A Street Light Control framework which works naturally is least demanding as well as the canny framework. This project describes a street lighting application developed utilizing a hybrid powergeneration technology that combines solar energy into a single, unified power generation system. Solar energy vitality is quickly picking up notoriety as an essential method for growing renewable vitality assets. Solar energy following permits more vitality to be delivered in light of the fact that the sun oriented vitality has the capacity stay adjusted to sun
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This project aims to develop dual axis solar tracker with IOT monitoring system using Arduino. Generally, solar energy is the technology to get useful energy from sunlight. Solar energy has been used in many traditional technologies over the centuries and has been widely used in the absence of other energy supplies. Its usefulness is widespread when awareness of the cost of the environment and the supply is limited by other energy sources such as fuel. The solar tracking system is the most effective technology to improve the efficiency of solar panels by tracking and following the sun's movement. With the help of this system, solar panels can improve the way of sunlight detection so that more electricity can be collected as solar panels can maintain a sunny position. Thus the project discusses the development of two-axis solar-tracking developers using Arduino Uno as main controller the system. For develops this project, four light-dependent resistors (LDRs) have been used for sunlight detection and a maximum light intensity. Two servo motors have been used to rotate the solar panel according to the sun's light source detected by the LDR. Next a WIFI ESP8266 device is used as an intermediary between device and IOT monitoring system. The IOT monitoring system is a website that functions to store data. The efficiency of this system has been tested and compared with a single axial solar tracker. As a result, the two-axis solar tracking system generates more power, voltage and current.
The Short and Long Term Peace Strategies: "Anglophone" Crisis, Cameroonijtsrd
Just like in Ethiopia, the unrest in the Republic of Cameroon is rooted in the countrys history, which dates back to many years. This paper seeks to analyze the institutional and attitudinal elements on the way forward for the restoration to normalcy of the state of affairs within the national territory. It is not a recipe for apportioning blames but of principles and options to a pacific settlement of disputes within the national territory. Maxwell N. Achu ""The Short and Long Term Peace Strategies: “Anglophone†Crisis, Cameroon"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23512.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/other/23512/the-short-and-long-term-peace-strategies-%C3%A2%E2%82%AC%C5%93anglophone-crisis-cameroon/maxwell-n-achu
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This project aims to develop dual axis solar tracker with IOT monitoring system using Arduino. Generally, solar energy is the technology to get useful energy from sunlight. Solar energy has been used in many traditional technologies over the centuries and has been widely used in the absence of other energy supplies. Its usefulness is widespread when awareness of the cost of the environment and the supply is limited by other energy sources such as fuel. The solar tracking system is the most effective technology to improve the efficiency of solar panels by tracking and following the sun's movement. With the help of this system, solar panels can improve the way of sunlight detection so that more electricity can be collected as solar panels can maintain a sunny position. Thus the project discusses the development of two-axis solar-tracking developers using Arduino Uno as main controller the system. For develops this project, four light-dependent resistors (LDRs) have been used for sunlight detection and a maximum light intensity. Two servo motors have been used to rotate the solar panel according to the sun's light source detected by the LDR. Next a WIFI ESP8266 device is used as an intermediary between device and IOT monitoring system. The IOT monitoring system is a website that functions to store data. The efficiency of this system has been tested and compared with a single axial solar tracker. As a result, the two-axis solar tracking system generates more power, voltage and current.
The Short and Long Term Peace Strategies: "Anglophone" Crisis, Cameroonijtsrd
Just like in Ethiopia, the unrest in the Republic of Cameroon is rooted in the countrys history, which dates back to many years. This paper seeks to analyze the institutional and attitudinal elements on the way forward for the restoration to normalcy of the state of affairs within the national territory. It is not a recipe for apportioning blames but of principles and options to a pacific settlement of disputes within the national territory. Maxwell N. Achu ""The Short and Long Term Peace Strategies: “Anglophone†Crisis, Cameroon"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23512.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/other/23512/the-short-and-long-term-peace-strategies-%C3%A2%E2%82%AC%C5%93anglophone-crisis-cameroon/maxwell-n-achu
This paper proposes the design and development of Arduino based solar charge controller with sun tracking using PWM technique. This PWM technique is employed using ATmega328P on Arduino board. The Arduino is used to charge a 12V battery using 10W solar panel. The main feature of this charge controller is to control the load. During day time when load is not connected the battery gets charged from solar panel. When battery reaches peak value of 14.7V charging current & further charging is interrupted by Arduino. An inbuilt analogue to digital converter is used to determine voltage of battery, solar panel and current drawn by the load. A solar tracking system is also implemented such that panel is always kept at right angle to incident radiation.
Dual – MPPT Control of a Photovoltaic SystemIJTET Journal
Abstract - This paper proposes an efficient solar tracker system using a dual MPPT controller. It consists of three step DC to DC converter, which has been controlled by a microcontroller based unit. MPPT (Maximum Power Point Tracking) is used in photovoltaic system to maximize the PV array output power, irrespective of temperature, irradiation conditions and electrical characteristics of the load. The first MPPT controller is a dual axis solar tracker, which ensures optimization of the conversion of solar energy into electricity by properly orienting the PV panel in accordance with the real position of the sun to track azimuth and elevation angles. The second MPPT controller controls the duty cycle of the converter using modified Incremental Conductance algorithm to enable the PV array operate at maximum operating power at all conditions. The proposed control scheme eliminates oscillations and tracks the global maximum power point (GMPP) accurately. The simulation has been accomplished in MATLAB software.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Monitoring and remote control of a hybrid photovoltaic microgridIJERA Editor
The search of new alternatives for energy supply in island communities has always been a challenge in scientific
and social context. In order to attend these communities, in January 2013 a photovoltaic hybrid microgrid project
had its beginning at Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos (UNISINOS). This paper presents the
characterization and the development of such microgrid, monitored remotely via internet, which allows
visualizing the electrical measurements, energy production and performing remote control actions. This work
also aims increasing the interaction between students of universities to perform laboratory practices. The system
consists of two photovoltaic modules technologies, mono and multicrystalline, totaling 570 Wp, connected to an
energy storage bank of 200 Ah in 24 V and a pure sinusoidal inverter of 1 kW to supply AC voltage loads of 220
V. All acquisition components of data, conversion and management system are located in a control cabinet.
Currently, the microgrid uses the utility grid as an auxiliary generator, simulating an alternative source of energy,
which can be further replaced by fuel cell, biodiesel generator, etc.
An energy efficient street lightening system based on solar energy and mppt a...eSAT Journals
Abstract The need for an energy sources is on the rise as the world is facing energy crisis and global warming. This paper suggests the system which makes an effective use of solar energy to drive the street lights. This system is consisting of <i> solar panel for the generation of electricity from the sun. <ii> Battery is used to store the generated electricity. <iii> In any solar application battery life is important therefore Maximum Power Point Tracker (MPPT) algorithm is used for the maximum power extraction from the panel as to increase the battery life.<iv> Light Emitting Diodes (LED’s) are used for lightening purpose instead of any other lamps <v> GSM is used here to provide the feedback regarding the status of street lights to the control room so that the corrective action could be taken. By implementing this system we can surely reduce the darkness on the streets without harming the environment as the system is eco-friendly. Key Words: GSM, LDR, LED, MPPT, PWM.
Abstract: We need energy for every day today work of our life. There are many conventional methods of energy generation but these are depleting very fastly hence non-conventional energy system is very essential at this time to our nation. So an alternate method of non conventional energy generation is proposed in this project. In this project we are generating electrical power as non-conventional method by simply walking or running on foot step.Here Dynamometer is used for converting mechanical energy into electrical energy. The voltage generated by this sensor is stored in battery which will be later on transmitted wirelessly to charge the mobiles.
Programmable timer triggered energy harvesting wireless sensor-node using lo...IJECEIAES
Despite widespread deployment of wireless sensor networks (WSN) in remote and inapproachable locations, energy consumption/storage of WSN hindered its adoption. Similarly, the battery-powered sensor nodes are of no use once the battery is depleted. To overcome this limitation, energy harvesting is one of the key techniques. In this paper, an almost perpetual self-powered sensor node is proposed. This sensor node uses a solar panel to harvest energy while the entire energy management is accomplished by BQ25570. Similarly, a super-capacitor is used as an energy storage unit with long range radio access (LoRa) as a transceiver unit. We measured the power generated/consumed continuously for 15 days with a transmission interval of 10 minutes. The result shows that this sensor node can potentially last for more than 7 days even at a low illuminance. Considering periodic wakeup at every 10 seconds with a sleep interval of 3 sec, a timer-triggered mechanism saves approximately 595 milliwatts of energy in one day compared to a deep-sleep mechanism. Furthermore, it is found that the application of the novel idea of external timer-driven technology in sensor node reduces energy consumption and provides a much efficient power optimization mechanism compared to the deep sleep mechanism that prevailed in WSNs technology.
This paper proposes the design and development of Arduino based solar charge controller with sun tracking using PWM technique. This PWM technique is employed using ATmega328P on Arduino board. The Arduino is used to charge a 12V battery using 10W solar panel. The main feature of this charge controller is to control the load. During day time when load is not connected the battery gets charged from solar panel. When battery reaches peak value of 14.7V charging current & further charging is interrupted by Arduino. An inbuilt analogue to digital converter is used to determine voltage of battery, solar panel and current drawn by the load. A solar tracking system is also implemented such that panel is always kept at right angle to incident radiation.
Dual – MPPT Control of a Photovoltaic SystemIJTET Journal
Abstract - This paper proposes an efficient solar tracker system using a dual MPPT controller. It consists of three step DC to DC converter, which has been controlled by a microcontroller based unit. MPPT (Maximum Power Point Tracking) is used in photovoltaic system to maximize the PV array output power, irrespective of temperature, irradiation conditions and electrical characteristics of the load. The first MPPT controller is a dual axis solar tracker, which ensures optimization of the conversion of solar energy into electricity by properly orienting the PV panel in accordance with the real position of the sun to track azimuth and elevation angles. The second MPPT controller controls the duty cycle of the converter using modified Incremental Conductance algorithm to enable the PV array operate at maximum operating power at all conditions. The proposed control scheme eliminates oscillations and tracks the global maximum power point (GMPP) accurately. The simulation has been accomplished in MATLAB software.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Monitoring and remote control of a hybrid photovoltaic microgridIJERA Editor
The search of new alternatives for energy supply in island communities has always been a challenge in scientific
and social context. In order to attend these communities, in January 2013 a photovoltaic hybrid microgrid project
had its beginning at Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos (UNISINOS). This paper presents the
characterization and the development of such microgrid, monitored remotely via internet, which allows
visualizing the electrical measurements, energy production and performing remote control actions. This work
also aims increasing the interaction between students of universities to perform laboratory practices. The system
consists of two photovoltaic modules technologies, mono and multicrystalline, totaling 570 Wp, connected to an
energy storage bank of 200 Ah in 24 V and a pure sinusoidal inverter of 1 kW to supply AC voltage loads of 220
V. All acquisition components of data, conversion and management system are located in a control cabinet.
Currently, the microgrid uses the utility grid as an auxiliary generator, simulating an alternative source of energy,
which can be further replaced by fuel cell, biodiesel generator, etc.
An energy efficient street lightening system based on solar energy and mppt a...eSAT Journals
Abstract The need for an energy sources is on the rise as the world is facing energy crisis and global warming. This paper suggests the system which makes an effective use of solar energy to drive the street lights. This system is consisting of <i> solar panel for the generation of electricity from the sun. <ii> Battery is used to store the generated electricity. <iii> In any solar application battery life is important therefore Maximum Power Point Tracker (MPPT) algorithm is used for the maximum power extraction from the panel as to increase the battery life.<iv> Light Emitting Diodes (LED’s) are used for lightening purpose instead of any other lamps <v> GSM is used here to provide the feedback regarding the status of street lights to the control room so that the corrective action could be taken. By implementing this system we can surely reduce the darkness on the streets without harming the environment as the system is eco-friendly. Key Words: GSM, LDR, LED, MPPT, PWM.
Abstract: We need energy for every day today work of our life. There are many conventional methods of energy generation but these are depleting very fastly hence non-conventional energy system is very essential at this time to our nation. So an alternate method of non conventional energy generation is proposed in this project. In this project we are generating electrical power as non-conventional method by simply walking or running on foot step.Here Dynamometer is used for converting mechanical energy into electrical energy. The voltage generated by this sensor is stored in battery which will be later on transmitted wirelessly to charge the mobiles.
Programmable timer triggered energy harvesting wireless sensor-node using lo...IJECEIAES
Despite widespread deployment of wireless sensor networks (WSN) in remote and inapproachable locations, energy consumption/storage of WSN hindered its adoption. Similarly, the battery-powered sensor nodes are of no use once the battery is depleted. To overcome this limitation, energy harvesting is one of the key techniques. In this paper, an almost perpetual self-powered sensor node is proposed. This sensor node uses a solar panel to harvest energy while the entire energy management is accomplished by BQ25570. Similarly, a super-capacitor is used as an energy storage unit with long range radio access (LoRa) as a transceiver unit. We measured the power generated/consumed continuously for 15 days with a transmission interval of 10 minutes. The result shows that this sensor node can potentially last for more than 7 days even at a low illuminance. Considering periodic wakeup at every 10 seconds with a sleep interval of 3 sec, a timer-triggered mechanism saves approximately 595 milliwatts of energy in one day compared to a deep-sleep mechanism. Furthermore, it is found that the application of the novel idea of external timer-driven technology in sensor node reduces energy consumption and provides a much efficient power optimization mechanism compared to the deep sleep mechanism that prevailed in WSNs technology.
AN ADAPTIVE EXTREMUM SEEKING CONTROL FOR REAL TIME OPTIMIZATION IN PHOTOVOLTA...Editor IJMTER
Extremum seeking control approach is a theory building a feedback system in such a
way that oscillation around the MPPT will boost the PV System efficiency .An alternative ESC
approach is to introduce a small amount of perturbation into the control system. Maximum Power
Point Tracker (MPPT) using extremum seeking control algorithm with emphasis in solar
photovoltaic (PV) system. The ESC is better because of its low cost ,high efficiency and good
power factor . Ripple Correlation Control(RCC) is used in first stage high pass filter along with the
relational operator to develop the system .The reason for choose RCC is due to its high voltage gain
and a low input current ripple which minimizes the oscillation at the module operation point .A
major advantage of ESC is that it is capable of improving the system performance .The variable
phase MPPT power ripple feedback signal developed by sensing and multiplying together PV array
.The entire system is simulated using Matlab simulink environment .The system is expected to be
operated with high efficiency and low cost long life time.
Implementation Of A High-Efficiency, High-Lifetime, And Low-Cost Converter Us...irjes
This paper proposes a new converter for photovoltaic water pumping and treatment systems without
the use of storage elements. The converter is designed to drive a three-phase induction motor directly from PV
solar energy. The use of this motor has the objective of presenting a better solution to the standard DC motor
water pumping system. The development is oriented to achieve a commercially viable solution and a market
friendly product. The converter topology is based on a Resonant Two Inductor Boost converter and a Threephase
Voltage Source inverter achieving 90% efficiency at a rated power of 210W.
EFFICIENT AND COST EFFECTIVE MODEL FOR AN ECO-FRIENDLY SOLAR COLONYcscpconf
A simple and successful design is developed which has the objective to put together a cost effective model, scaled down both in size and energy required for an average residential home
driven through Solar Panels. It also deals with the autonomous illumination of streets of a
model colony through solar panels to meet the requirements and attain the maximum efficiency
of the available energy. The Photovoltaic system along with an inverter and intensity control circuit counts for the basic design. The effort deals with the efficient, cost effective and needful
implementation of Photovoltaic systems which would be useful primarily in rural and remote parts of India for both social and economic development of the people.
Dynamic solar powered robot using dc dc sepic topologyeSAT Journals
Abstract This paper provides an idea to maintain constant voltage to the charging battery at both low and high level light intensity by using SEPIC topology in solar powered robot. Here two batteries are used, one is for charging and another is for discharging. When battery 1 get charged in mean time the battery 2 which is already charged is used to run the robot, Switching will be controlled by ARM processor using DPDT relay, and also voltage and current levels are monitored. Maximum Power Point tracking of solar will be done by single axis tracking system. Keywords: Battery system, Solar MPPT, Robot model, SEPIC topology
Arduino based Dual Axis Smart Solar TrackerIJAEMSJORNAL
Solar energy is rapidly advancing as an important means of renewable energy resource. It is radiant light and heat from the Sun that is harnessed using a range of ever-evolving technologies such as solar heating, photovoltaic, solar thermal energy, solar architecture, molten salt power plants and artificial photosynthesis. Trackers direct solar panels or modules toward the sun. These devices change their orientation throughout the day to follow the sun’s path to maximize energy capture. The use of solar trackers can increase electricity production by around a third, and some claim by as much as 40% in some regions, compared with modules at a fixed angle. In any solar application, the conversion efficiency is improved when the modules are continually adjusted to the optimum angle as the sun traverses the sky. This paper presents the designing of a solar tracking system which is based on Arduino UNO and which provides movement of solar panel in the direction of maximum sun light incident. As a result of which we get more efficient system which is compact, low cost as well as easy to use.
Similar to SINGLE AXIS PV-PANEL TRACKING FOR AUTOMATED STREET LIGHT CONTROLLER (20)
Emerging Trends in Electrical, Electronics & Instrumentation Engineering: An ...eeiej_journal
Emerging Trends in Electrical, Electronics & Instrumentation Engineering: An international
Journal aims to bring together researchers and practitioners from academia and industry to focus on
recent systems and techniques in the broad field of electrical, instrumentation and communication
Engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews are invited for publication in all areas
of Electrical Electronics & Instrumentation Engineering.
Authors are solicited to contribute to this journal by submitting articles that illustrate research
results, projects, surveying works and industrial experiences that describe significant advances in
the following areas, but are not limited to
Emerging Trends in Electrical, Electronics & Instrumentation Engineering: An ...eeiej_journal
Emerging Trends in Electrical, Electronics & Instrumentation Engineering: An international Journal aims to bring together researchers and practitioners from academia and industry to focus on recent systems and techniques in the broad field of electrical, instrumentation and communication Engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews are invited for publication in all areas of Electrical Electronics & Instrumentation Engineering.
TOPOLOGY AND CONFIGURATION SELECTION FOR DC/DC CONVERTERS IN SPACE ELECTRICAL...eeiej_journal
Selection of DC/DC converter topology is one of the most challenging aspects in space Electrical Power Systems (EPS) design and development. It both highly, affects and is affected from EPS reliability requirements among the other EPS performance specifications. So ranking of DC/DC converters based on
End-Of-Life (EOL) reliability is an undeniable need.
TCSC AND SVC OPTIMAL LOCATION TO IMPROVE THE PERFORMANCE OF POWER SYSTEM WITH...eeiej_journal
Wind generation connection to power system affects steady state and transient stability. Furthermore, this
effect increases with the increase of wind penetration in generation capacity. In this paper optimal location
of FACTS devices is carried out to solve the steady state problems of wind penetration. Two case studies
are carried out on modified IEEE39 bus system one with wind reduction to 20% and the second with wind
penetration increase by 50% in the two cases system suffer from outage of one generator with load at bus
39 decreases from 1104 MW to 900 MW.
DESIGN OF RADIX-8 BOOTH MULTIPLIER USING KOGGESTONE ADDER FOR HIGH SPEED ARIT...eeiej_journal
This paper presents the design and implementation of radix-8 booth Multiplier .The number of partial
products are reduced to n/2 in radix-4We can reduce the number of partial products even further to n/3 by
using a higher radix-8 in the multiplier encoding, thereby obtaining a simpler CSA tree .This implies less
delay and a smaller area size .Since this multiplication operation is for both signed and unsigned
numbers,cost of the system can also be reduced.
IMPLEMENTATION OF PERTURB AND OBSERVE MPPT OF PV SYSTEM WITH DIRECT CONTROL M...eeiej_journal
The Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) is a technique used in power electronic circuits to extract
maximum energy from the Photovoltaic (PV) Systems. In the recent decades, photovoltaic power generation
has become more important due its many benefits such as needs a few maintenance and environmental
advantages and fuel free. However, there are two major barriers for the use of PV systems, low energy
conversion efficiency and high initial cost. To improve the energy efficiency, it is important to work PV
system always at its maximum power point. So far, many researches are conducted and many papers were
published and suggested different methods for extracting maximum power point. This paper presents in
details implementation of Perturb and Observe MPPT using buck and buck-boost Converters. Some results
such as current, voltage and output power for each various combination have been recorded
IMPLEMENTATION OF UNSIGNED MULTIPLIER USING MODIFIED CSLAeeiej_journal
Multiplications and additions are most widely and more often used arithmetic computations performed in
all digital signal processing applications. Addition is the basic operation for many digital application. The
aim is to develop area efficient, high speed and low power devices. Accurate operation of a digital system
is mainly influenced by the performance of the adders. Multipliers are also very important component in
digital systems
Capacitance-voltage Profiling Techniques for Characterization of Semiconduct...eeiej_journal
A new capacitance-voltage profiling technique of semiconductor junctions is proposed for characterisation of semiconductor materials and devices. The measurement technique is simple, non-destructive and it has a greater accuracy compared with the classical C-V method of J. Hilibrand and R. D. Gold, developed in 1960.
Development of Improved Diode Clamped Multilevel Inverter Using Optimized Sel...eeiej_journal
In this paper the role of Selective Harmonic Elimination (SHE) is presented for diode clamped twelve-level multilevel inverter (DCMLI) based on dog leg optimization algorithm. Non-linear equations has been solved to eliminate specific low order harmonics, using the developed DOP algorithm, while at the same time the fundamental component is retained efficiently. The non-linear nature of transcendental equation provide multiple or even no solution for a particular modulation index. The proposed optimization method solving the nonlinear transcendental equations providing all possible solutions. The paper also showing the comparison between different modulation techniques including the proposed method. The entire system has been simulated using MATLAB/Simulink. Simulation results confirm the effectiveness with negligible
THD.
SINGLE AXIS PV-PANEL TRACKING FOR AUTOMATED STREET LIGHT CONTROLLER eeiej_journal
A Street Light Control framework which works naturally is least demanding as well as the canny framework. This project describes a street lighting application developed utilizing a hybrid power generation technology that combines solar energy into a single, unified power generation system. Solar
energy vitality is quickly picking up notoriety as an essential method for growing renewable vitality assets. Solar energy following permits more vitality to be delivered in light of the fact that the sun oriented vitality has the capacity stay adjusted to sun. The force from the sun blocked by the earth is roughly 1.8*1011MW, which is numerous a huge number of times bigger than the present utilization rate on the earth of all business vitality sources. The design objective of the solar renewable street-light system is to develop a self-sufficient street lighting system that generates and stores electric power whenever solar radiation are available, and then provides lighting during the night time. The bureau for the battery stockpiling and controller circuits ought to be sufficiently little with the goal that it can be promptly installable in many areas.
FPGA IMPLEMENTATION OF HIGH SPEED BAUGH-WOOLEY MULTIPLIER USING DECOMPOSITION...eeiej_journal
The Baugh-Wooley algorithm is a well-known iterative algorithm for performing multiplication in digital signal processing applications. Decomposition logic is used with Baugh-Wooley algorithm to enhance the
speed and to reduce the critical path delay. In this paper a high speed multiplier is designed and implemented using decomposition logic and Baugh-Wooley algorithm. The result is compared with booth multiplier. FPGA based architecture is presented and design has been implemented using Xilinx 12.3
device.
COMPARATIVE STUDY FOR PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF ROUTING PROTOCOLS IN MOBILITY A...eeiej_journal
A Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET) has a collection of numbers of wireless nodes which is each device in MANET having ability to free to move in any direction so that it is useful in all applications. In MANET nodes change position quite frequently, this means that we have need routing protocols that quickly adapts to topology changes. An ad-hoc network is self-organising and distributive in manner. The MANET is
works as router so that linked with the other nearest devices. A mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is a
wireless network follows the multiple hop routing instead of static network infra to provide network connectivity. Each device in a MANET is free to move independently in all direction freewaysand will
therefore nodes change position in large networks all routing protocols. The routing protocols are needed for conveying information in Ad-hoc network there are various performance parameters to compare the Ad-hoc routing protocols.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
AKS UNIVERSITY Satna Final Year Project By OM Hardaha.pdf
SINGLE AXIS PV-PANEL TRACKING FOR AUTOMATED STREET LIGHT CONTROLLER
1. Emerging Trends in Electrical, Electronics & Instrumentation Engineering: An international Journal (EEIEJ), Vol. 2, No. 2, May 2015
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SINGLE AXIS PV-PANEL TRACKING FOR
AUTOMATED STREET LIGHT CONTROLLER
1
Keerthana.A, 2
Suresh Kumar.K
1
UG Scholar , Electronics & Communication Engineering, KPR Institute of Engineering
& Technology, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, INDIA.
2
PG Scholar, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia.
ABSTRACT
A Street Light Control framework which works naturally is least demanding as well as the canny
framework. This project describes a street lighting application developed utilizing a hybrid power-
generation technology that combines solar energy into a single, unified power generation system. Solar
energy vitality is quickly picking up notoriety as an essential method for growing renewable vitality assets.
Solar energy following permits more vitality to be delivered in light of the fact that the sun oriented vitality
has the capacity stay adjusted to sun. The force from the sun blocked by the earth is roughly 1.8*1011MW,
which is numerous a huge number of times bigger than the present utilization rate on the earth of all
business vitality sources. The design objective of the solar renewable street-light system is to develop a
self-sufficient street lighting system that generates and stores electric power whenever solar radiation are
available, and then provides lighting during the night time. The bureau for the battery stockpiling and
controller circuits ought to be sufficiently little with the goal that it can be promptly installable in many
areas.
A Light Dependent Resistor is used to activate street light during night time. The RTC is a device which
counts data and time. Depending upon time the RTC provides a voltage source which will trigger the motor
solar panel to rotate in a direction of light source. There by the solar panel will get activated and provide
voltage to the battery to operate depend on load requirement
KEYWORDS
PIC16F877A, LCD Display, RTC, Solar panel, LDR.
1. INTRODUCTION
Instantly we are living in a mechanical world. The vitality assets are getting exhausted and
influence our surroundings. So we can try for renewable vitality assets. India is thickly populated
and has very sun oriented protection, giving a perfect mix to sun powered power in India. Also
India is a tropical nation with more than 300 sunny days; we can richly utilize sun powered
vitality equal to almost 5,000 trillion kWh/year, which is much more than the aggregate vitality
utilization of the nation today. So we composed a SOLAR following framework with the
assistance of outfitted engine controlled by the prearranged microcontroller. The road light will
2. Emerging Trends in Electrical, Electronics & Instrumentation Engineering: An international Journal (EEIEJ), Vol. 2, No. 2, May 2015
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be using the put away vitality from the battery. With a specific end goal to decrease force utilized
by the road light two separate burdens are joined (a low utilization and a high utilization knobs
are being utilized by necessities).
2. PROPOSED FRAMEWORK
This paper depicts a road lighting application created using a cross breed force era innovation that
consolidates sun based vitality into a solitary, brought together power era framework. The design
objective of the solar hybrid renewable street light system is to develop a self-sufficient street
lighting system that generates and stores electric power whenever solar radiation are available,
and then provides lighting during the night time. The bureau for the battery stockpiling and
controller circuits ought to be sufficiently little so it can be promptly installable in many areas.
Keeping in mind the end goal to acquire the greatest productivity, a microcontroller is utilized to
tilt the position of the sun powered board, as indicated by the position of the sun utilizing the
outfitted engine. A RTC (Real Time Clock) technique is used to track the solar panel. The RTC is
a device which counts time. Depending up on time the RTC provide a Voltage source which will
trigger the motor solar panel to rotate in a direction of light source. As time builds the board
consequently tracks and resets to unique position after dusk. It again begins to track following 12
hours. A Light Dependent Resister (LDR) is utilized for recognizing evening. Amid dull time, the
vitality put away in the battery is devoured by the road light.
Our venture can be further reached out with the assistance of an Infra Red (IR) sensor, by which a
high utilization knob is turned ON just in the vicinity of human. Otherwise, a low consumption
bulb is normally turned ON, thus saving power to a maximum extent.
The system consists of the following units:
• Controlling unit
• Tracking unit
• Sensing unit
• Lighting unit
3. Emerging Trends in Electrical, Electronics & Instrumentation Engineering: An international Journal (EEIEJ), Vol. 2, No. 2, Ma
Fig.1 Block diagram of proposed system
3. CONTROLLING UNIT
3.1 INTRODUCTION TO PIC16F877A
Microcontroller PIC16F877A is one of the PIC Micro Family microcontroller which is noticeable
at this moment, start from learner until all
innovation it can be compose eradicate until thousand times. The prevalence this RISC
Microcontroller contrasted over and other microcontroller 8
his code pressure. PIC16F877A have 40 pin by 33 way of I/O.
Ease, low utilization, simple taking care of and adaptability make PIC16F877A relevant even in
ranges where microcontrollers had not already been considered (sample: clock capacities,
interface substitution in bigger framew
Programmability of this chip (alongside utilizing just two pins as a part of information exchange)
makes conceivable the adaptability of an item, in the wake of amassing and testing have been
finished. This ability can be utilized to make sequential construction system generation, to store
adjustment information accessible strictly when last testing, or it can be utilized to enhance
programs on completed items.
Emerging Trends in Electrical, Electronics & Instrumentation Engineering: An international Journal (EEIEJ), Vol. 2, No. 2, Ma
Fig.1 Block diagram of proposed system
CONTROLLING UNIT
3.1 INTRODUCTION TO PIC16F877A
Microcontroller PIC16F877A is one of the PIC Micro Family microcontroller which is noticeable
at this moment, start from learner until all specialists. Due to utilizing FLASH memory
innovation it can be compose eradicate until thousand times. The prevalence this RISC
Microcontroller contrasted over and other microcontroller 8-bit particularly at a velocity of and
have 40 pin by 33 way of I/O.
Ease, low utilization, simple taking care of and adaptability make PIC16F877A relevant even in
ranges where microcontrollers had not already been considered (sample: clock capacities,
interface substitution in bigger frameworks, coprocessor applications, etc.).In System
Programmability of this chip (alongside utilizing just two pins as a part of information exchange)
makes conceivable the adaptability of an item, in the wake of amassing and testing have been
bility can be utilized to make sequential construction system generation, to store
adjustment information accessible strictly when last testing, or it can be utilized to enhance
Emerging Trends in Electrical, Electronics & Instrumentation Engineering: An international Journal (EEIEJ), Vol. 2, No. 2, May 2015
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Microcontroller PIC16F877A is one of the PIC Micro Family microcontroller which is noticeable
. Due to utilizing FLASH memory
innovation it can be compose eradicate until thousand times. The prevalence this RISC
bit particularly at a velocity of and
Ease, low utilization, simple taking care of and adaptability make PIC16F877A relevant even in
ranges where microcontrollers had not already been considered (sample: clock capacities,
orks, coprocessor applications, etc.).In System
Programmability of this chip (alongside utilizing just two pins as a part of information exchange)
makes conceivable the adaptability of an item, in the wake of amassing and testing have been
bility can be utilized to make sequential construction system generation, to store
adjustment information accessible strictly when last testing, or it can be utilized to enhance
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3.2 BATTERY
A battery is a gadget that changes over compound vitality straightforwardly to electrical vitality.
It comprises of various voltaic cells; every voltaic cell comprises of two half-cells associated in
arrangement by a conductive electrolyte containing anions and cations. One half-cell incorporates
electrolyte and the cathode to which anions (contrarily charged particles) relocate, i.e., the anode
or negative terminal. The other half-cell incorporates electrolyte and the cathode to which cations
(decidedly charged particles) move, i.e., the cathode or positive anode.In the redox reaction that
powers the battery, cations are decreased (electrons are incorporated) at the cathode, while anions
are oxidized (electrons are removed) at the anode. The cathodes don't touch one another yet are
electrically associated by the electrolyte.
3.3 REAL TIME CLOCK
GENERAL DESCRIPTION
The DS1307 serial constant clock (RTC) is a low-power, full parallel coded decimal (BCD)
clock/logbook notwithstanding 56 bytes of NV SRAM. Location and information are exchanged
serially through an I2C™, bidirectional transport. The clock/timetable gives seconds, minutes,
hours, day, date, month, and year data. The end of the month date is consequently balanced for
quite a long time with less than 31 days, including remedies for jump year. The check works in
either the 24-hour or 12-hour group with AM/PM pointer
3.4 FEATURES
• Real-Time Clock (RTC) Counts Seconds, Minutes, Hours, Date of the Month, Month,
Day of the week, and Year with Leap-Year compensation valid up to 2100
• 56-Byte, Battery-Backed, Nonvolatile (NV) RAM for Data Storage
• I2C Serial Interface
• Programmable Square-Wave Output Signal
• Automatic Power-Fail Detect and Switch Circuitry
• Optional Industrial Temperature Range: -40°C to +85°C
5. Emerging Trends in Electrical, Electronics & Instrumentation Engineering: An international Journal (EEIEJ), Vol. 2, No. 2, Ma
4. TRACKING UNIT
4.1 SOLAR PANEL
The solar panel comprises of cluster of sun oriented cells. A sun oriented cell is any gadget that
straightforwardly changes over the vitality in light into electrical vitality through the procedure of
photograph voltaic impact. Solar panel boards can produce power with no waste or
contamination, or reliance on the Earth's common assets. Solar panel boards have no moving
parts so they are extremely dependable and have a long life compass. Solar panels ar
simple to introduce and are low upkeep. Solar panel can be introduced to create power where it is
required which uproots the need to transport and disseminate control over long separations to
remote zones. In this task polycrystalline silicon b
the most proficient sort and it gives an astounding offset of execution and economy.
Emerging Trends in Electrical, Electronics & Instrumentation Engineering: An international Journal (EEIEJ), Vol. 2, No. 2, Ma
Fig.2 Circuit Diagram of DS1307
The solar panel comprises of cluster of sun oriented cells. A sun oriented cell is any gadget that
straightforwardly changes over the vitality in light into electrical vitality through the procedure of
photograph voltaic impact. Solar panel boards can produce power with no waste or
contamination, or reliance on the Earth's common assets. Solar panel boards have no moving
parts so they are extremely dependable and have a long life compass. Solar panels ar
simple to introduce and are low upkeep. Solar panel can be introduced to create power where it is
required which uproots the need to transport and disseminate control over long separations to
remote zones. In this task polycrystalline silicon board has been utilized on the grounds that it is
the most proficient sort and it gives an astounding offset of execution and economy.
Fig.3 Solar Panel
Emerging Trends in Electrical, Electronics & Instrumentation Engineering: An international Journal (EEIEJ), Vol. 2, No. 2, May 2015
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The solar panel comprises of cluster of sun oriented cells. A sun oriented cell is any gadget that
straightforwardly changes over the vitality in light into electrical vitality through the procedure of
photograph voltaic impact. Solar panel boards can produce power with no waste or
contamination, or reliance on the Earth's common assets. Solar panel boards have no moving
parts so they are extremely dependable and have a long life compass. Solar panels are generally
simple to introduce and are low upkeep. Solar panel can be introduced to create power where it is
required which uproots the need to transport and disseminate control over long separations to
oard has been utilized on the grounds that it is
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4.2 LCD DISPLAY
A 16×2 LCD showcase is utilized for showing the welcome message. LCD presentation is joined
with port 1 of the microcontroller. Each pin in port 1 is joined with LCD show. Message is sent
through orders by means of serial correspondence. Pin 3.4, 3.5 and 3.6 are associated with control
signals. The following are the control signs, they are RS (Register Select), EN (Data Enable) and
R/W (Read/ Write). Control signs are introduced before sending information.
4.3 FEATURES
• 5 x 8 spots with cursor
• Built-in controller (KS 0066 or Equivalent)
• + 5V force supply (Also accessible for + 3V)
• 1/16 obligation cycle
• B/L to be driven by pin 1, stick 2 or pin 15, stick 16 or A.K (LED)
• N.V. discretionary for + 3V power
Table.1 Mechanical data for LCD Display
4.4 GEARED MOTOR
"Apparatus Motor" implies a blend of a motor notwithstanding a diminishment gear train. These
are regularly helpfully bundled together in one unit. The rigging diminishment (apparatus train)
diminishes the pace of the engine, with a comparing increment in torque. Gear degrees range
from only a couple of (e.g. 3) to tremendous (e.g. 500). A little degree can be fulfilled with a
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solitary apparatus pair, while a vast proportion obliges a progression of rigging diminishment
steps and in this manner more apparatuses. There are many sorts of rigging lessening. Because of
a little transmission degree N, the unit may be back drivable, significance you can turn the yield
shaft, perhaps by hand, at exact rate w and reason the motor to rotate at dapper pace NW. A
bigger transmission degree N may make the unit non-back drivable. Each has focal points for
diverse circumstances. Back drivability depends on N, as well as on numerous different variables.
For extensive N, regularly the greatest yield torque is restricted by the quality of the last riggings,
instead of by N times the engine's torque.
5. SENSING UNIT
5.1 LIGHT DEPENDENT RESISTOR
LDR, an acronym for light dependent resistor is a resistor whose resistance is reliant on light. It is
built utilizing two cadmium sulphide(cds) photoconductive cells with otherworldly reactions like
that of the human eye. The cell resistance falls with expanding light power. The resistance of
LDR is of the request of Mega Ohms without light and lessens to a couple of ohms in vicinity of
light. When the light falls on LDR in this circuit, the resistance of LDR becomes acquainted with
low and the entire voltage drop happens over the variable resistance VR1 (10K). Thus the base of
transistor (T1) gets high enter and it gets one-sided consequently shining the LED. Exactly when
no light falls on LDR, the resistance of LDR becomes acquainted with high so pretty much entire
voltage drop happens across over it and the base of transistor is at low potential. So transistor
does not gets one-sided nor it gets to be directing, subsequently exchanging off the LED. The
affectability of the circuit can be balanced by fluctuating the preset VR1.
5.2 SENSITIVITY
The affectability of a photograph finder is the relationship between the light falling on the gadget
and the subsequent yield signal.
Fig.4 Sensitivity of LDR
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6. LIGHTING UNIT
6.1 POWER SUPPLY
Since all electronic circuits work just with low D.C. voltage we oblige a power supply unit to
give the correct voltage supply. This unit comprises of transformer, rectifier, channel and
controller. A.C. voltage routinely 230V rms is connected with a transformer which steps that AC
voltage down to the level to the pined for AC voltage. A diode rectifier then gives a full-wave
corrected voltage that is at first separated by a basic capacitor channel to create a DC voltage.
This subsequent DC voltage typically has some swell or AC voltage varieties. controller circuit
can utilize this DC info to give DC voltage that has significantly less swell voltage as well as
continues as before DC esteem even the DC voltage fluctuates to some degree, or the heap
associated with the yield DC voltage changes.
230V AC 12V 12V 5V DC
Fig.5 Block diagram for power supply unit
6.2 FEATURES
• Universally material in the most changed circuit works in the field of information
transfers and little flag innovation
• Versatile outline as it can be conveyed with diverse force utilizations (PN = 150 to 250
mW) and in addition with turned around loop extremity
• High dependability because of without slide operation of the center spring
• High-voltage resistance as per FCC
Rectifier Filter RegulatorTransformer
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Fig.6 Circuit diagram of proposed system
The overall circuit diagram is shown in Fig.6. The loads are operated by a relay and power is
given to one street light at a time.
7. HARDWARE INVISION OF PROPOSED FRAMEWORK
Here a microcontroller based solar automatic tracking system always keeps the solar panels
aligned with the sun. We are utilizing microcontroller alongside an outfitted engine to tilt the
position of the sun oriented board, as indicated by position of the sun. We have used RTC to track
the solar panel. As time expands the board consequently tracks and resets to unique position on
following day. A LDR is used for identifying night time. Amid dim time, the vitality put away in
the battery is devoured by the road light. With the help of Passive Infra-Red(PIR) sensor, high
consumption bulb (5W) is turned ON only in the presence of human. Otherwise, a low
consumption bulb (2W) is normally turned ON, thus saving power to a maximum extent. Thus
more than half of the power is usually saved during absence of any motion.
Fig.7 Hardware Invision
8. CONCLUSION
By this procedure we can deliver a clean and green force. Consequently electrical force can be
produced in country regions itself with ease. This will diminish our reliance on Non- Renewable
assets like coal and oil. This has the ability of supplanting all the force plants which are utilizing
Non-Renewable assets. A sun based tracker is outlined utilizing the new guideline of utilizing
little sun powered cells to capacity as modifying toward oneself light sensors, giving a variable
evidence of their relative edge to the sun by distinguishing their voltage yield. By utilizing this
technique, the sun oriented tracker was effective in keeping up a sun based show at a sufficiently
opposite point to the sun.
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9. FUTURE ENHANCEMENT
Real Time Clock is replaced by using Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT), which focus the
position of panel in the direction of maximum radiation. With the help of a Passive Infra-Red
(PIR) sensor, high consumption bulb is turned ON only in the presence of human. Otherwise, a
low consumption bulb is normally turned ON, thus saving power to a maximum extent. Further,
an Anemometer (Wind stream identifier) is utilization to consistently check the pace of wind,
subsequently guaranteeing the setup of the boards.
REFERENCES
[1] “An Automated Battery Management System for Photovoltaic Systems”, by Duryea.S, Syed.I,
Lawrence.W, (1999) published in International Journal of Renewable Energy Engineering, Vol 1, No
2.
[2] Fahrenburch, A. and Bube, R. 1983, “Fundamentals of solar cells”, Academic Press, New York.
[3] Longlong Zhang, William Gerard Hurley, and Werner Hugo W¨olfle,(2011), “A New Approach to
Achieve Maximum Power Point Tracking for PV System”, IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER
ELECTRONICS, VOL. 26, NO. 4, APRIL 2011
[4] Partain, L.D. 1995, “Sollar Cells and their applications”, John Wiley & Sons, New York.
[5] “Solar Tracking System: More Efficient Use of Solar Panels”, by Rizk.J, and Chaiko.Y,( 2008),
published in WORLD ACADEMY OF SCIENCE, Engineering and Technology.
[6] “Remote Power Supply Using Wind and Solar energy – a Sino-German Technical Cooperation
Project”, by Weise.E, Klockner.R, Kniel.R, Ma Sheng Hong, Qin Jian Ping,(1995) published in
Beijing International Conference on Wind Energy, Beijing.
[7] “Design of a Solar Tracker System for PV Power Plants”, by Tiberiu Tudorache1& Liviu
Kreindler,(2010) published in ACTA POLYTECHNICA HUNGARICA, Vol. 7, No. 1.
AUTHORS
KEERTHANA.A
She is pursuing final year B.E (Electronics & Communication Engineering) at KPR Institute
of Engineering & Technology, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, India. Her field of interest includes
Embedded systems & Medical Electronics. She attended In-plant training at BSNL, All
India Radio & Om Engg Technologies Pvt Ltd (Solar Panel Manufacturing Unit, CBE)
which served to gain extensive knowledge about solar panels. She has a great exposure on
several researches and exhibited papers in National & International Conferences.
SURESH KUMAR.K
He is currently pursuing Master of Science at La Trobe University, Melbourne. He obtained
his B.E in (Electronics & Communication Engineering) from KPR Institute of Engineering &
Technology, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, India. His field of interest includes Embedded systems
& VLSI Design. This exploration was completed under his direction as an aftereffect of his
concentrated enthusiasm for this field.