This document describes a solar panel-powered street lighting system that uses a microcontroller to automatically track the sun and provide lighting at night. The system includes:
1. A PIC16F877A microcontroller that controls the system components and tracks the solar panel position using a motor.
2. A real-time clock and light dependent resistor that help determine when to activate the tracking motor and provide lighting.
3. A solar panel, battery for power storage, and LED lights for the street lighting. The solar panel charges the battery during the day and provides power to the lights at night.
4. An LCD display to show system information and status. The microcontroller sends messages to the
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This project aims to develop dual axis solar tracker with IOT monitoring system using Arduino. Generally, solar energy is the technology to get useful energy from sunlight. Solar energy has been used in many traditional technologies over the centuries and has been widely used in the absence of other energy supplies. Its usefulness is widespread when awareness of the cost of the environment and the supply is limited by other energy sources such as fuel. The solar tracking system is the most effective technology to improve the efficiency of solar panels by tracking and following the sun's movement. With the help of this system, solar panels can improve the way of sunlight detection so that more electricity can be collected as solar panels can maintain a sunny position. Thus the project discusses the development of two-axis solar-tracking developers using Arduino Uno as main controller the system. For develops this project, four light-dependent resistors (LDRs) have been used for sunlight detection and a maximum light intensity. Two servo motors have been used to rotate the solar panel according to the sun's light source detected by the LDR. Next a WIFI ESP8266 device is used as an intermediary between device and IOT monitoring system. The IOT monitoring system is a website that functions to store data. The efficiency of this system has been tested and compared with a single axial solar tracker. As a result, the two-axis solar tracking system generates more power, voltage and current.
The Short and Long Term Peace Strategies: "Anglophone" Crisis, Cameroonijtsrd
Just like in Ethiopia, the unrest in the Republic of Cameroon is rooted in the countrys history, which dates back to many years. This paper seeks to analyze the institutional and attitudinal elements on the way forward for the restoration to normalcy of the state of affairs within the national territory. It is not a recipe for apportioning blames but of principles and options to a pacific settlement of disputes within the national territory. Maxwell N. Achu ""The Short and Long Term Peace Strategies: “Anglophone†Crisis, Cameroon"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23512.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/other/23512/the-short-and-long-term-peace-strategies-%C3%A2%E2%82%AC%C5%93anglophone-crisis-cameroon/maxwell-n-achu
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This project aims to develop dual axis solar tracker with IOT monitoring system using Arduino. Generally, solar energy is the technology to get useful energy from sunlight. Solar energy has been used in many traditional technologies over the centuries and has been widely used in the absence of other energy supplies. Its usefulness is widespread when awareness of the cost of the environment and the supply is limited by other energy sources such as fuel. The solar tracking system is the most effective technology to improve the efficiency of solar panels by tracking and following the sun's movement. With the help of this system, solar panels can improve the way of sunlight detection so that more electricity can be collected as solar panels can maintain a sunny position. Thus the project discusses the development of two-axis solar-tracking developers using Arduino Uno as main controller the system. For develops this project, four light-dependent resistors (LDRs) have been used for sunlight detection and a maximum light intensity. Two servo motors have been used to rotate the solar panel according to the sun's light source detected by the LDR. Next a WIFI ESP8266 device is used as an intermediary between device and IOT monitoring system. The IOT monitoring system is a website that functions to store data. The efficiency of this system has been tested and compared with a single axial solar tracker. As a result, the two-axis solar tracking system generates more power, voltage and current.
The Short and Long Term Peace Strategies: "Anglophone" Crisis, Cameroonijtsrd
Just like in Ethiopia, the unrest in the Republic of Cameroon is rooted in the countrys history, which dates back to many years. This paper seeks to analyze the institutional and attitudinal elements on the way forward for the restoration to normalcy of the state of affairs within the national territory. It is not a recipe for apportioning blames but of principles and options to a pacific settlement of disputes within the national territory. Maxwell N. Achu ""The Short and Long Term Peace Strategies: “Anglophone†Crisis, Cameroon"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23512.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/other/23512/the-short-and-long-term-peace-strategies-%C3%A2%E2%82%AC%C5%93anglophone-crisis-cameroon/maxwell-n-achu
This paper proposes the design and development of Arduino based solar charge controller with sun tracking using PWM technique. This PWM technique is employed using ATmega328P on Arduino board. The Arduino is used to charge a 12V battery using 10W solar panel. The main feature of this charge controller is to control the load. During day time when load is not connected the battery gets charged from solar panel. When battery reaches peak value of 14.7V charging current & further charging is interrupted by Arduino. An inbuilt analogue to digital converter is used to determine voltage of battery, solar panel and current drawn by the load. A solar tracking system is also implemented such that panel is always kept at right angle to incident radiation.
Dual – MPPT Control of a Photovoltaic SystemIJTET Journal
Abstract - This paper proposes an efficient solar tracker system using a dual MPPT controller. It consists of three step DC to DC converter, which has been controlled by a microcontroller based unit. MPPT (Maximum Power Point Tracking) is used in photovoltaic system to maximize the PV array output power, irrespective of temperature, irradiation conditions and electrical characteristics of the load. The first MPPT controller is a dual axis solar tracker, which ensures optimization of the conversion of solar energy into electricity by properly orienting the PV panel in accordance with the real position of the sun to track azimuth and elevation angles. The second MPPT controller controls the duty cycle of the converter using modified Incremental Conductance algorithm to enable the PV array operate at maximum operating power at all conditions. The proposed control scheme eliminates oscillations and tracks the global maximum power point (GMPP) accurately. The simulation has been accomplished in MATLAB software.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Monitoring and remote control of a hybrid photovoltaic microgridIJERA Editor
The search of new alternatives for energy supply in island communities has always been a challenge in scientific
and social context. In order to attend these communities, in January 2013 a photovoltaic hybrid microgrid project
had its beginning at Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos (UNISINOS). This paper presents the
characterization and the development of such microgrid, monitored remotely via internet, which allows
visualizing the electrical measurements, energy production and performing remote control actions. This work
also aims increasing the interaction between students of universities to perform laboratory practices. The system
consists of two photovoltaic modules technologies, mono and multicrystalline, totaling 570 Wp, connected to an
energy storage bank of 200 Ah in 24 V and a pure sinusoidal inverter of 1 kW to supply AC voltage loads of 220
V. All acquisition components of data, conversion and management system are located in a control cabinet.
Currently, the microgrid uses the utility grid as an auxiliary generator, simulating an alternative source of energy,
which can be further replaced by fuel cell, biodiesel generator, etc.
An energy efficient street lightening system based on solar energy and mppt a...eSAT Journals
Abstract The need for an energy sources is on the rise as the world is facing energy crisis and global warming. This paper suggests the system which makes an effective use of solar energy to drive the street lights. This system is consisting of <i> solar panel for the generation of electricity from the sun. <ii> Battery is used to store the generated electricity. <iii> In any solar application battery life is important therefore Maximum Power Point Tracker (MPPT) algorithm is used for the maximum power extraction from the panel as to increase the battery life.<iv> Light Emitting Diodes (LED’s) are used for lightening purpose instead of any other lamps <v> GSM is used here to provide the feedback regarding the status of street lights to the control room so that the corrective action could be taken. By implementing this system we can surely reduce the darkness on the streets without harming the environment as the system is eco-friendly. Key Words: GSM, LDR, LED, MPPT, PWM.
Abstract: We need energy for every day today work of our life. There are many conventional methods of energy generation but these are depleting very fastly hence non-conventional energy system is very essential at this time to our nation. So an alternate method of non conventional energy generation is proposed in this project. In this project we are generating electrical power as non-conventional method by simply walking or running on foot step.Here Dynamometer is used for converting mechanical energy into electrical energy. The voltage generated by this sensor is stored in battery which will be later on transmitted wirelessly to charge the mobiles.
Programmable timer triggered energy harvesting wireless sensor-node using lo...IJECEIAES
Despite widespread deployment of wireless sensor networks (WSN) in remote and inapproachable locations, energy consumption/storage of WSN hindered its adoption. Similarly, the battery-powered sensor nodes are of no use once the battery is depleted. To overcome this limitation, energy harvesting is one of the key techniques. In this paper, an almost perpetual self-powered sensor node is proposed. This sensor node uses a solar panel to harvest energy while the entire energy management is accomplished by BQ25570. Similarly, a super-capacitor is used as an energy storage unit with long range radio access (LoRa) as a transceiver unit. We measured the power generated/consumed continuously for 15 days with a transmission interval of 10 minutes. The result shows that this sensor node can potentially last for more than 7 days even at a low illuminance. Considering periodic wakeup at every 10 seconds with a sleep interval of 3 sec, a timer-triggered mechanism saves approximately 595 milliwatts of energy in one day compared to a deep-sleep mechanism. Furthermore, it is found that the application of the novel idea of external timer-driven technology in sensor node reduces energy consumption and provides a much efficient power optimization mechanism compared to the deep sleep mechanism that prevailed in WSNs technology.
This paper proposes the design and development of Arduino based solar charge controller with sun tracking using PWM technique. This PWM technique is employed using ATmega328P on Arduino board. The Arduino is used to charge a 12V battery using 10W solar panel. The main feature of this charge controller is to control the load. During day time when load is not connected the battery gets charged from solar panel. When battery reaches peak value of 14.7V charging current & further charging is interrupted by Arduino. An inbuilt analogue to digital converter is used to determine voltage of battery, solar panel and current drawn by the load. A solar tracking system is also implemented such that panel is always kept at right angle to incident radiation.
Dual – MPPT Control of a Photovoltaic SystemIJTET Journal
Abstract - This paper proposes an efficient solar tracker system using a dual MPPT controller. It consists of three step DC to DC converter, which has been controlled by a microcontroller based unit. MPPT (Maximum Power Point Tracking) is used in photovoltaic system to maximize the PV array output power, irrespective of temperature, irradiation conditions and electrical characteristics of the load. The first MPPT controller is a dual axis solar tracker, which ensures optimization of the conversion of solar energy into electricity by properly orienting the PV panel in accordance with the real position of the sun to track azimuth and elevation angles. The second MPPT controller controls the duty cycle of the converter using modified Incremental Conductance algorithm to enable the PV array operate at maximum operating power at all conditions. The proposed control scheme eliminates oscillations and tracks the global maximum power point (GMPP) accurately. The simulation has been accomplished in MATLAB software.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Monitoring and remote control of a hybrid photovoltaic microgridIJERA Editor
The search of new alternatives for energy supply in island communities has always been a challenge in scientific
and social context. In order to attend these communities, in January 2013 a photovoltaic hybrid microgrid project
had its beginning at Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos (UNISINOS). This paper presents the
characterization and the development of such microgrid, monitored remotely via internet, which allows
visualizing the electrical measurements, energy production and performing remote control actions. This work
also aims increasing the interaction between students of universities to perform laboratory practices. The system
consists of two photovoltaic modules technologies, mono and multicrystalline, totaling 570 Wp, connected to an
energy storage bank of 200 Ah in 24 V and a pure sinusoidal inverter of 1 kW to supply AC voltage loads of 220
V. All acquisition components of data, conversion and management system are located in a control cabinet.
Currently, the microgrid uses the utility grid as an auxiliary generator, simulating an alternative source of energy,
which can be further replaced by fuel cell, biodiesel generator, etc.
An energy efficient street lightening system based on solar energy and mppt a...eSAT Journals
Abstract The need for an energy sources is on the rise as the world is facing energy crisis and global warming. This paper suggests the system which makes an effective use of solar energy to drive the street lights. This system is consisting of <i> solar panel for the generation of electricity from the sun. <ii> Battery is used to store the generated electricity. <iii> In any solar application battery life is important therefore Maximum Power Point Tracker (MPPT) algorithm is used for the maximum power extraction from the panel as to increase the battery life.<iv> Light Emitting Diodes (LED’s) are used for lightening purpose instead of any other lamps <v> GSM is used here to provide the feedback regarding the status of street lights to the control room so that the corrective action could be taken. By implementing this system we can surely reduce the darkness on the streets without harming the environment as the system is eco-friendly. Key Words: GSM, LDR, LED, MPPT, PWM.
Abstract: We need energy for every day today work of our life. There are many conventional methods of energy generation but these are depleting very fastly hence non-conventional energy system is very essential at this time to our nation. So an alternate method of non conventional energy generation is proposed in this project. In this project we are generating electrical power as non-conventional method by simply walking or running on foot step.Here Dynamometer is used for converting mechanical energy into electrical energy. The voltage generated by this sensor is stored in battery which will be later on transmitted wirelessly to charge the mobiles.
Programmable timer triggered energy harvesting wireless sensor-node using lo...IJECEIAES
Despite widespread deployment of wireless sensor networks (WSN) in remote and inapproachable locations, energy consumption/storage of WSN hindered its adoption. Similarly, the battery-powered sensor nodes are of no use once the battery is depleted. To overcome this limitation, energy harvesting is one of the key techniques. In this paper, an almost perpetual self-powered sensor node is proposed. This sensor node uses a solar panel to harvest energy while the entire energy management is accomplished by BQ25570. Similarly, a super-capacitor is used as an energy storage unit with long range radio access (LoRa) as a transceiver unit. We measured the power generated/consumed continuously for 15 days with a transmission interval of 10 minutes. The result shows that this sensor node can potentially last for more than 7 days even at a low illuminance. Considering periodic wakeup at every 10 seconds with a sleep interval of 3 sec, a timer-triggered mechanism saves approximately 595 milliwatts of energy in one day compared to a deep-sleep mechanism. Furthermore, it is found that the application of the novel idea of external timer-driven technology in sensor node reduces energy consumption and provides a much efficient power optimization mechanism compared to the deep sleep mechanism that prevailed in WSNs technology.
AN ADAPTIVE EXTREMUM SEEKING CONTROL FOR REAL TIME OPTIMIZATION IN PHOTOVOLTA...Editor IJMTER
Extremum seeking control approach is a theory building a feedback system in such a
way that oscillation around the MPPT will boost the PV System efficiency .An alternative ESC
approach is to introduce a small amount of perturbation into the control system. Maximum Power
Point Tracker (MPPT) using extremum seeking control algorithm with emphasis in solar
photovoltaic (PV) system. The ESC is better because of its low cost ,high efficiency and good
power factor . Ripple Correlation Control(RCC) is used in first stage high pass filter along with the
relational operator to develop the system .The reason for choose RCC is due to its high voltage gain
and a low input current ripple which minimizes the oscillation at the module operation point .A
major advantage of ESC is that it is capable of improving the system performance .The variable
phase MPPT power ripple feedback signal developed by sensing and multiplying together PV array
.The entire system is simulated using Matlab simulink environment .The system is expected to be
operated with high efficiency and low cost long life time.
Implementation Of A High-Efficiency, High-Lifetime, And Low-Cost Converter Us...irjes
This paper proposes a new converter for photovoltaic water pumping and treatment systems without
the use of storage elements. The converter is designed to drive a three-phase induction motor directly from PV
solar energy. The use of this motor has the objective of presenting a better solution to the standard DC motor
water pumping system. The development is oriented to achieve a commercially viable solution and a market
friendly product. The converter topology is based on a Resonant Two Inductor Boost converter and a Threephase
Voltage Source inverter achieving 90% efficiency at a rated power of 210W.
EFFICIENT AND COST EFFECTIVE MODEL FOR AN ECO-FRIENDLY SOLAR COLONYcscpconf
A simple and successful design is developed which has the objective to put together a cost effective model, scaled down both in size and energy required for an average residential home
driven through Solar Panels. It also deals with the autonomous illumination of streets of a
model colony through solar panels to meet the requirements and attain the maximum efficiency
of the available energy. The Photovoltaic system along with an inverter and intensity control circuit counts for the basic design. The effort deals with the efficient, cost effective and needful
implementation of Photovoltaic systems which would be useful primarily in rural and remote parts of India for both social and economic development of the people.
Dynamic solar powered robot using dc dc sepic topologyeSAT Journals
Abstract This paper provides an idea to maintain constant voltage to the charging battery at both low and high level light intensity by using SEPIC topology in solar powered robot. Here two batteries are used, one is for charging and another is for discharging. When battery 1 get charged in mean time the battery 2 which is already charged is used to run the robot, Switching will be controlled by ARM processor using DPDT relay, and also voltage and current levels are monitored. Maximum Power Point tracking of solar will be done by single axis tracking system. Keywords: Battery system, Solar MPPT, Robot model, SEPIC topology
Arduino based Dual Axis Smart Solar TrackerIJAEMSJORNAL
Solar energy is rapidly advancing as an important means of renewable energy resource. It is radiant light and heat from the Sun that is harnessed using a range of ever-evolving technologies such as solar heating, photovoltaic, solar thermal energy, solar architecture, molten salt power plants and artificial photosynthesis. Trackers direct solar panels or modules toward the sun. These devices change their orientation throughout the day to follow the sun’s path to maximize energy capture. The use of solar trackers can increase electricity production by around a third, and some claim by as much as 40% in some regions, compared with modules at a fixed angle. In any solar application, the conversion efficiency is improved when the modules are continually adjusted to the optimum angle as the sun traverses the sky. This paper presents the designing of a solar tracking system which is based on Arduino UNO and which provides movement of solar panel in the direction of maximum sun light incident. As a result of which we get more efficient system which is compact, low cost as well as easy to use.
Emerging Trends in Electrical, Electronics & Instrumentation Engineering: An ...eeiej
Emerging Trends in Electrical, Electronics & Instrumentation Engineering: An international Journal aims to bring together researchers and practitioners from academia and industry to focus on recent systems and techniques in the broad field of electrical, instrumentation and communication Engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews are invited for publication in all areas of Electrical Electronics & Instrumentation Engineering.
Authors are solicited to contribute to this journal by submitting articles that illustrate research results, projects, surveying works and industrial experiences that describe significant advances in the following areas, but are not limited to
Emerging Trends in Electrical, Electronics & Instrumentation Engineering: An ...eeiej
Emerging Trends in Electrical, Electronics & Instrumentation Engineering: An international Journal aims to bring together researchers and
practitioners from academia and industry to focus on recent systems and techniques in the broad field of electrical, instrumentation and
communication Engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews are invited for publication in all areas of Electrical Electronics & Instrumentation Engineering.
Authors are solicited to contribute to this journal by submitting articles that illustrate research results, projects, surveying works and industrial
experiences that describe significant advances in the following areas, but are not limited to
Emerging Trends in Electrical, Electronics & Instrumentation Engineering: An ...eeiej
Emerging Trends in Electrical, Electronics & Instrumentation Engineering: An international Journal aims to bring together researchers and
practitioners from academia and industry to focus on recent systems and techniques in the broad field of electrical, instrumentation and
communication Engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews are invited for publication in all areas of Electrical Electronics & Instrumentation Engineering.
Authors are solicited to contribute to this journal by submitting articles that illustrate research results, projects, surveying works and industrial
experiences that describe significant advances in the following areas, but are not limited to
Comparative Study for Performance Analysis of Routing Protocols in Mobility a...eeiej
A Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET) has a collection of numbers of wireless nodes which is each device in
MANET having ability to free to move in any direction so that it is useful in all applications. In MANET
nodes change position quite frequently, this means that we have need routing protocols that quickly adapts
to topology changes. An ad-hoc network is self-organising and distributive in manner. The MANET is
works as router so that linked with the other nearest devices. A mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is a
wireless network follows the multiple hop routing instead of static network infra to provide network
connectivity. Each device in a MANET is free to move independently in all direction freewaysand will
therefore nodes change position in large networks all routing protocols. The routing protocols are needed
for conveying information in Ad-hoc network there are various performance parameters to compare the
Ad-hoc routing protocols.
My area of interest in this paper to analyze the different performance parameters Recent research has
focused on simulation studies with mobility and non- mobility scenarios to investigate and improve routing
protocols. we have simulate the all three routing protocols in mobility as well as non-mobility scenario
with nodes up to 300 also plot the graphs throughput, Delay, PDR, Dropping Ratio, and average energy
consumption by using Network Simulator version 2.34. ).
The Baugh-Wooley algorithm is a well-known iterative algorithm for performing multiplication in digital signal processing applications. Decomposition logic is used with Baugh-Wooley algorithm to enhance the speed and to reduce the critical path delay. In this paper a high speed multiplier is designed and implemented using decomposition logic and Baugh-Wooley algorithm. The result is compared with booth
multiplier. FPGA based architecture is presented and design has been implemented using Xilinx 12.3 device.
The development of a country is dependent on the per person energy consumption rate, which is very low
in Bangladesh. Bangladesh installed a capacity of 10416 MW electricity on June 2014 and three fourth of
which is considered to be accessible. Near about 45% people has no access to electricity. Therefore,
electricity shortage is an acute crisis in Bangladesh. As Saint Martin Island is far away from the main
land, it is almost impossible and cost ineffective to supply electricity from the national grid. For
connection of nearly 6000 peoples of Saint Martin to the main stream of development and to make this
island more attractive to the tourists, it is very essential to provide electricity for them. Power generation
by combining solar, wind and diesel, known as hybrid system can be the most efficient technique for the
electrification of these types of Island. Based on this principle, in this paper a hybrid system is designed
for electrification of Saint Martin’s Island. In the analysis, realistic data is used for load calculation and
optimization analysis for most effective solution. Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric Renewable
(HOMER) software is used to find out the final optimization and sensitive analysis of hybrid system. This
system satisfies the load demand and reduces carbon emission which will help to generate green energy.
Energy is one of the most important factors for a developing country like Bangladesh. Like the rest of the
countries of the world, the demand for energy is increasing day by day in our country. Energy sector of
Bangladesh is exceedingly depended on the limited gas reserve. Given the rising demand for fuel it will be
very difficult t to meat this demand with only indigenous natural gas. About 80% of the power generation in
the country is now gas based. Therefore diversification of fuel has become indispensible it has been
envision 2021 that 53% of the power generation will be coal based by year 2021. The worldwide scenario
shows that, Coal is the ultimate fuel for future. Bangladesh is very lucky that it has got significant but
almost untapped high quality coal resource. Five coal fields in the country contain 3.3 billion metric tons
coal. Recently rate of coal production from Barapukuria are increased significantly due to application of
modern coal extracting method, LTCC. Coal to Synthesis gas conversion, is an emerging technology to
wide the application area of coal and commercially proved technology worldwide. The paper gives an
overview of the current state of coal scenario and natural gas scenario in Bangladesh. Here we discuss the
principles of coal to syngas conversion technology and aside from a brief introduction to 5 process
methods for conversion of coal to Synthesis Natural Gas (SNG). The Steam-Oxygen Gasification,
Hydrogasification, Catalytic Steam Gasification, Underground Steam-Oxygen Gasification, Underground
Hydrogasification processes are discussed with the help of process flow diagram. This paper also
summaries the present scenario of Syngas production worldwide. Finally we propose a coal based syngas
infrastructure, where coal is converted to syngas, then processed to make Synthesis Natural Gas (SNG),
then it transmitted via dedicated pipeline or injected into existing natural gas pipeline to the different types
of user like Household, Thermal Power Plant, Brick Field, Ceramics & Glass Industry and any kind of
thermal process industry. This proposed technology is design to reduce the dependency on natural gas.
Topology and configuration selection for dc dc converters in space electrical...eeiej
Selection of DC/DC converter topology is one of the most challenging aspects in space Electrical Power Systems (EPS) design and development. It both highly, affects and is affected from EPS reliability requirements among the other EPS performance specifications. So ranking of DC/DC converters based on End-Of-Life (EOL) reliability is an undeniable need.
In this paper, reliability of four DC/DC converters including buck, forward, fly-back, and Push-pull, as candidates for a 5-years-long, Low-Earth-Orbit (LEO) space mission, are evaluated and compared. Converters are assumed having similar design requirements and supervision and control elements with different power conversion parts and negligible reliability-affecting excess circuits.
Standard process is undertaken in preliminary and critical design of converters for reliability improvement and prediction. To reduce the converters’ parts stress regarding the particles radiation and the thermal cycling effects of the space environment, a derating process is applied to the primary design based on ECSS standard. Derated components are then selected in such a way to make possible calculating components failure-rates based on the MIL-HDBK-217F data and equations as the major EEE components failure-rate data reference. Reliability modelling and analysis for the converters is done by reliability block diagram (RBD) method, and the converters are then comparatively evaluated based on the analysis results.According to the results, buck converter is the most reliable one and push-pull is the least. Among the
isolated topologies, fly-back is the best one from the reliability point of view.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
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Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
1. Emerging Trends in Electrical, Electronics & Instrumentation Engineering: An international Journal (EEIEJ), Vol. 2, No. 2, May 2015
1
SINGLE AXIS PV-PANEL TRACKING FOR
AUTOMATED STREET LIGHT CONTROLLER
1
Keerthana.A, 2
Suresh Kumar.K
1
UG Scholar , Electronics & Communication Engineering, KPR Institute of Engineering
& Technology, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, INDIA.
2
PG Scholar, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia.
ABSTRACT
A Street Light Control framework which works naturally is least demanding as well as the canny
framework. This project describes a street lighting application developed utilizing a hybrid power-
generation technology that combines solar energy into a single, unified power generation system. Solar
energy vitality is quickly picking up notoriety as an essential method for growing renewable vitality assets.
Solar energy following permits more vitality to be delivered in light of the fact that the sun oriented vitality
has the capacity stay adjusted to sun. The force from the sun blocked by the earth is roughly 1.8*1011MW,
which is numerous a huge number of times bigger than the present utilization rate on the earth of all
business vitality sources. The design objective of the solar renewable street-light system is to develop a
self-sufficient street lighting system that generates and stores electric power whenever solar radiation are
available, and then provides lighting during the night time. The bureau for the battery stockpiling and
controller circuits ought to be sufficiently little with the goal that it can be promptly installable in many
areas.
A Light Dependent Resistor is used to activate street light during night time. The RTC is a device which
counts data and time. Depending upon time the RTC provides a voltage source which will trigger the motor
solar panel to rotate in a direction of light source. There by the solar panel will get activated and provide
voltage to the battery to operate depend on load requirement
KEYWORDS
PIC16F877A, LCD Display, RTC, Solar panel, LDR.
1. INTRODUCTION
Instantly we are living in a mechanical world. The vitality assets are getting exhausted and
influence our surroundings. So we can try for renewable vitality assets. India is thickly populated
and has very sun oriented protection, giving a perfect mix to sun powered power in India. Also
India is a tropical nation with more than 300 sunny days; we can richly utilize sun powered
vitality equal to almost 5,000 trillion kWh/year, which is much more than the aggregate vitality
utilization of the nation today. So we composed a SOLAR following framework with the
assistance of outfitted engine controlled by the prearranged microcontroller. The road light will
2. Emerging Trends in Electrical, Electronics & Instrumentation Engineering: An international Journal (EEIEJ), Vol. 2, No. 2, May 2015
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be using the put away vitality from the battery. With a specific end goal to decrease force utilized
by the road light two separate burdens are joined (a low utilization and a high utilization knobs
are being utilized by necessities).
2. PROPOSED FRAMEWORK
This paper depicts a road lighting application created using a cross breed force era innovation that
consolidates sun based vitality into a solitary, brought together power era framework. The design
objective of the solar hybrid renewable street light system is to develop a self-sufficient street
lighting system that generates and stores electric power whenever solar radiation are available,
and then provides lighting during the night time. The bureau for the battery stockpiling and
controller circuits ought to be sufficiently little so it can be promptly installable in many areas.
Keeping in mind the end goal to acquire the greatest productivity, a microcontroller is utilized to
tilt the position of the sun powered board, as indicated by the position of the sun utilizing the
outfitted engine. A RTC (Real Time Clock) technique is used to track the solar panel. The RTC is
a device which counts time. Depending up on time the RTC provide a Voltage source which will
trigger the motor solar panel to rotate in a direction of light source. As time builds the board
consequently tracks and resets to unique position after dusk. It again begins to track following 12
hours. A Light Dependent Resister (LDR) is utilized for recognizing evening. Amid dull time, the
vitality put away in the battery is devoured by the road light.
Our venture can be further reached out with the assistance of an Infra Red (IR) sensor, by which a
high utilization knob is turned ON just in the vicinity of human. Otherwise, a low consumption
bulb is normally turned ON, thus saving power to a maximum extent.
The system consists of the following units:
• Controlling unit
• Tracking unit
• Sensing unit
• Lighting unit
3. Emerging Trends in Electrical, Electronics & Instrumentation Engineering: An international Journal (EEIEJ), Vol. 2, No. 2, Ma
Fig.1 Block diagram of proposed system
3. CONTROLLING UNIT
3.1 INTRODUCTION TO PIC16F877A
Microcontroller PIC16F877A is one of the PIC Micro Family microcontroller which is noticeable
at this moment, start from learner until all
innovation it can be compose eradicate until thousand times. The prevalence this RISC
Microcontroller contrasted over and other microcontroller 8
his code pressure. PIC16F877A have 40 pin by 33 way of I/O.
Ease, low utilization, simple taking care of and adaptability make PIC16F877A relevant even in
ranges where microcontrollers had not already been considered (sample: clock capacities,
interface substitution in bigger framew
Programmability of this chip (alongside utilizing just two pins as a part of information exchange)
makes conceivable the adaptability of an item, in the wake of amassing and testing have been
finished. This ability can be utilized to make sequential construction system generation, to store
adjustment information accessible strictly when last testing, or it can be utilized to enhance
programs on completed items.
Emerging Trends in Electrical, Electronics & Instrumentation Engineering: An international Journal (EEIEJ), Vol. 2, No. 2, Ma
Fig.1 Block diagram of proposed system
CONTROLLING UNIT
3.1 INTRODUCTION TO PIC16F877A
Microcontroller PIC16F877A is one of the PIC Micro Family microcontroller which is noticeable
at this moment, start from learner until all specialists. Due to utilizing FLASH memory
innovation it can be compose eradicate until thousand times. The prevalence this RISC
Microcontroller contrasted over and other microcontroller 8-bit particularly at a velocity of and
have 40 pin by 33 way of I/O.
Ease, low utilization, simple taking care of and adaptability make PIC16F877A relevant even in
ranges where microcontrollers had not already been considered (sample: clock capacities,
interface substitution in bigger frameworks, coprocessor applications, etc.).In System
Programmability of this chip (alongside utilizing just two pins as a part of information exchange)
makes conceivable the adaptability of an item, in the wake of amassing and testing have been
bility can be utilized to make sequential construction system generation, to store
adjustment information accessible strictly when last testing, or it can be utilized to enhance
Emerging Trends in Electrical, Electronics & Instrumentation Engineering: An international Journal (EEIEJ), Vol. 2, No. 2, May 2015
3
Microcontroller PIC16F877A is one of the PIC Micro Family microcontroller which is noticeable
. Due to utilizing FLASH memory
innovation it can be compose eradicate until thousand times. The prevalence this RISC
bit particularly at a velocity of and
Ease, low utilization, simple taking care of and adaptability make PIC16F877A relevant even in
ranges where microcontrollers had not already been considered (sample: clock capacities,
orks, coprocessor applications, etc.).In System
Programmability of this chip (alongside utilizing just two pins as a part of information exchange)
makes conceivable the adaptability of an item, in the wake of amassing and testing have been
bility can be utilized to make sequential construction system generation, to store
adjustment information accessible strictly when last testing, or it can be utilized to enhance
4. Emerging Trends in Electrical, Electronics & Instrumentation Engineering: An international Journal (EEIEJ), Vol. 2, No. 2, May 2015
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3.2 BATTERY
A battery is a gadget that changes over compound vitality straightforwardly to electrical vitality.
It comprises of various voltaic cells; every voltaic cell comprises of two half-cells associated in
arrangement by a conductive electrolyte containing anions and cations. One half-cell incorporates
electrolyte and the cathode to which anions (contrarily charged particles) relocate, i.e., the anode
or negative terminal. The other half-cell incorporates electrolyte and the cathode to which cations
(decidedly charged particles) move, i.e., the cathode or positive anode.In the redox reaction that
powers the battery, cations are decreased (electrons are incorporated) at the cathode, while anions
are oxidized (electrons are removed) at the anode. The cathodes don't touch one another yet are
electrically associated by the electrolyte.
3.3 REAL TIME CLOCK
GENERAL DESCRIPTION
The DS1307 serial constant clock (RTC) is a low-power, full parallel coded decimal (BCD)
clock/logbook notwithstanding 56 bytes of NV SRAM. Location and information are exchanged
serially through an I2C™, bidirectional transport. The clock/timetable gives seconds, minutes,
hours, day, date, month, and year data. The end of the month date is consequently balanced for
quite a long time with less than 31 days, including remedies for jump year. The check works in
either the 24-hour or 12-hour group with AM/PM pointer
3.4 FEATURES
• Real-Time Clock (RTC) Counts Seconds, Minutes, Hours, Date of the Month, Month,
Day of the week, and Year with Leap-Year compensation valid up to 2100
• 56-Byte, Battery-Backed, Nonvolatile (NV) RAM for Data Storage
• I2C Serial Interface
• Programmable Square-Wave Output Signal
• Automatic Power-Fail Detect and Switch Circuitry
• Optional Industrial Temperature Range: -40°C to +85°C
5. Emerging Trends in Electrical, Electronics & Instrumentation Engineering: An international Journal (EEIEJ), Vol. 2, No. 2, Ma
4. TRACKING UNIT
4.1 SOLAR PANEL
The solar panel comprises of cluster of sun oriented cells. A sun oriented cell is any gadget that
straightforwardly changes over the vitality in light into electrical vitality through the procedure of
photograph voltaic impact. Solar panel boards can produce power with no waste or
contamination, or reliance on the Earth's common assets. Solar panel boards have no moving
parts so they are extremely dependable and have a long life compass. Solar panels ar
simple to introduce and are low upkeep. Solar panel can be introduced to create power where it is
required which uproots the need to transport and disseminate control over long separations to
remote zones. In this task polycrystalline silicon b
the most proficient sort and it gives an astounding offset of execution and economy.
Emerging Trends in Electrical, Electronics & Instrumentation Engineering: An international Journal (EEIEJ), Vol. 2, No. 2, Ma
Fig.2 Circuit Diagram of DS1307
The solar panel comprises of cluster of sun oriented cells. A sun oriented cell is any gadget that
straightforwardly changes over the vitality in light into electrical vitality through the procedure of
photograph voltaic impact. Solar panel boards can produce power with no waste or
contamination, or reliance on the Earth's common assets. Solar panel boards have no moving
parts so they are extremely dependable and have a long life compass. Solar panels ar
simple to introduce and are low upkeep. Solar panel can be introduced to create power where it is
required which uproots the need to transport and disseminate control over long separations to
remote zones. In this task polycrystalline silicon board has been utilized on the grounds that it is
the most proficient sort and it gives an astounding offset of execution and economy.
Fig.3 Solar Panel
Emerging Trends in Electrical, Electronics & Instrumentation Engineering: An international Journal (EEIEJ), Vol. 2, No. 2, May 2015
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The solar panel comprises of cluster of sun oriented cells. A sun oriented cell is any gadget that
straightforwardly changes over the vitality in light into electrical vitality through the procedure of
photograph voltaic impact. Solar panel boards can produce power with no waste or
contamination, or reliance on the Earth's common assets. Solar panel boards have no moving
parts so they are extremely dependable and have a long life compass. Solar panels are generally
simple to introduce and are low upkeep. Solar panel can be introduced to create power where it is
required which uproots the need to transport and disseminate control over long separations to
oard has been utilized on the grounds that it is
6. Emerging Trends in Electrical, Electronics & Instrumentation Engineering: An international Journal (EEIEJ), Vol. 2, No. 2, May 2015
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4.2 LCD DISPLAY
A 16×2 LCD showcase is utilized for showing the welcome message. LCD presentation is joined
with port 1 of the microcontroller. Each pin in port 1 is joined with LCD show. Message is sent
through orders by means of serial correspondence. Pin 3.4, 3.5 and 3.6 are associated with control
signals. The following are the control signs, they are RS (Register Select), EN (Data Enable) and
R/W (Read/ Write). Control signs are introduced before sending information.
4.3 FEATURES
• 5 x 8 spots with cursor
• Built-in controller (KS 0066 or Equivalent)
• + 5V force supply (Also accessible for + 3V)
• 1/16 obligation cycle
• B/L to be driven by pin 1, stick 2 or pin 15, stick 16 or A.K (LED)
• N.V. discretionary for + 3V power
Table.1 Mechanical data for LCD Display
4.4 GEARED MOTOR
"Apparatus Motor" implies a blend of a motor notwithstanding a diminishment gear train. These
are regularly helpfully bundled together in one unit. The rigging diminishment (apparatus train)
diminishes the pace of the engine, with a comparing increment in torque. Gear degrees range
from only a couple of (e.g. 3) to tremendous (e.g. 500). A little degree can be fulfilled with a
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solitary apparatus pair, while a vast proportion obliges a progression of rigging diminishment
steps and in this manner more apparatuses. There are many sorts of rigging lessening. Because of
a little transmission degree N, the unit may be back drivable, significance you can turn the yield
shaft, perhaps by hand, at exact rate w and reason the motor to rotate at dapper pace NW. A
bigger transmission degree N may make the unit non-back drivable. Each has focal points for
diverse circumstances. Back drivability depends on N, as well as on numerous different variables.
For extensive N, regularly the greatest yield torque is restricted by the quality of the last riggings,
instead of by N times the engine's torque.
5. SENSING UNIT
5.1 LIGHT DEPENDENT RESISTOR
LDR, an acronym for light dependent resistor is a resistor whose resistance is reliant on light. It is
built utilizing two cadmium sulphide(cds) photoconductive cells with otherworldly reactions like
that of the human eye. The cell resistance falls with expanding light power. The resistance of
LDR is of the request of Mega Ohms without light and lessens to a couple of ohms in vicinity of
light. When the light falls on LDR in this circuit, the resistance of LDR becomes acquainted with
low and the entire voltage drop happens over the variable resistance VR1 (10K). Thus the base of
transistor (T1) gets high enter and it gets one-sided consequently shining the LED. Exactly when
no light falls on LDR, the resistance of LDR becomes acquainted with high so pretty much entire
voltage drop happens across over it and the base of transistor is at low potential. So transistor
does not gets one-sided nor it gets to be directing, subsequently exchanging off the LED. The
affectability of the circuit can be balanced by fluctuating the preset VR1.
5.2 SENSITIVITY
The affectability of a photograph finder is the relationship between the light falling on the gadget
and the subsequent yield signal.
Fig.4 Sensitivity of LDR
8. Emerging Trends in Electrical, Electronics & Instrumentation Engineering: An international Journal (EEIEJ), Vol. 2, No. 2, May 2015
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6. LIGHTING UNIT
6.1 POWER SUPPLY
Since all electronic circuits work just with low D.C. voltage we oblige a power supply unit to
give the correct voltage supply. This unit comprises of transformer, rectifier, channel and
controller. A.C. voltage routinely 230V rms is connected with a transformer which steps that AC
voltage down to the level to the pined for AC voltage. A diode rectifier then gives a full-wave
corrected voltage that is at first separated by a basic capacitor channel to create a DC voltage.
This subsequent DC voltage typically has some swell or AC voltage varieties. controller circuit
can utilize this DC info to give DC voltage that has significantly less swell voltage as well as
continues as before DC esteem even the DC voltage fluctuates to some degree, or the heap
associated with the yield DC voltage changes.
230V AC 12V 12V 5V DC
Fig.5 Block diagram for power supply unit
6.2 FEATURES
• Universally material in the most changed circuit works in the field of information
transfers and little flag innovation
• Versatile outline as it can be conveyed with diverse force utilizations (PN = 150 to 250
mW) and in addition with turned around loop extremity
• High dependability because of without slide operation of the center spring
• High-voltage resistance as per FCC
Rectifier Filter RegulatorTransformer
9. Emerging Trends in Electrical, Electronics & Instrumentation Engineering: An international Journal (EEIEJ), Vol. 2, No. 2, May 2015
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Fig.6 Circuit diagram of proposed system
The overall circuit diagram is shown in Fig.6. The loads are operated by a relay and power is
given to one street light at a time.
7. HARDWARE INVISION OF PROPOSED FRAMEWORK
Here a microcontroller based solar automatic tracking system always keeps the solar panels
aligned with the sun. We are utilizing microcontroller alongside an outfitted engine to tilt the
position of the sun oriented board, as indicated by position of the sun. We have used RTC to track
the solar panel. As time expands the board consequently tracks and resets to unique position on
following day. A LDR is used for identifying night time. Amid dim time, the vitality put away in
the battery is devoured by the road light. With the help of Passive Infra-Red(PIR) sensor, high
consumption bulb (5W) is turned ON only in the presence of human. Otherwise, a low
consumption bulb (2W) is normally turned ON, thus saving power to a maximum extent. Thus
more than half of the power is usually saved during absence of any motion.
Fig.7 Hardware Invision
8. CONCLUSION
By this procedure we can deliver a clean and green force. Consequently electrical force can be
produced in country regions itself with ease. This will diminish our reliance on Non- Renewable
assets like coal and oil. This has the ability of supplanting all the force plants which are utilizing
Non-Renewable assets. A sun based tracker is outlined utilizing the new guideline of utilizing
little sun powered cells to capacity as modifying toward oneself light sensors, giving a variable
evidence of their relative edge to the sun by distinguishing their voltage yield. By utilizing this
technique, the sun oriented tracker was effective in keeping up a sun based show at a sufficiently
opposite point to the sun.
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9. FUTURE ENHANCEMENT
Real Time Clock is replaced by using Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT), which focus the
position of panel in the direction of maximum radiation. With the help of a Passive Infra-Red
(PIR) sensor, high consumption bulb is turned ON only in the presence of human. Otherwise, a
low consumption bulb is normally turned ON, thus saving power to a maximum extent. Further,
an Anemometer (Wind stream identifier) is utilization to consistently check the pace of wind,
subsequently guaranteeing the setup of the boards.
REFERENCES
[1] “An Automated Battery Management System for Photovoltaic Systems”, by Duryea.S, Syed.I,
Lawrence.W, (1999) published in International Journal of Renewable Energy Engineering, Vol 1, No
2.
[2] Fahrenburch, A. and Bube, R. 1983, “Fundamentals of solar cells”, Academic Press, New York.
[3] Longlong Zhang, William Gerard Hurley, and Werner Hugo W¨olfle,(2011), “A New Approach to
Achieve Maximum Power Point Tracking for PV System”, IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER
ELECTRONICS, VOL. 26, NO. 4, APRIL 2011
[4] Partain, L.D. 1995, “Sollar Cells and their applications”, John Wiley & Sons, New York.
[5] “Solar Tracking System: More Efficient Use of Solar Panels”, by Rizk.J, and Chaiko.Y,( 2008),
published in WORLD ACADEMY OF SCIENCE, Engineering and Technology.
[6] “Remote Power Supply Using Wind and Solar energy – a Sino-German Technical Cooperation
Project”, by Weise.E, Klockner.R, Kniel.R, Ma Sheng Hong, Qin Jian Ping,(1995) published in
Beijing International Conference on Wind Energy, Beijing.
[7] “Design of a Solar Tracker System for PV Power Plants”, by Tiberiu Tudorache1& Liviu
Kreindler,(2010) published in ACTA POLYTECHNICA HUNGARICA, Vol. 7, No. 1.
AUTHORS
KEERTHANA.A
She is pursuing final year B.E (Electronics & Communication Engineering) at KPR Institute
of Engineering & Technology, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, India. Her field of interest includes
Embedded systems & Medical Electronics. She attended In-plant training at BSNL, All
India Radio & Om Engg Technologies Pvt Ltd (Solar Panel Manufacturing Unit, CBE)
which served to gain extensive knowledge about solar panels. She has a great exposure on
several researches and exhibited papers in National & International Conferences.
SURESH KUMAR.K
He is currently pursuing Master of Science at La Trobe University, Melbourne. He obtained
his B.E in (Electronics & Communication Engineering) from KPR Institute of Engineering &
Technology, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, India. His field of interest includes Embedded systems
& VLSI Design. This exploration was completed under his direction as an aftereffect of his
concentrated enthusiasm for this field.