking Solar Panel Fixed Solar Panel
The results of this research indicate that the STR is
2.5 capable to track the movement of sun and perform a self
alignment once the robot is out of position. By attaching a
Power Generated (W)
2 solar panel on the solar tracker robot, the efficiency of the
solar panel can be increased. The average power can be
1.5 increased up to 19.72 percent compare to static.
1 B. Recommendations
In order to let the STR to function in all weather, the
0.5 STR should be designed to become water proof so that it
will not face any problem during rainy day. This will need
0 more effort on mechanical design.
900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600
REFERENCES
Time
[1] Y. Goswami, F. Kreith, and J. Kreder (1999), “Principles of Solar
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Figure 6. Power comparison between tracking solar panel and [2] S. Abdallah and S. Nijmeh, “Two-Axis Sun Tracking with PLC
static solar panel taken on 12/1/2011 Control,” in Energy Conversion and Management, vol. 45, 2004.
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C. Digital Compass [3] A. Canova, L. Giaccone, and F. Spertino, “Sun Tracking for
Capture Improvement,” 22nd European Photovoltaic Solar Energy
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Figure 7. The solar tracker robot and solar panel Photovoltaic System,” Transilvania University of Brasov, Brasov.
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